Incorporation Of Trans Fatty Acids Research Articles

Moringa oleifera Oil Nutritional and Safety Impact on Deep-Fried Potatoes.

Aiming to understand the nutritional impact of Moringa oleifera oil (MOO) on the quality of fried potatoes as consumed, a frying study using intermittent frying at 180 °C was conducted over 5 days, with a total heating time of 15 h, against olive (OO) and sunflower (SFO) oils. Additionally, due to MOO's higher costs, a SFO/MOO blend (80/20 w/w) was tested. With similar fat incorporation and moisture contents, potato lipid composition revealed the impact of oil oxidation over the frying time, gradually decreasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin E, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, and increasing the incorporation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) and volatile aldehydes. When the potatoes fried at the ninth hour of heating are compared, MOO and OO were still able to protect potato ascorbic acid better than SFO, due to the low oxidative stress imposed by their fatty-acid composition. SFO, on the contrary, with linoleic acid as the main fatty acid, and despite its higher content of vitamin E, demonstrated higher oxidative stress and increased incorporation of alkenals and alkadienals. Acrylamide content was generally low, as were the trans fatty acids formed and incorporated with frying time, with MOO fried potatoes having lower amounts of all these process contaminants. Interestingly, the blend SFO/MOO (80/20 w/w) doubled the amount of vitamin E in fried potatoes when compared with SFO alone, increased the ascorbic acid protection and reduced by half the amounts of volatile aldehydes, indicative of an efficient reduction of the oxidative status of the SFO-fried potatoes, with benefits to the consumer from a health point of view.

Cellular toxicity of dietary trans fatty acids and its correlation with ceramide and diglyceride accumulation

High fatty acid (FA) levels are deleterious to pancreatic β-cells, largely due to the accumulation of biosynthetic lipid intermediates, such as ceramides and diglycerides, which induce ER stress and apoptosis. Toxicity of palmitate (16:0) and oleate (18:1 cis-Δ9) has been widely investigated, while very little data is available on the cell damages caused by elaidate (18:1 trans-Δ9) and vaccenate (18:1 trans-Δ11), although the potential health effects of these dietary trans fatty acids (TFAs) received great publicity. We compared the effects of these four FAs on cell viability, apoptosis, ER stress, JNK phosphorylation and autophagy as well as on ceramide and diglyceride contents in RINm5F insulinoma cells. Similarly to oleate and unlike palmitate, TFAs reduced cell viability only at higher concentration, and they had mild effects on ER stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Palmitate increased ceramide and diglyceride levels far more than any of the unsaturated fatty acids; however, incorporation of TFAs in ceramides and diglycerides was strikingly more pronounced than that of oleate. This indicates a correlation between the accumulation of lipid intermediates and the severity of cell damage. Our findings reveal important metabolic characteristics of TFAs that might underlie a long term toxicity and hence deserve further investigation.

Trans Fatty Acids Suppress TNF‐α‐Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Endothelial (HUVEC) and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells

Trans fatty acids (TFA) intake has been linked to cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases; yet the effect of TFA on inflammation remains controversial. Accordingly, the objective of this paper was to determine the in vitro effects of TFA on inflammatory gene expression. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were treated for 24h with either trans-vaccenic acid (tVA), trans-palmitoleic acid (tPA) or elaidic acid (EA) at concentrations of 5-150µM, or with a mixture of tVA and tPA (150/50µM). All TFA were highly incorporated into cell membranes, as determined by gas chromatography, representing 15-20% of total fatty acids in HUVEC and 3-8% in HepG2 cells. Incorporation of EA, a common industrial TFA, increased the ratio of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), a key enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism. Ruminant TFA, including tVA, tPA and the mixture of tVA and tPA, significantly reduced the TNF-α-induced gene expression of TNF, VCAM-1 and SOD2 in HUVEC, as well as TNF and IL-8 in HepG2 cells. EA also decreased inflammatory gene expression in HUVEC, but not in HepG2 cells. The inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ did not influence the effects of TFA on gene expression. Overall, physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of TFA, especially tVA and tPA, prevented inflammatory gene expression in vitro. This effect is independent of PPAR-γ activation and may be due to an alteration of fatty acid metabolism in cell membranes caused by the high incorporation of TFA.

Trans fat intake across gestation and lactation increases morphine preference in females but not in male rats: Behavioral and biochemical parameters

The abuse of morphine has risen considerably in recent years, mainly due to the increase of its prescription in clinical medicine. Also, increased consumption of processed foods, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA), has caused concerns about human health. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine whether trans fat consumption in the perinatal period may affect preference for morphine in adolescent female and male rats. Dams were orally supplemented with water (C-control) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF-rich in TFA) during gestation and lactation periods. On post-natal day 43, pups were exposed to morphine (4mg/kg i.p., for 4 days) and assessed in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Anxiety-like symptoms were assessed, and oxidative status of the brain was estimated by reactive species (RS) generation. Female rats with HVF supplementation showed increased morphine preference and less anxiety-like symptoms. Additionally, both male and female rats from HVF-supplementation showed increased RS generation in the ventral tegmental area, whose level was similar in morphine-conditioned female rats. RS generation was increased in the hippocampus of morphine-conditioned female rats, regardless of the supplementation of their dams. We may infer that gender is a predictive factor to opioid preference, since adolescent female rats showed more susceptibility to addiction than males. Furthermore, trans fat consumption across the perinatal period is able to modify parameters of opioid preference in female rats, possibly due to TFA incorporation in phospholipid membranes, modifying the endogenous opioid system and the oxidative status in brain areas related to drug addiction.

Comparison of the nutritional regulation of milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats

A study with 2 ruminant species (goats and cows) with inherent differences in lipid metabolism was performed to test the hypothesis that milk fat depression (MFD) due to marine lipid supplements or diets containing high amounts of starch and plant oil is caused by different mechanisms and that each ruminant species responds differently. Cows and goats were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (4 cows and 5 goats per group) and fed diets containing no additional oil (control) or supplemented with fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil and wheat starch (SOS) according to a 3×3 Latin square design with 26-d experimental periods. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by FO and SOS (−31%), whereas only FO decreased milk fat content in goats (−21%) compared with the control. Furthermore, FO and SOS decreased milk fat yield in cows, but not in goats. In both species, FO and SOS decreased the secretion of <C16 and C16 fatty acids (FA), and FO lowered >C16 FA output. However, SOS increased milk secretion of >C16 FA in goats. Compared with the control, SOS resulted in similar increases in milk trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in both species, but caused a 2-fold larger increase in trans-10 18:1 concentration in cows than for goats. Relative to the control, responses to FO in both species were characterized by a marked decrease in milk concentration of 18:0 (−74%) and cis-9 18:1 (−62%), together with a ~5-fold increase in total trans 18:1, but the proportionate changes in trans-10 18:1 were lower for goats. Direct comparison of animal performance and milk FA responses to FO and SOS treatments demonstrated interspecies differences in mammary lipogenesis, suggesting a lower sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA in goats and that ruminal biohydrogenation pathways are more stable and less prone to diet-induced shifts toward the formation of trans-10-containing intermediates in goats compared with cows. Even though a direct cause and effect could not be established, results suggest that regulation of milk fat synthesis during FO-induced MFD may be related to a shortage of 18:0 for endogenous mammary cis-9 18:1 synthesis, increase in the incorporation of trans FA in milk triacylglycerols, and limitations in the synthesis of FA de novo to maintain milk fat melting point. However, the possible contribution of biohydrogenation intermediates with putative antilipogenic effects in the mammary gland, including trans-9,cis-11 CLA, trans-10 18:1, or cis-11 18:1 to FO-induced MFD cannot be excluded.

Consumption of Oxidized and Partially Hydrogenated Oils Differentially Induces Trans-Fatty Acids Incorporation in Rats' Heart and Dyslipidemia

Objectives: A direct effect of process-induced trans-fatty acids (TFAs) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor has previously been shown. We hypothesized that TFAs directly induced CVD. This article describes an investigation of the association between TFAs, provided by the consumption of oxidized soybean oil and margarine, and plasma lipid profiles, coronary artery lesions, and coronary fatty acids distribution in rats. Male rats were fed a standard chow or high-fat diet containing different TFA levels ranging from <1%, <2%, and >2% of total fat in fresh soybean oil, oxidized soybean oil, and margarine, respectively, for 4 weeks.Results: The results indicated that the high-fat diets differently changed the plasma lipid profiles by significantlt increasing triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to control rats. Compared to fresh soybean oil, oxidized oil further increased plasma lipid markers. The strongest inflammatory effect was induced by margarine, which contains the highest level of TFAs, or 2% of total fat. Total TFAs in the heart of the margarine-fed group were increased by 4.7 regarding to control and by 2.17 and 2.6 relative to groups receiving oxidized and fresh oil, respectively. Increased TFAs consumption was associated with increased histological aspects of atherosclerotic lesions in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: In conclusion, process-induced TFAs cause changes including proatherogenic plasma lipid markers, heart fatty acid profiles, and coronary artery histology depending on the TFA level in the supplemented fat and therefore on the type of technological process used.

Trans fatty acid retention and conversion rates of fatty acids in tissues depend on dietary fat in mice

Given that the effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) may be associated with the type of TFA isomer and the proportion of n‐3/n‐6/n‐9 fatty acids (FA), this work aimed to investigate the influence of different oils on the following parameters: content, incorporation, and retention of TFA; conversion of vaccenic acid (VA) to rumenic acid (RA) in different tissues; and hepatic output of TFA by VLDL. Another objective was to assess relative conversion rates of key FA and the potential alteration of FA composition induced by TFA in tissues. Male CF1 mice were fed (30‐days) diets containing 7% olive, corn or rapeseed oils either supplemented with 0.75% of TFA or without added TFA. FA composition of liver, epididymal adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, brain, and serum was assessed. With the exception of the brain, TFAs were incorporated into the analyzed tissues and serum. TFA retention and RA bioconversion from VA depended on the dietary unsaturated FA proportions. The higher levels of hepatic RA in the liver of mice fed an olive oil+TFA diet could be associated with a raised Δ9‐desaturase index. The FA composition of tissues was scarcely modified by the consumption of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils containing similar proportions of t9‐, t10‐, and t11‐18:1.Practical applications: The present study evaluates the interaction of hydrogenated vegetable oils with different edible oils and the impact on the FA profile and, specifically, TFA incorporation and retention in the tissues. Since the characterization of FA present in tissues might be determining the biological effects of edible fats, this study is relevant for elucidation of existing controversial findings associated with the intake of TFA and its effects on human metabolic alterations.The levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in a particular tissue might be related to different variables including: type and level of the dietary TFA isomer; uptake, metabolization and release from the tissue, and interference with different dietary fatty acids.

Toxicological aspects of trans fat consumption over two sequential generations of rats: Oxidative damage and preference for amphetamine

Chronic consumption of processed food causes structural changes in membrane phospholipids, affecting brain neurotransmission. Here we evaluated noxious influences of dietary fats over two generations of rats on amphetamine (AMPH)-conditioned place preference (CPP). Female rats received soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 fatty acids (FA)), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA)) for two successive generations. Male pups from the 2nd generation were maintained on the same supplementation until 41 days of age, when they were conditioned with AMPH in CPP. While the FO group showed higher incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated-FA (PUFA) in cortex/hippocampus, the HVF group showed TFA incorporation in these same brain areas. The SO and HVF groups showed AMPH-preference and anxiety-like symptoms during abstinence. Higher levels of protein carbonyl (PC) and lower levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH) were observed in cortex/hippocampus of the HVF group, indicating antioxidant defense system impairment. In contrast, the FO group showed no drug-preference and lower PC levels in cortex. Cortical PC was positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, locomotion and anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal PC was positively correlated with AMPH-preference, reinforcing connections between oxidative damage and AMPH-induced preference/abstinence behaviors. As brain incorporation of trans and n-6 PUFA modifies its physiological functions, it may facilitate drug addiction.

Deleterious impact of elaidic fatty acid on ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from mouse and human macrophages

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) increase cardiovascular risk more than do saturated FA, but the mechanisms explaining their atherogenicity are still unclear. We investigated the impact of membrane incorporation of TFA on cholesterol efflux by exposing J774 mouse macrophages or human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) to media enriched or not (standard medium) with industrially produced elaidic ( trans-9 18:1) acid, naturally produced vaccenic ( trans-11 18:1) acid (34 h, 70 μM) or palmitic acid. In J774 macrophages, elaidic and palmitic acid, but not vaccenic acid, reduced ABCA1-mediated efflux by ~ 23% without affecting aqueous diffusion, SR-BI or ABCG1-mediated pathways, and this effect was maintained in cholesterol-loaded cells. The impact of elaidic acid on the ABCA1 pathway was weaker in cholesterol-normal HMDM, but elaidic acid induced a strong reduction of ABCA1-mediated efflux in cholesterol-loaded cells (− 36%). In J774 cells, the FA supplies had no impact on cellular free cholesterol or cholesteryl ester masses, the abundance of ABCA1 mRNA or the total and plasma membrane ABCA1 protein content. Conversely, TFA or palmitic acid incorporation induced strong modifications of the membrane FA composition with a decrease in the ratio of ( cis-monounsaturated FA + polyunsaturated FA):(saturated FA + TFA), with elaidic and vaccenic acids representing each 20% and 13% of the total FA composition, respectively. Moreover, we demonstrated that cellular ATP was required for the effect of elaidic acid, suggesting that it contributes to atherogenesis by impairing ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages, likely by decreasing the membrane fluidity, which could thereby reduce ATPase activity and the function of the transporter.

Supplementation of breads containing Soybean and rice retarded incorporation of trans fatty acids into plasma lipid in Healthy Korean Adults

Human can't synthesize trans fat(tFA), therefore the presence of tFA in human tissues and fluids is related to dietary intake, intestinal absorption, metabolism and storage, exchanges among compartments. This study investigated the effect of soybean and rice on the incorporation tFA into plasma lipid through short term (postprandial trial) and long term studies (6weeks trial). 33 healthy volunteers were divided into 3 groups and fed soybean bread, rice bread or wheat bread containing equivalent amounts of tFA (elaidic acid rich, 3.75 g/day), respectively. In a short term trial, postprandial lipid profiles at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours after a respective meal were studied. In a randomized 6‐week study, blood samples were collected at 0. 2. 4. 6 weeks of consumption. Postprandial data indicated that consumption of soybean and rice breads with 3.75g tFA retarded the appearance of C18:1 and C18:2 tFA in plasma lipid compared to wheat bread. Consumption of soybean bread with tFA for 6 weeks also affected plasma fatty acid composition including tFA. TFA levels were lowered in the following order, soybean bread &gt; rice bread &gt; wheat bread. These results imply that soybean bread with high dietary fiber content may lowered the absorption of tFA and thus the level of plasma tFA.

Waxy Barley bread lowered incorporation of trans fatty acids into plasma lipid in Healthy Korean Adults

Waxy Barley bread lowered incorporation of trans fatty acids into plasma lipid in Healthy Korean Adults

Trans fatty acids – Effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone. Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, sudden death, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and heart failure. Evidence from both observational and experimental studies indicates that TFA are pro-inflammatory. Limited evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory effects may be stronger for trans isomers of linoleic acid ( trans-C18:2) and oleic acid ( trans-C18:1), rather than of palmitoleic acid ( trans-C16:1), but further study of potential isomer-specific effects is needed. TFA also appear to induce endothelial dysfunction. The mechanisms underlying these effects are not well-established, but may involve TFA incorporation into endothelial cell, monocyte/macrophage, or adipocyte cell membranes (affecting membrane signaling pathway relating to inflammation) or ligand-dependent effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) or retinoid X receptor (RXR) pathways. Activation of inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction may represent important mediating pathways between TFA consumption and risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and diabetes. Further study is indicated to define these effects of TFA and the implications of such effects for cardiovascular health.

Incorporation of dietary trans monounsaturated fatty acids into tissues of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats.

The correlation between dietary trans fatty acids and neoplasia was examined in the present study. Walker 256 tumor-bearing and control rats were fed a trans monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet for 8 weeks and the incorporation of trans fatty acids by tumor tissue was examined. Also, the effect of tumor growth on trans fatty acid composition of plasma and liver, and the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was determined. Walker 256 tumor cells presented both trans and cis MUFAs given in the diet. The equivalent diet proportions were 0.66 for trans and 1.14 for cis. Taking into consideration the proportion of trans MUFAs in plasma (11.47%), the tumor incorporated these fatty acids in a more efficient manner (18.27%) than the liver (9.34%). Therefore, the dietary trans fatty acids present in the diet are actively incorporated by the tumor. Tumor growth itself caused marked changes in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma and liver but provoked only slight modifications in both trans and cis MUFAs. Tumor growth also reduced the unsaturation index in both plasma and liver, from 97.79 to 86.83 and from 77.51 to 69.64, respectively. This effect was partially related to an increase in the occurrence of the lipid oxidation/peroxidation process of TBARS content which was increased in both plasma (from 0.428 to 0.505) and liver (from 9.425 to 127.792) due to tumor growth.

Trans fatty acids. 3. Fatty acid composition of the brain and other organs in the newborn piglet.

The effects of dietary trans fatty acids on tissue fatty acid composition were studied in newborn piglets delivered from sows fed partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) (28% trans) or partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) (36% trans) in comparison with lard (0% trans) from 3 wk of age and through gestation in Experiment 1, or fed PHFO or "fully" hydrogenated fish oil (HFO) (19% trans) in comparison with coconut oil (CF) (0% trans) with two levels, 1 and 2.7%, of dietary linoleic acid from conception through gestation in Experiment 2. The piglets were sampled immediately after delivery, without having access to mothers' milk. Incorporation of trans fatty acids into brain PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) were non-detectable or very low (less than 0.1%). The incorporation of 18:1 trans into heart-PE, liver mitochondria-PE, total plasma lipids and adipose tissue was low, and 20:1 trans was not detected. Dietary trans fatty acids had no consistent effects on the overall fatty acid composition of the different tissue lipids. It is concluded that trans fatty acids from PHFO, HFO and PHSBO have no significant effects on the fatty acid accretion in the fetal piglet.

Trans fatty acids. 2. Fatty acid composition of the brain and other organs in the mature female pig.

Female pigs were fed from three wk of age and up to two years a diet containing partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO, 28% trans monoenoic fatty acids), partially hydrogenated soybean oils (PHSBO, 36% trans fatty acids) or lard. No consistent differences were found between PHFO and PHSBO with regard to incorporation of trans fatty acids in organ lipids, but trans incorporations were highly organ-specific. No trans fatty acids were detected in brain phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The incorporation of monoenoic trans isomers, as a percentage of total cis + trans, in other organs was highest in subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver mitochondria PE, followed by blood lipids with the lowest level in heart PE. The percentage of trans isomers compared with that of dietary lipids was consistently lower for 20:1, compared with 18:1 in organs from PHFO-fed pigs. The only effect of dietary trans fatty acids on the fatty acid pattern of brain PE was an increased level of 22:5n-6. Heart PE and total serum lipids of pigs fed the hydrogenated fats contained higher levels of 18:2n-6, and these lipids of the PHFO-fed group also contained slightly elevated amounts of 20:3n-6, 18:3n-3 and 20:5n-3. Liver mitochondria PE of the PHFO group also contained higher levels of 20:3n-6 and 22:5n-6. Dietary trans fatty acids caused a consistent decrease of saturated fatty acids compensated by increased levels of monoenes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Linoleic acid requirement of rats fed trans fatty acids.

The amount of linoleic acid required to prevent undesirable effects of C18 trans fatty acids was investigated. In a first experiment, six groups of rats were fed diets with a high content of trans fatty acids (20% of energy [en%]), and increasing amounts of linoleic acid (0.4 to 7.1 en%). In a second experiment, four groups of rats were fed diets designed to compare trans fatty acids with saturated and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids of the same chain length at the 2 en% linoleic acid level. After 9-14 weeks, the oxygen uptake, lipid composition and ATP synthesis of heart and liver mitochondria were determined. The phospholipid composition of the mitochondria did not change, but the fatty acid compositions of the two main mitochondrial phospholipids were influenced by the dietary fats. Trans fatty acids were incorporated in all phospholipids investigated. The linoleic acid level in the phospholipids, irrespective of the dietary content of linoleic acid, increased on incorporation of trans fatty acids. The arachidonic acid level had decreased in most phospholipids in animals fed diets containing 2 en% linoleic acid. At higher linoleic acid intakes, the effect of trans fatty acids on the phospholipid arachidonic acid level diminished. However, in heart mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine, trans fatty acids significantly increased the arachidonic acid level. Despite these changes in composition, neither the amount of dietary linoleic acid nor the addition of trans fatty acids influenced the mitochondrial function. For rats, a level of 2 en% of linoleic acid is sufficient to prevent undesirable effects of high amounts of dietary C18 trans fatty acids on the mitochondrial function.

Incorporation of trans fatty acids into submandibular salivary gland lipids.

Three groups of rats were fed diets containing 20% corn oil, 20% margarine stock (MS) or 19% MS + 1% corn oil. Diets were fed for 12 weeks, 1 week of pregnancy, 3 weeks of lactation and 8 weeks post-weaning. The incorporation of trans-octadecenoate into various lipids of the submandibular salivary gland (SMSG) homogenates and plasma membranes was studied. Trans octadecenoate was incorporated into all the lipid fractions studied. Its levels were the highest in phosphatidylethanolamine. The double bond index of phospholipid fatty acids in the plasma membranes of the SMSG was substantially lower in the group fed 20% MS. The fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) was generally higher in the membranes of SMSG from rats fed MS than that of the other two groups, thus indicating lower fluidity. Also, the breakpoints in fluorescence polarization were at a higher temperature in the membranes from rats fed MS as compared with those fed corn oil. Lower fluidity of plasma membranes of SMSG observed in rats fed 20% MS may result in modification of the activities of membrane-bound enzymes.

Incorporation of trans-Fatty Acids into Tissue Lipids

Incorporation of trans-Fatty Acids into Tissue Lipids