Incorporation Of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Research Articles

Poly (lactic acid) electrospun nanofiber membranes: Advanced characterization for biomedical applications with drug loading performance studies

Traditional dressings have shortcomings such as poor moisture absorption and easy to adhere, making the development of new dressings crucial. In this work, a PLA/PVP crosslinked drug-loaded nanofiber membrane was prepared through electrospinning and ultraviolet crosslinking, with poly (lactic acid) (PLA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and salicylic acid (SA) as starting materials. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of PVP notably boosted the viscosity and conductivity of the blend spinning solution. The roughness of the fabricated fiber was elevated, and the diameter of the fibers was more uniform. Additionally, the incorporation of PVP not only enhanced the porosity of the fiber membrane but also effectively decreased its contact angle. Notably, when the PVP content reached 40 %, the contact angle underwent a substantial reduction, decreasing significantly from 125.4° to 82.2°. The SA drug-loaded fiber membrane exhibited a notable bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with its release behavior adhering to Fick's diffusion law. In the cell viability experiment, the cell proliferation rate increased from 94 % to 129 % after 3 days. This shows that the prepared membrane has good antibacterial effect and cell compatibility, which provides a theoretical basis for the construction of a new medical dressing.

Synergistic effect of pore generation and nitrogen doping on the enhanced CO2 capture and selectivity of carbon nanofibers

The porosity and heteroatom doping of carbon materials are crucial for their adsorption capacity and selectivity toward CO2. Herein, nitrogen-doped microporous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by carbonizing electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers, using nitrogen-rich polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as porogen and nitrogen source simultaneously. The synergistic effect of pore generation and nitrogen doping improved the porosity and preserved a substantial nitrogen content in the CNFs. Compared to the nitrogen-free polyethylene glycol (PEG) porogen, the incorporation of PVP can facilitate nitrogen doping during the carbonization process. With an increasing amount of PVP addition, the specific surface area of the CNFs significantly expanded to 410 m2/g, maintaining a high nitrogen content of 10.32 wt%. The porosity and nitrogen functionalities (Pyridinic N and pyrrolic N) collaborated synergistically in determining CO2 adsorption capacity, with elevated nitrogen content resulted in improved selectivity. The CNFs exhibited remarkable IAST CO2/N2 (10:90) selectivity of 38 and cycling stability, demonstrating their potential for long-term practical applications. This work provides unique inspiration for the design of porous nanofibers with exceptional CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity.

Comparing an Integrated Amphiphilic Surfactant to Traditional Hydrophilic Coatings for the Reduction of Catheter-Associated Urethral Microtrauma.

Hydrophilic-coated intermittent catheters have improved the experience of intermittent urinary catheterization for patients compared to conventional gel-lubricated uncoated catheters. However, the incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) within hydrophilic coatings can lead to significant issues with coating dry-out. Consequently, increased force on catheter withdrawal may cause complications, including urethral microtrauma and pain. Standard methods of evaluating catheter lubricity lack physiological relevance and an understanding of the surface interaction with the urethra. The tribological performance and urethral interaction of commercially available hydrophilic PVP-coated catheters and a coating-free integrated amphiphilic surfactant (IAS) catheter were evaluated by using a biomimetic urethral model designed from a modified coefficient of friction (CoF) assay. T24 human urothelial cells were cultured on customized silicone sheets as an alternate countersurface for CoF testing. Hydrophilic PVP-coated and coating-free IAS catheters were hydrated and the CoF obtained immediately following hydration, or after 2 min, mimicking in vivo indwell time for urine drainage. The model was observed for urethral epithelial cell damage postcatheterization. The majority of hydrophilic PVP-coated catheters caused significantly greater removal of cells from the monolayer after 2 min indwell time, compared to the IAS catheter. Hydrophilic PVP-coated catheters were shown to cause more cell damage than the coating-free IAS catheter. A biomimetic urethral model provides a more physiologically relevant model for understanding the factors that govern the frictional interface between a catheter surface and urethral tissue. From these findings, the use of coating-free IAS catheters instead of hydrophilic PVP-coated catheters may help reduce urethral microtrauma experienced during catheter withdrawal from the bladder, which may lead to a lower risk of infection.

Influence of PVP on the properties of solvothermally synthesized famatinite nanoparticles: Structural, morphological and optical insights

Famatinite (Cu3SbS4) nanoparticles were synthesized through a solvothermal approach using various polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) ratios as a capping agent with a binary solvent of ethylene glycol and water in equal parts. Incremental additions of PVP, ranging from 0 to 1.5 g, exerted significant influence on the material's characteristics. Through comprehensive analysis involving X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, critical insights were obtained. XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal crystal structure and revealed reduced crystallite sizes due to the incorporation of PVP. Raman spectroscopy validated the presence of pure famatinite phase with 0.5 g and 1.0 g PVP. SEM analysis uniformly depicted a spherical morphology in all samples, emphasizing PVP's role in mitigating nanoparticle agglomeration. UV diffuse reflectance spectroscopy disclosed direct bandgaps falling within the 0.88 – 0.97 eV range. The collective findings highlighted the substantial impact of PVP in the binary solvent on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of Cu3SbS4 nanoparticles. These results underscore the potential application of these tailored nanoparticles as promising candidates for advanced photovoltaic absorber materials.

Formulation of Graphene Nanoplatelets Water-Based Nanofluids using Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as Surfactant

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have garnered significant interest owing to their remarkable mechanical properties, making them ideal materials for enhancing the heat transfer properties of nanofluids. However, the agglomeration of GNP in water-based nanofluids remains a significant challenge, limiting their practical applications. In this study, a comprehensive investigation into the formulation of water-based nanofluids using GNP is presented, with a focus on the incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant to enhance their stability and dispersion. The nanofluid formulations were systematically prepared with varying concentrations of GNP and PVP to optimize their thermal properties. Additionally, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluids were examined over a range of temperatures and concentrations. The results show that the formulation of GNP with 0.6 wt.% shows great potential as a nanofluid with 0.6611 W/mK and 1.22 mPa.s for thermal conductivity and viscosity, respectively. The findings also demonstrate that the incorporation of PVP significantly improves the stability and dispersion of GNP in water, leading to enhanced thermal conductivity and manageable viscosity. These findings contribute to the application of this nanofluid in various industries, specifically solar energy.

Effect of Incorporation of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone on Transverse Strength, Impact Strength and Surface Roughness of Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resin

Autopolymerizing acrylic resin is one of the most frequently used materials in dentistry, but it has relatively poor mechanical properties This study investigated the effect of the addition of poly vinyl pyrrolidone on transverse strength, impact strength and surface roughness of autopolymerzing acrylic resin. A total of 60 specimens were prepared, 30 specimens of each conventional and modified autoplymerizing acrylic.20 specimens of each groups were fabricated with dimensions of (64×10×2.5) mm to conduct the transverse strength and surface roughness tests, while the remaining 10 specimens of each group were fabricated with dimensions of (80×10×4) mm to perform the impact strength test. The results of this study showed that the modified autopolytmerized acrylic had significantly higher transverse strength, and significantly lower surface roughness values while there was no significant differences in impact strength value. It can be concluded that addition of Polyvinylpyrrolidone can improve transverse strength and surface roughness of autopolymerizing acrylic resin.

Porous carbonized N-doped MOF-199 modified with MWCNTs for the deionization of uranium(VI)

When applying Capacitive Deionization (CDI) for water desalination, discovering effective techniques to attract more salt ions poses significant challenges. Herein, a 3D porous carbonized MOF-199@PVP/MWCNTs (CMPC) composite for enhanced electrosorption of U(VI) in water had been developed. Further investigation revealed that the incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) enabled the CMPC composite to maintain its distinctive octahedral porous structure and rich N-doping to reduce particle size, providing more active sites. Additionally, the interpenetrating of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) had formed a localized conductive network, further enhancing its properties. As a result, the CMPC electrode had been demonstrated a remarkable removal ratio of 95.2 % with the uptake electroadsorption capacity of 410.3 mg g−1 for UO22+ aqueous solution (1.2 V). The exceptional CDI efficiency achieved by the CMPC electrode is attributed to the collaborative influence of electrochemical double layers (EDLs) and pseudocapacitance derived from the unique assembly of MOF-199, PVP, and MWCNTs. Besides, the results of the experiments on the effect of ionic strength showed that the electrosorption ratio still remained at 80.1 % when 60 mg/L NaNO3 was added to the UO22+ solution. And the removal performance of U(VI) remained over 85.7 % even after five CDI cycles. Overall, CMPC is a highly prospective electrode material in CDI for efficient extraction of uranium from water.

Novel strategy for high-performance supercapacitors through the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted in situ growth of FeS2.

Iron disulfide or pyrite (FeS2) has emerged as a promising transition metal sulfide-based supercapacitor owing to its abundance and superb electrochemical properties. However, FeS2 still faces major hurdles in realizing its full potential, such as a low energy density and poor conductivity. In this study, we report a high-performance FeS2 supercapacitor synthesized by a direct one-step process with the help of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The incorporation of PVP on the active materials prevented dendritic expansion and acted as a binding for solving the current FeS2 limitations, while facilitating a one-step synthesis process. Additionally, PVP could enhance the electrochemical performance by enabling faster ion movement. An FeS2/PVP nanocomposite was successfully synthesized, and used in an asymmetric supercapacitor, demonstrating a high specific capacity of 735 F g-1 (at 2 A g-1) and a high energy density of 69.74 W h kg-1 (at 911 W kg-1). The superior electrochemical properties of FeS2/PVP were enabled by the lower charge-carrier resistance and better surface passivation by PVP, as demonstrated by both electrochemical experiments and first-principles calculations. The high-performance supercapacitor of FeS2 presented in this study synthesized in situ by an efficient method provides a new insight into novel supercapacitor electrodes.

Template- and etching-free fabrication of two-dimensional hollow bimetallic metal-organic framework hexagonal nanoplates for ammonia sensing

This work reports the template- and etching-free fabrication of hollow bimetallic nickel-cobalt benzenetricarboxylic acid (Ni-Co BTC) hexagonal nanoplates by a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted approach. The incorporation of PVP can reduce the stacking of these nanoplates along the vertical direction and generate depletion forces between them to reduce aggregation. When employed for the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensing of ammonia (NH3), the hollow Ni-Co BTC hexagonal nanoplates exhibit 1.6, 3.8, and 7.5 times higher sensitivity to 69.5 ppm of NH3 than non-hollow Ni-Co BTC nanoplates, Ni-BTC nanobelts, and Co-BTC microrods, respectively, and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.53 ppm. Additionally, they show good selectivity to NH3 in the presence of other interfering compounds and excellent stability with only a very small decrease of 2.86 % in sensitivity after 6 months. The NH3 adsorption on the hollow Ni-Co BTC hexagonal nanoplates follows a pseudo first-order kinetic model with the adsorption rate being 6.1 and 7.1 times faster than Ni-BTC nanobelts and Co-BTC microrods, respectively. The good sensing performance of the hollow Ni-Co BTC hexagonal nanoplates to NH3 is attributed to the existence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups which can provide energetic sites for the chemisorption of NH3 molecules and the increased adsorption sites provided by the hollow two-dimensional structure and the bimetallic composition of this MOF.

Effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone content on structure and microwave absorption properties of cobalt ferrite

The microstructure and microwave absorptivity of cobalt ferrite, prepared using different amounts of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by a facile solvothermal treatment, were investigated systematically. Results showed that the grain size increased as the PVP content increased. However, the hollowness of cobalt ferrite increased initially and then decreased and the hollowness was maximal when the amount of PVP was 40 g. The material showed only cobalt ferrite phase, irrespective of PVP content. The crystallization degree increased with increase in PVP content. Microwave absorption improved significantly due to incorporation of PVP. The material showed excellent microwave absorption performance with 40 g of PVP. For this sample with a thickness of 2.10 mm, the minimum reflection loss was −47.24 dB at 11.52 GHz and reflection loss below −10 dB was 4.56 GHz (10.4–14.96 GHz). Therefore, this absorber has good potential as microwave absorption material with low density, wide effective bandwidth, and strong absorptivity.

Cyclomatrix Polyphosphazene Porous Networks with J-Aggregated Multiphthalocyanine Arrays for Dual-Modality Near-Infrared Photosensitizers.

Here, we have developed a kind of cyclomatrix polyphosphazene with excellent photophysical properties and pursued their potential of being organic photosensitizers for dual-modality phototherapy. Briefly, hexachlorocyclophosphazene (HCCP) with D3 h symmetry is adopted as a synthon to attach Zn(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to form dendritic units that are covalently expanded into a soluble porous network through the nucleophilic substitution reaction. Molecular simulation reveals that the multi-ZnPc units around HCCP can be oriented in a side-by-side manner, leading to the remarkably red-shifted and intense absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region. To validate the potential in bioapplication, such ZnPc-based polyphosphazenes are assembled by incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to produce the uniform nanoparticles with aqueous dispersibility and biocompatibility. From the in vitro results, the PVP-stabilized photosensitizing nanoparticles can undergo the photothermal/photodynamic processes to concurrently generate heat and singlet oxygen for efficiently killing cancer cells upon exposure to a single-bandwidth NIR laser (785 nm). Compared with the known organic photosensitizers, cyclomatrix polyphosphazene would be a promising platform to configure a diversity of reticular arrays with dense and oriented arrangement of dye molecules, leading to their largely enhanced photophysical and photochemical properties.

Synthesis, characterization, and swelling kinetic study of porous superabsorbent hydrogel nanocomposite based on sulfonated carboxymethylcellulose and silica nanoparticles

New superabsorbent nanocomposite was synthesized by free-radical graft polymerization of sulfonated-carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) with acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and silica nanoparticles. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was first sulfonated using chlorosulfonic acid, and then AA monomers were grafted onto SCMC. FTIR results confirmed that sulfonation of CMC as well as grafting of AA monomers onto SCMC has been performed successfully. Moreover, the presence of silica nanoparticles into superabsorbent nanocomposite was evaluated with EDX analysis. The element mappings show a homogenous distribution of silica nanoparticles throughout the hydrogel nanocomposite. SEM images exhibited porous morphology for hydrogel nanocomposite, which was due to the incorporation of PVP in its network. The experimental findings from TGA analysis indicated that incorporation of PVP and silica nanoparticles into the hydrogel network improved thermal stability of superabsorbent nanocomposite. Swelling kinetic studies revealed that superabsorbent nanocomposite hydrogel had higher equilibrium swelling capacity and swelling rate compared with the neat hydrogel sample. Besides that, superabsorbent nanocomposite depicted excellent salt and pH-sensitive behavior in different saline and pH solutions. As a consequence, this hydrogel nanocomposite acts as useful water reservoir, which might be most profitable in agricultural applications.

Particle agglomeration of chitosan–magnesium aluminum silicate nanocomposites for direct compression tablets

Exfoliated nanocomposites of chitosan-magnesium aluminum silicate (CS-MAS) particles are characterized by good compressibility but poor flowability. Thus, the aims of this study were to investigate agglomerates of CS-MAS nanocomposites prepared using the agglomerating agents water, ethanol, or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for flowability enhancement and to evaluate the agglomerates obtained as direct compression fillers for tablets. The results showed that the addition of agglomerating agents did not affect crystallinity, but slightly influenced thermal behavior of the CS-MAS nanocomposites. The agglomerates prepared using water were larger than those prepared using 95% ethanol because high swelling of the layer of chitosonium acetate occurred, allowing formation of solid bridges and capillary force between particles, leading to higher flowability and particle strength. Incorporation of PVP resulted in larger agglomerates with good flowability and high strength due to the binder hardening mechanism. The tablets prepared from agglomerates using water showed lower hardness, shorter disintegration times and faster drug release than those using 95% ethanol. In contrast, greater hardness and more prolonged drug release were obtained from the tablets prepared from agglomerates using PVP. Additionally, the agglomerates of CS-MAS nanocomposites showed good carrying capacity and provided desirable characteristics of direct compression tablets.

Enhancement in Elastic Bending Rigidity of Polymer Loaded Reverse Microemulsions.

Elastic bending rigidity of the surfactant shell is a crucial parameter which determines the phase behavior and stability of microemulsion droplets. For water-in-oil reverse microemulsions stabilized by AOT (sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate) surfactant, the elastic bending rigidity is close to thermal energy at room temperature (kBT) and can be modified by the presence of hydrophilic polymers. Here, we explore the influence of two polymers polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), both having nearly same size (radius of gyration, Rg) but different dipole moment, on elastic bending rigidity of water-AOT-n-decane reverse microemulsions via estimating the percolation temperatures (TP) and droplet radii using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. Notably, an increase in TP is observed on introducing PEG and PVP polymers and is attributed to the adsorption of polymer chains onto the surfactant monolayer. The stability of the droplet phase of microemulsion after the incorporation of PEG and PVP polymers is confirmed by contrast matching SANS experiments. An enhancement in elastic bending rigidity of AOT surfactant shell amounting to ∼46% is observed upon incorporation of PVP into the droplet core, whereas for PEG addition, a smaller increase of about 17% is recorded. We conjecture that the considerable increase in elastic bending rigidity of the surfactant monolayer upon introducing PVP is because of the strong ion-dipole interaction between anionic AOT and dipoles present along the PVP polymer chains. Scaling exponents extracted from the temperature dependent electrical conductivity measurements and the frequency dependent scaling of conductivity at percolation indicate the dynamic nature of percolation for both pure and polymer loaded reverse microemulsions. The decrease in activation energy of percolation upon incorporating PEG and PVP polymer molecules also reflects the increased stability of microemulsion droplets against thermal fluctuations.

Electrospun curcumin-loaded cellulose acetate/polyvinylpyrrolidone fibrous materials with complex architecture and antibacterial activity

Novel fibrous materials from cellulose acetate (CA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing curcumin (Curc) with original design were prepared by one-pot electrospinning or dual spinneret electrospinning. The electrospun materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), water contact angle measurements, and microbiological tests. It was found that the incorporation of Curc into the CA and PVP solutions resulted in an increase of the solution viscosity and obtaining fibers with larger diameters (ca. 1.5μm) compared to the neat CA (ca. 800nm) and PVP fibers (ca. 500nm). The incorporation of PVP resulted in increased hydrophilicity of the fibers and in faster Curc release. Curc was found in the amorphous state in the Curc-containing fibers and these mats exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results suggest that, due to their complex architecture, the obtained new antibacterial materials are suitable for wound dressing applications, which necessitate diverse release behaviors of the bioactive compound.

Phosphate removal from water by polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane using PVP as a hydrophilic modifier

The phosphate removal from aqueous solution was studied with a dead-end filtration process using ultrafiltration membranes. Polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by blending PSf with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The prepared membranes were characterized by water content, contact angle, SEM, EDX, AFM, and FTIR. The hydrophilicity and porosity of membrane improved considerably and water contact angle declined with the incorporation of PVP. While pure PSf membrane did not have any flux, PSf/PVP 3 wt.% (UF2) shows 9.6 L/m2 h permeate flux. The impact of diverse operating parameters, such as PVP concentration, pressure, and pH of the feed solution on the removal of phosphate was examined. A high phosphate removal (93.6%) from aqueous solution was observed for UF2 membrane and 87.2% for UF3 membrane at feed solution pH 2. It was found that the phosphate rejection dropped as the pressure and PVP concentration increased. A reduction in pH of the feed solution gave a higher phosphorus rejection.

Incorporation of PVP into PEG/PMMA based binder system to minimize void nucleation

Abstract In spite of its great potential, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) binder system was found susceptible to void nucleation, as the rigid PMMA chains hinder PEG volumetric shrinkage upon cooling. We previously reported that this void formation could be minimized by either using a higher cooling rate or by incorporating a crystallization inhibitor in the binder system. In this paper, efforts have been made to increase the workability of this binder system for conventional metal injection molding (MIM) by adding the crystallization inhibitor, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheological property measurements, solvent and thermal debinding behavior, and fracture surface analysis of the molded samples were performed. Incorporation of PVP into the PEG/PMMA binder system is successful in that high quality void-free MIM components have been produced while maintaining the clean nature of the PEG/PMMA binder system.

Polyhydroxybutrate Filled Clamshell Biofiller: Effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone

A totally green biocomposite was prepared via melt blending technique by using polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a matrix, clamshells powder (CaCO3) as a reinforcing filler and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a binder. PHB/CaCO3was fixed at 70:30 ratio and PVP weight content varied at 3, 5, 7 and 9 wt%. The properties of the biocomposite have been studied in term of mechanical properties and morphology. The results showed that incorporation of PVP increased the tensile modulus which remarkably demonstrated by the enhancement in stiffness of the biopolymer. While, elongation at break decreased in an opposite behavior. Surface morphology observation on the tensile fracture samples shows the presence of microvoids, due to binding effect of the PVP.

Optimization of the entrapment efficiency and release of ambroxol hydrochloride alginate beads

The objective of the current study was to optimize the composition of alginate beads to produce ambroxol hydrochloride alginate beads with optimum specifications. The study employed beads based on sodium alginate solution (2% w/v) as the main component with calcium chloride solution as crosslinking agent as the prototype beads. The beads were prepared by syringe method. The effect of viscosity modifiers on the morphology, entrapment efficiency and drug release was studied. The prototype beads were spherical semitransparent with entrapment efficiency (EE) of 23%. Incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a viscosity modifier produced spherical semitransparent beads with higher EE values compared with the prototype. Addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) produced oval opaque beads which have larger size and higher EE values compared with the prototype beads or those containing PVP only. Replacement of CMC with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) produced semitransparent spherical beads with significant increase in the EE. Monitoring the drug release rate from different beads, the all the tested beads were able to retain the drug in the stomach condition. In the intestinal conditions the release rate depended on the composition of the beads with prototype beads librating most of its contents in the first 15 minutes. Formulations containing either CMC or HPMC were able to retard the drug release in the intestinal phase. In conclusion the study developed beads with optimum entrapment and release of ambroxol hydrochloride.

Formulation and evaluation of simvastatin buccal film

The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate a buccal film for delivery of simvastatin. Buccal films containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with and without Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as polymers were prepared. Tween 80 was included with and without propylene glycol (PG) to modulate the characteristics of the films. The films were prepared by solvent casting with drug concentration being maintained at 2.5 mg/cm2. In absence of Tween and PG, the films were opaque due to precipitation of drug. PG reduced the swelling index and increased the thickness of the film due to shrinkage. Incorporation of PVP into the films increased the bioadhesion force and time. The rate of drug release depended on the composition of the film with the presence of PVP increasing the release efficiency compared to the corresponding PVP free films. Similarly, incorporation of PG increased the drug release efficiency. Thermal analysis indicated the presence of the drug in amorphous form or as a solid solution in the film components. The developed films are promising for buccal administration of simvastatin.