Incorporation Of Yttrium Research Articles

A dynamic electrostatic shielding layer toward highly reversible Zn metal anode

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have gained considerable attention due to their inherent safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, their application in large-scale energy storage system is hindered by uncontrollable dendrite growth and severe side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. To address these challenges, we propose the incorporation of trivalent yttrium (Y3+) ions in ZnSO4 electrolyte, which can form a cationic electrostatic shielding layer on the Zn anode to regulate the deposition behavior of Zn2+ ions. The inert Y3+ ions with a lower effective reduction potential will selectively adsorb on the active sites, facilitating uniform Zn deposition through a sustained dynamic electrostatic shielding effect. Moreover, the adsorbed Y3+ ions create a protective interface for the Zn anode, mitigating the corrosion reactions caused by water molecules. Consequently, the Zn//Zn cell with 0.1 M Y3+ ions demonstrates dendrite-free Zn plating/stripping over 2080 h at 5 mA cm−2, and the assembled Zn//NH4V4O10 cell delivers a high capacity retention of 89.6% after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This work develops a new rare earth ion additive and confirms its sustained dynamic electrostatic shielding effect for dendrite-free Zn deposition, providing theoretical support and an exploration direction for further investigation of unexplored rare earth elements.

Self-Heating Flower-like Nanoconstructs with Limited Incorporation of Yttrium in Maghemite: Effect of Chemical Composition on Heating Efficiency, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity.

Partial cation substitution can significantly change the physical properties of parent compounds. By controlling the chemical composition and knowing the mutual relationship between composition and physical properties, it is possible to tailor the properties of materials to those that are superior for desired technological application. Using the polyol synthesis procedure, a series of yttrium-substituted iron oxide nanoconstructs, γ-Fe2-xYxO3 (YIONs), was prepared. It was found that Y3+ could substitute Fe3+ in the crystal structures of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) up to a limited concentration of ~1.5% (γ-Fe1.969Y0.031O3). Analysis of TEM micrographs showed that crystallites or particles were aggregated in flower-like structures with diameters from 53.7 ± 6.2 nm to 97.3 ± 37.0 nm, depending on yttrium concentration. To be investigated for potential applications as magnetic hyperthermia agents, YIONs were tested twice: their heating efficiency was tested and their toxicity was investigated. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values were in the range of 32.6 W/g to 513 W/g and significantly decreased with increased yttrium concentration in the samples. Intrinsic loss power (ILP) for γ-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe1.995Y0.005O3 were ~8-9 nH·m2/Kg, which pointed to their excellent heating efficiency. IC50 values of investigated samples against cancer (HeLa) and normal (MRC-5) cells decreased with increased yttrium concentration and were higher than ~300 μg/mL. The samples of γ-Fe2-xYxO3 did not show a genotoxic effect. The results of toxicity studies show that YIONs are suitable for further in vitro/in vivo studies toward to their potential medical applications, while results of heat generation point to their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia cancer treatment or use as self-heating systems for other technological applications such as catalysis.

Investigation of Ba and Ti sites occupation effects on structural, optical and dielectric properties of sol gel processed Y-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Incorporation of chemical elements into the A and/or B sites of the ABO3 perovskite structure generates disorder (topological disorder, oxygen vacancies, …) in this structure which gives rise to effects more or less important on its chemical and physical properties. In particular, the structure, microstructure and the dielectric properties are affected under the effect of doping. In this regard, we investigate the above mentioned effects on BaTiO3 (BT) compounds doped with different percentages of Y. Indeed, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman analyses show that Yttrium (Y) may replace both Ba and Ti atoms, and noticeably reduces the grain size of the sintered samples in conformity with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. We show that the generated disorder consecutive to incorporation of Yttrium is also evidenced by the values of Urbach energy. We obtain relatively high values of the permittivity under doping without relaxation effect of this parameter but with the presence of a weak diffuse character of the ferro-to-paraelectric transition. Moreover, we show that resonances may be induced in BT under doping with Yttrium, and that the Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity (PTCR) is present in the undoped (BT) and Y-doped BT samples.

Continuous hydrothermal synthesis in supercritical conditions as a novel process for the elaboration of Y-doped BaZrO3

The present work describes a novel process for the elaboration of a ceramic material. Y-doped barium zirconate, an electrolyte material for Protonic Ceramic Fuel cell, was synthesized by a continuous hydrothermal process in supercritical conditions (410 °C/30.0 MPa) using nitrate precursors and NaOH reactants. The use of supercritical water allowed the formation of particles of about 50 nm in diameter with a narrow size distribution. X-Ray Diffraction examination revealed that a major perovskite phase with few BaCO3 and YO(OH) impurities was obtained. BaCO3 is assumed to form due to faster kinetics than Y-doped BaZrO3 resulting in a Ba-deficient perovskite phase. The Ba-deficiency limits the incorporation of yttrium into the perovskite structure. However, a thermal treatment at 1000 °C for 1 h allows to homogenize the composition and thus to obtain the compound Ba1.01Zr0.85Y0.15O3-δ.

Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Characterization of Glimepiride Complexed with Yttrium

This study aims to synthesize, structurally analyze, and characterize a novel complex of glimepiride with yttrium, exploring its potential properties and applications. The glimepiride-yttrium complex was synthesized through a controlled reaction process involving glimepiride and yttrium chloride under specified conditions. The synthesized complex was subjected to a range of analytical techniques to determine its structural and chemical properties. These techniques included X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystallographic analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group identification, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology examination. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to assess the elemental composition of the complex. The synthesis yielded a stable glimepiride-yttrium complex with distinct physical and chemical properties. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a well-defined crystalline structure. FTIR spectra revealed characteristic shifts in functional groups indicative of coordination between glimepiride and yttrium. SEM images displayed a homogeneous surface morphology, and EDX analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of yttrium into the complex. The results suggest that yttrium forms a coordination complex with glimepiride, altering its structural and electronic characteristics. The study successfully synthesized and characterized a glimepiride-yttrium complex, providing insights into its structural integrity and potential applications. The findings contribute to understanding the coordination chemistry of glimepiride with rare earth metals and may have implications for developing new materials with enhanced properties for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Further studies could explore the biological activity and practical applications of this complex in greater detail.

Incorporation of Rare Earths and Yttrium in Calcite: A Critical Re-evaluation

The reported partition coefficients of REE with calcite are reviewed and critically discussed. In some of the reported experimental sets, REE concentrations are found to be supersaturated with respect to individual REE2(CO3)3 but never to REE(OH)3. Although the solutions are unsaturated with respect to individual REY carbonates, REY including Y are incorporated in calcite surfaces, where they are overgrown by calcite. Charge balances may be obtained by building {REY–Na-(CO3)2}n or by exchange of 2Ca2+ against REY3+ + blank space calcite lattice. These surface compounds may either be homogeneously distributed or clustered. Both the size and frequency of clusters increase with [REY]/[Ca] or [ΣREY3+]/[Ca2+] in solution. If these surface precipitates are removed into solutions saturated with respect to ΣREE2(CO3)3, they start growing in the aqueous phase. In this case, the apparent DREY and kREY values decrease with increasing REY concentrations in solution. In previous studies, only the individual distribution coefficients are reported not considering that the entirety of REY determines their behavior in partitioning. Given enough time, these surface clusters equilibrate with the aqueous phase before being overgrown by calcite. In the double logarithmic plots of {REY}/{Ca} versus [REY]/[Ca] or [REY3+]/[Ca2+], two relationships evolve characterizing the REY distribution in marine calcite and experimental calcites grown in Mg2+-free solutions. The double logarithmic plots of partition coefficients of REYi3+ in calcite grown from seawater show a slope exceeding unity, whereas those from fluids without Mg2+ depict slopes less than unity being both in contrast to the Henderson–Kracek rule.

Wear performance of Y-doped nanolayered CrN/AlN coatings

The incorporation of yttrium (Y) in CrAlN based hard coatings has been known to be able to improve the oxidation resistance and thermal stability of these coatings, which is an important characteristic for protective coatings at high temperatures. However, there has been limited information available for the effects of Y doping on the tribological properties of such coatings, especially the wear performance. In this paper, a systematic investigation on the triblogical properties of CrAlN coatings doped with different levels of Y was conducted to correlate the coatings' microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties with their Y contents. The results showed that the wear performance of the coatings decreased with increasing Y doping, though the coatings doped with low to moderate Y contents had comparable wear performance with the pristine CrAlN coatings.

Sol–gel synthesis, structural and dielectric properties of Y-doped BaTiO3 ceramics

Prepared nano-polycrystalline of BaTiO3 containing 20, 40, 60 and 80 mol.% Y were prepared by sol–gel method. Consider BaTiO3 perovskite structure where Ba atom is replaced by amounts Y. Careful X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of tetragonal phase. The effect of the Y3+ content in BaTiO3 ceramics materials was investigated. The incorporation of yttrium into BaTiO3 unit cell was smoothly alternated the bond vibration of the crystal lattice. By using the Raman-active modes, it was observed that the tetragonal phase is present in all synthesized samples. The morphology of obtaining ceramics is found to be nanosized. Y-doped BaTiO3 ceramics exhibit high values of dielectric constants and low dielectric losses, such properties, combined with the microstructural development arising from the influence of sintering temperature. The fitting derived from the Curie-Wiess laws, confirm that all samples are normal ferroelectric with first order transition accompanied by displacive ones. The increase of conductivity is linked to the formation of oxygen vacancies arise from the dissociation of molecules during the synthesis process.

Compositionally induced phase transitions and symmetry relations between space groups in the layered system FeIn1-xYxGe2O7.

Symmetry reduction in the basic structure of thortveitite-type compound FeInGe2O7-mC22 (C12/m1, No. 12) promoted by the incorporation of yttrium in the formula FeIn1-xYxGe2O7 gives rise to a derivative structure called thortveitite-like AA'Ge2O7-mP44, with symmetry described by the space group P121/m1 (No. 11) for x = 0.50, 0.75 and 0.90. The structure remains unchanged within the structural type of thortveitite when x = 0.25. In order to establish structural models for performing a Rietveld refinement to the derivative structure, symmetry relations between space groups connecting the basic and derivative structures were used. The higher contrast to X-rays of Fe3+, In3+ and Y3+ as well as by the behaviour during the refinements of the isotropic thermal displacements, the values of interatomic distances and calculated bond-valence sums for each atom in the asymmetric unit, were helpful for elucidating the relocation of cations in the different available crystallographic sites generated by the symmetry reduction.

Incorporation of yttrium to yttrium iron garnet thin films fabricated by mist CVD

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films were deposited on c-plane sapphire substrates under atmospheric pressure by a mist CVD technique, and their chemical composition and optical properties were examined. The thin films deposited at 450 °C showed an [Y]/[Fe] ratio of 0.57, indicating the deposition of yttrium iron oxide, while the molar ratio of [Y]/[Fe] in the precursor solution was set at 1.5. A thermodynamic model was developed to explain the reaction paths of the YIG thin film fabrication process using thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) results. The model indicates that the decomposition rate of yttrium acetylacetonate [Y(acac)3 ∙ nH2O] was much lower than that of iron acetylacetonate [Fe(acac)3], providing a plausible explanation for the large difference between the composition ratio of the thin films and that of the precursor solutions.

Improved stability and defect structure of yttrium doped cobaltite PrBaCo2O6–δ

The experimental data for equilibrium oxygen content in double perovskite cobaltite Pr0.9Y0.1BaCo2O6–δ show that the incorporation of yttrium in place of praseodymium results in stabilization of the tetragonal structure in wide limits of oxygen pressure and temperature. The thermodynamic model calculations of defect formation reactions demonstrate that the doping is accompanied with enhanced electron and oxygen ion disordering. The observed properties combination is promising for the using of the yttrium modified cobaltite as a cathode in intermediate temperature SOFCs and a ceramic material for oxygen separation and storage.

Trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and trachy-phonolitic melts: A case study from the Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, Italy)

The partitioning of trace elements between crystals and melts provides an important petrogenetic tool for understanding magmatic processes. We present trace element partition coefficients measured between clinopyroxene phenocrysts and trachy-phonolitic magmas at the Campi Flegrei (Italy), whose late Quaternary volcanism has been characterized by two major caldera-forming events (Campanian Ignimbrite at ~39ka, and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff at ~15ka). Our data indicate that the increase of trivalent rare earth elements and yttrium into the crystal lattice M2 site is facilitated by the charge-balancing substitution of Si4+ with Al3+ on the tetrahedral site. Higher concentrations of tetravalent and pentavalent high field strength elements on the M1 site are also measured when the average charge on this site is increased by the substitution of divalent cations by Alvi. In contrast, due to these charge balance requirements, divalent transitional elements become less compatible within the crystal lattice. On the basis of the lattice strain theory, we document that the incorporation of rare earth elements and yttrium in clinopyroxene is influenced by both compositional and physical parameters. Data from this study allow to update existing partitioning equations for rare earth elements in order to construct a self-consistent model for trachy-phonolitic magmas based on the lattice strain theory. The application of this model to natural products from the Campanian Ignimbrite, the largest caldera-forming eruption at the Campi Flegrei, reveals that the complex rare earth element pattern recorded by the eruptive products can be successfully described by the stepwise fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene and feldspar where the clinopyroxene–melt partition coefficient changes progressively as a function of the physicochemical conditions of the system.

Synthesis, structural characterization, electrical properties and chemical stability of a (ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03−x(MgO)2x solid solution

This paper is concerned with ternary solid state ZrO2–Y2O3–MgO where the zirconia tetragonal phase is stabilized by incorporation of yttrium and/or magnesium in the ZrO2 lattice.

Synthesis of nickel–zinc–yttrium ferrites: Structural elucidation and dielectric behavior evaluation

Novel Ni0.6Zn0.4Y2xFe2−2xO4 soft spinel ferrites were prepared via double sintering ceramic route. The influence of Y3+ cations on structural, morphological, electrical and dielectric properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of single phase spinel structure for 0≤x≤0.06 and thereafter a small peak of orthorhombic phase (FeYO3) appeared for x>0.06. The incorporation of yttrium altered the lattice constant. The variation in lattice constant with respect to the Y3+ contents was non-linear. The variation of lattice constant may be attributed to larger ionic radius of Y3+ as compare to Fe3+ cations and solubility limit of substituted cations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed two strong absorption bands around 600cm−1 and 400cm−1 which confirmed the spinel structure. The dc electrical resistivity was found to increase from 5.67×105 to 8.48×108Ωcm with the increased Y3+ contents. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent were significantly impeded by increasing the yttrium contents. The optimized electrical resistivity and reduced dielectric parameters suggest the possible use of these ferrites in the fabrication of microwave devices.

Microstructure and Optical Properties of Yttrium-doped Zinc Oxide (YZO) Nanobolts Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method

In this work, yttrium-doped zinc oxide (YZO) nanopowder was synthesized via hydrothermal precipitation-method. The microstructure and optical properties of yttrium-doped zinc oxide nanopowder were characterized, which confirmed the well-crystalline wurtzite hexagonal phase of ZnO. The yttrium-doped zinc oxide nanopowder grains formed the nanobolts of ~400 nm in length and ~900 nm in width. High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) of the nanobolts revealed uniform lattice fringes and no visible faults and/or distortions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the presence of yttrium in the zinc oxide lattice, proving the contribution of yttrium on the microstructural and optical properties of the material. A strong ultra violet (UV) emission peak of the YZO exhibited a red shift compared to pure zinc oxide, which was ascribed to the defects and the formation of a shallow energy level caused by the incorporation of yttrium.

Ediacaran–Cambrian phosphorites from the western margins of Gondwana and Baltica

AbstractThe late Ediacaran–mid Cambrian occurrences of phosphorites in the western Mediterranean region (West Gondwana) and southern Sweden (north‐west Baltica) are related to the poleward drift of West Gondwana and the northern drift of Baltica. As a result, these regions crossed subtropical and temperate palaeolatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, in which oceanic upwelling and high organic productivity were the probable sources of phosphorus along their western margins. A parallel south‐west/north‐east migration trend of evaporites and delayed, time transgressive phosphorites point to distal upwelling environments associated with shallower arid conditions. Concentration of hardground‐derived phosphate accumulations took place by repeated alternations of low sedimentation rates and condensation,in situearly diagenetic and microbially mediated precipitation of amorphous and cryptocrystalline, carbonate‐bearing francolite, winnowing and polyphase reworking of previously phosphatized skeletons and hardground‐derived clasts. Thicker phosphorites of economic importance display a spiculate sponge‐thromboid consortium that points to a distinct benthic community developed on suboxic, slope to basinal substrates. For most phosphorite samples an up to ten‐fold enrichment in rare earth element concentration relative to post‐Archaean average Australian shale reflects significant incorporation of rare earth elements and yttrium after deposition. Considerable scavenging took place from anoxic pore waters, following reductive dissolution of iron oxides as evidenced from the medium rare earth element enrichment in most samples. This contrasts with the rare preservation of primary sea water features, such as cerium depletion and yttrium enrichment, in phosphatized thrombolites from the shallower realms (for example, Montagne Noire). The data are consistent with phosphogenesis after upwelling and transgression of nutrient‐rich, suboxic–anoxic, ferruginous waters over more oxygenated, rifting settings and inland portions of an evolving passive margin.

Y-doped zinc oxide (YZO) nanoflowers, microstructural analysis and test their antibacterial activity.

Self-assembled 3D flower-like yttrium-doped zinc oxide (YZO) microstructures composed of nanorods were prepared by hydrothermal-precipitation, and tested their antibacterial activity. The morphological, structural, and compositional properties of YZO nanoflowers were characterized by various techniques, which confirmed a well-crystallized wurtzite hexagonal phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of YZO nanopowder showed the 3d core level spectra of yttrium (Y), which formed by two components at about 158.2 eV (3d5/2) and 160.4 eV (3d3/2). The antibacterial activity of YZO nanoflowers were investigated using both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Enhancement in antibacterial activity was observed by the incorporation of yttrium (Y: 2 at.%) of nanorod-based-flowers because of increased surface area. The prepared YZO nanocomposite showed potential as an antibacterial agent with applications in controlling the spread of infections and also the ability of fast antibacterial activity which can hinder the re-emergence of infection.

Impacts of yttrium substitution on FMR line-width and magnetic properties of nickel spinel ferrites

The influence of yttrium (Y) substitution on ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), initial permeability, and magnetic properties of NiFe2O4 ferrites were investigated. It was observed that the FMR line-width decreases with yttrium contents for the substitution level 0≤×≤0.06. Beyond this, the FMR line-width increases with yttrium contents. The nominal composition NiY0.12Fe1.88O4 exhibited the smallest FMR line-width ~282Oe. A significant change in FMR position of nickel–yttrium (Ni–Y) ferrites was observed and it found to exist between 4150 and 4600Oe. The saturation magnetization was observed to decrease with the increase of yttrium contents and this was referred to the redistribution of cations on octahedral. The coercivity increased from 15Oe to 59Oe by increasing the yttrium concentration. The initial permeability decreased from 110 to 35 at 1MHz by the incorporation of yttrium and this was attributed to the smaller grains which may obstruct the domain wall movement and impede the domain wall motion. The magnetic loss factors of substituted samples exhibit decreasing behavior in the frequency range 1kHz to 10MHz. The smaller FMR line-width and reduced magnetic loss factor of the investigated samples suggest the possible use of these materials in high frequency applications.

Methane reforming with CO2 using nickel catalysts supported on yttria-doped SBA-15 mesoporous materials via sol–gel process

A series of mesoporous yttrium (Y)-containing SBA-15 (mesoporous silica of Santa Barbara Amorphous type material) prepared using a sol–gel method with various Y/Si molar ratios was investigated as the supporting material of nickel (Ni) catalysts for the methane reforming with CO2. The highly ordered hexagonal structure of SBA-15 was well-retained after the incorporation of yttrium at the molar ratio of Y/Si (0.04). The presence of yttrium in the framework of SBA-15 in Ni catalysts effectively enhanced the formation of the Ni metallic particles with small size. It also significantly promoted the reduction of NiO due to the oxygen vacancies on the surface of the yttrium-containing SBA-15 supports, and the high mobility of the surface oxygen species. All yttrium-containing nickel catalysts were effective for the methane reforming with CO2. The supported Ni catalyst with Y/Si molar ratio of 0.04 exhibited the highest activity, which was due to its highly ordered mesoporous structure, large pore diameter and small metallic metal size.

Effects of Si and Y in structural development of (Al,Cr,Si/Y)OxN1 − x thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering

Silicon (Si) and yttrium (Y) are believed to have a strong influence on functional properties of oxynitrides due to their effects in the growth process and incorporation in solid solution phases. It is worthwhile noting that the presence of these elements is strongly active for controlling structural evolution during the growth. The aim of this work is to systematically study the microstructural development and mechanical properties of (Al,Cr,Si/Y)OxN1−x oxynitride films as a function of Si and Y contents. Our results show that Si and Y have a different mechanism for incorporation into the oxynitride films. According to the TEM, XRD, and XPS results a substitutional role of yttrium is suggested for the investigated coatings, whereas silicon tends to form an amorphous glassy phase. Such oxynitride layers with cubic structure (fcc-B1) meet an enhanced structural stability by the incorporation of both silicon and yttrium. As a result, the nitride growth regime is extended in the range of O/(O+N)≤0.80. On the other hand, they hinder the formation of corundum phase in the predominant oxide regime (O/(O+N)≥0.98) suggesting retarded diffusional processes with the presence of such alloying elements (i.e. Si and Y) in the deposition flux. Additionally, the Y-containing oxynitrides demonstrate a greater nano-hardness for all growth regimes.