Incorporation Of PEDOT Research Articles

Stretchable, stabilized‐conductive XNBR/PEDOT:PSS composites based on bottom‐deposited structure

AbstractConductive composites have attracted much attention due to its high conductivity, stretchability, and sensitivity. However, designing conductive composites with relatively stable conductivity under 100% deformation using simple methods remains a challenge. In this work, we employ a simple and straightforward approach to prepare a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) solution. Based on the conductivity‐optimized PEDOT:PSS (5.95 S/cm), it was combined with carboxylated acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber latex (XNBRL) to make a flexible conductive material with a unique bottom‐deposited structure. The incorporation of PEDOT:PSS establishes an interconnected conductive network within the XNBR, enhancing both the tensile strength (from 0.31 to 1.24 MPa) and conductivity of the composites. Remarkably, even at 100% strain, the resistance change (ΔR/R0) in the composite remains minimal (<2), demonstrating its exceptional flexibility and high electrical conductivity while maintaining relatively stable resistance during cyclic stretching at 50% deformation. Moreover, the conductive composite can maintain good relative resistance stability under different tensile rates and different strains. This conductive XNBR/PEDOT:PSS composite has promising application prospects in medical devices, which require relatively stable and high conductivity over a relatively large deformation.Highlights A simple method to increase the electrical conductivity of aqueous PEDOT:PSS. Flexible conductive composite with a small change in ΔR/R0. Enables rigid PEDOT to be used in stretchable electronic devices. Construction of 3D conductive network and bottom deposition structure.

Facile synthesis of PEDOT@rGO nanocomposites for novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of 4-chlorophenol in a real water sample

A sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for the detection of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) using the nanocomposite based on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and reduced graphene oxide (PEDOT-rGO). The GC electrode modified with the proposed nanocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Raman analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of PEDOT onto the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) surface. It is also observed in the SEM analysis that PEDOT nanoparticles were spread over the rGO sheet. The lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) values for PEDOT-rGO/GCE compared to PEDOT/GCE in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms the unique conducting properties of rGO and the higher surface area of PEDOT in the proposed composite on the GCE surface. The cyclic voltammetric and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) results has indicated that the PEDOT-rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode is an excellent electrocatalyst for the detection of 4-CP compared to PEDOT and rGO. This counterpart exhibited a good linear relationship in the range of 5–250 μM, with a detection limit of 12 nM in the DPV technique. This sensor was also employed for the determination of 4-CP in river water samples. The accuracy of the analytical electrochemical sensor for 4-CP was comparatively analyzed using the obtained UV–visible spectral data, indicating a detection limit of 21 nM. Hence, the electrochemical method was successfully employed to obtain a lower detection limit for 4-CP than that for electronic absorption spectral observations. All the observed results were consistent with our expectations and showed that this novel PEDOT-rGO/GCE has good repeatability and stability and without any impactable interference behavior.

From Water for Water: PEDOT:PSS-Chitosan Beads for Sustainable Dyes Adsorption.

This study investigates the viability of developing chitosan-based hydrogels derived from waste shrimp shells for the removal of methylene blue and methyl orange, thereby transforming food waste into advanced materials for environmental remediation. Despite chitosan-based adsorbents being conventionally considered ideal for the removal of negative pollutants, through targeted functionalization with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) at varying concentrations, we successfully enhance the hydrogels' efficacy in also adsorbing positively charged adsorbates. Specifically, the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS at a concentration of 10% v/v emerges as a critical factor in facilitating the robust adsorption of dyes. In the case of the anionic dye methyl orange (MO, 10-5 M), the percentage of removed dye passed from 47% (for beads made of only chitosan) to 66% (for beads made of chitosan-PEDOT:PSS 10%), while, in the case of the cationic dye methylene blue (MB, 10-5 M), the percentage of removed dye passed from 52 to 100%. At the basis of this enhancement, there is an adsorption mechanism resulting from the interplay between electrostatic forces and π-π interactions. Furthermore, the synthesized functionalized hydrogels exhibit remarkable stability and reusability (at least five consecutive cycles) in the case of MB, paving the way for the development of cost-effective and sustainable adsorbents. This study highlights the potential of repurposing waste materials for environmental benefits, introducing an innovative approach to address the challenges regarding water pollution.

Incorporation of PEDOT:PSS to Reduce Iridium Loading at Anode Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is one of the most promising technologies to produce green hydrogen with high efficiency. However, its commercialization is hindered by the large usage of expensive iridium as anode electrocatalyst [1-3] . Incorporation of cheap conductive materials into the catalyst ink, e.g., titanium powder [4], is a straightforward and efficient method to reduce noble metal loading of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this study, we aimed to use a conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS to build the low Ir loading catalyst layer for PEMWE.The MEAs at 0.3 mgIr cm-2 loading were fabricated with different PEDOT:PSS contents. In practice, the dispersion of IrO2 particles is difficult in catalyst ink, leading to the formation of big IrO2 agglomerates. We found that the zeta potential of the anode catalyst ink gained obvious enhancement after the addition of PEDOT:PSS. This indicated that PEDOT:PSS as dispersant could increase the stability of the catalyst ink. The morphology of anode catalyst layers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface and cross-sectional images of morphology exhibited small IrO2 particles and porous structure in the catalyst layer with the addition of PEDOT:PSS, which would contribute to the water/gas movement in triple-phase boundaries. Electrochemical measurements such as polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and durability tests were conducted in a PEMWE single cell. The MEA using PEDOT:PSS as binder displayed better electrochemical performance (3.4 A cm-2@2.0 V) than other references with Nafion only (2.4 A cm-2@2.0 V). Moreover, the addition of PEDOT:PSS improved the high-frequency resistance due to its excellent electronic conductivity. In consideration of the conductive binder and dispersant effect of PEDOT:PSS, future research will focus on reducing Ir loading below 0.1 mg cm-2 through designing novel structure of anode catalyst layer with PEDOT:PSS. Keywords:PEM water electrolysis, low iridium loading, PEDOT:PSS

Tailoring the electrical conductivity of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) by blending with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and ionic liquids

In order to tailor dielectric response and electrical conductivity, novel polymer blends based on poly(vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and different fillers composed by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and PEDOT:PSS/ionic liquids (ILs): PEDOT:PSS/N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([C2mpyr][FSI]) and PEDOT:PSS/N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C2mpyr][TFSI]), with different PEDOT:PSS/IL contents (10, 20 and 40 wt%) were prepared through solvent casting. The morphological, physical-chemical and thermal properties of the polymer blends were evaluated, together with the influence of PEDOT:PSS/IL on the PVDF crystallization kinetics, dielectric and electrical conductivity.The incorporation of PEDOT:PSS/IL in the polymer matrix lead to a decrease of the PVDF spherulites. Furthermore, it was detected that both PEDOT:PSS and IL act as nucleation agents, promoting the homogeneous crystallization of PVDF as well as the crystallization into its b and g polar phases. The electrical conductivity formalism revealed significant contributions of PEDOT:PSS/IL to the electrical conductivity behavior of the blends, being thermally activated and described by the charge transport mechanism. Further, the dc conductivity increases due to the higher number of charge carriers of the PEDOT:PSS/IL content.The tailorable electrical characteristics of the PVDF/PEDOT:PSS-IL blends demonstrate their potential for applications in areas such as ionic actuators and battery devices.

An anti-fouling wearable molecular imprinting sensor based on semi-interpenetrating network hydrogel for the detection of tryptophan in sweat

The challenge of heavy biofouling in complex sweat environments limits the potential of electrochemical sweat sensors for noninvasive physiological assessment. In this study, a novel semi-interpenetrating hydrogel of PSBMA/PEDOT:PSS was engineered by interlacing PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer with zwitterionic PSBMA network. This versatile hydrogel served as the foundation for developing an anti-fouling wearable molecular imprinting sensor capable of sensitive and robust detection of tryptophan (Trp) in complex sweat. The incorporation of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer into the semi-interpenetrating hydrogel introduced diverse physical crosslinks, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and chain entanglement. This incorporation considerably boosted the hydrogel's mechanical robustness and imparted commendable self-healing property. At the same time, the synergistic coupling between the well-balanced charge of the zwitterionic network and the high conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS polymer facilitated efficient charge transfer. The formation of the desired molecular imprinting membrane of semi-interpenetrating hydrogel was triggered by self-polymerization of dopamine (DA) in the presence of Trp. The designed biosensor demonstrated good sensitivity, selectivity and stability in detecting the target Trp. Notably, it also exhibited exceptional anti-fouling abilities, allowing for accurate Trp detection in complex real sweat samples, yielding results comparable to commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).

Effect of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) on low-iridium catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis

Reducing iridium loading in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) without sacrificing electrochemical performance plays a critical role in lowering the cost of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. However, low Ir loading often results in insufficient percolation of IrO2 particles and high interfacial resistance between the catalyst layer and the porous transport layer, causing reduced electrochemical performance and long-term durability issues. Herein, a MEA incorporating the conductive polymers of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a binder and dispersant is investigated under 0.3 mgIr cm−2 loading. The zeta potential and morphological experiments confirm that the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS to the catalyst ink can improve the ink stability, reduce the catalyst particle size and create more pores in the catalyst layer. The MEA using a 1:1 ratio of PEDOT:PSS to Nafion achieves an enhanced current density of 1.68 V@1.0 A cm−2 at 80 °C (vs. a MEA using Nafion only, 1.75 V@1.0 A cm−2). The Raman results indicate that the PEDOT in the presence of Nafion exhibits a more conductive quinoid resonance structure than PEDOT. In situ durability testing of the MEA for over 800 h demonstrates a degradation rate of 48.7 μV h−1 at 1.0 A cm−2 and 80 °C.

Mediation of Interface Dipoles on SiOx/Si Nanowire Based Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Photodetectors with Enhanced Wavelength‐Selective Sensing Performances

AbstractThe promising hybrid photodetector design is realized through the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS layer with SiOx/Si nanowires (SiNWs), which went beyond the intrinsic limitation of band‐gap associated photosensing characteristics of conventional Si semiconductors toward revolutionarily turning into wavelength‐selective features. These can be interpreted by two determining effects. First, the effective trapping of incident lights with wavelength of 590 nm is evidenced on SiOx/SiNWs. Besides, the creation of interfacial potentials, arising from the positively charged PEDOT:PSS and negatively charged SiOx, manifested the reduction of electron density at PEDOT:PSS surfaces and in turn raised the work function. These features explicitly modulated the carrier‐transport characteristics at hybrid heterojunctions, which accounted for the suppression of photocurrents under light excitations with wavelengths of either 365 nm or 850 nm. The established photodetectors with optimal oxidation treatment resulted in the substantial improvement of both device responsivity and detectivity above 11 times beyond the PEDOT:PSS/SiNWs designs, which shed new light on practical applications of hybrid photodetectors.

The 3D printed conductive grooved topography hydrogel combined with electrical stimulation for synergistically enhancing wound healing of dermal fibroblast cells

Patients with extensive cutaneous damage resulting from poor wound healing often have other comorbidities such as diabetes that may lead to impaired skin functions and scar formation. Many recent studies have shown that the application of electrical stimulation (ES) to cutaneous lesions significantly improves skin regeneration via activation of AKT intracellular signaling cascades and secretion of regeneration-related growth factors. In this study, we fabricated varying concentrations of gelatin-methacrylate (GelMa) hydrogels with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT): polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), which is a conductive material commonly used in tissue engineering due to its efficiency among conductive thermo-elastic materials. The results showed successful modification of PEDOT:PSS with GelMa while retaining the original structural characteristics of the GelMa hydrogels. In addition, the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS increased the interactions between both the materials, thus leading to enhanced mechanical strength, improved swelling ratio, and decreased hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. Our GelMa/PEDOT:PSS scaffolds were designed to have micro-grooves on the surfaces of the scaffolds for the purpose of directional guiding. In addition, our scaffolds were shown to have excellent electrical conductivity, thus leading to enhanced cellular proliferation and directional migration and orientation of human dermal fibroblasts. In vivo studies revealed that the GelMa/PEDOT:PSS scaffolds with electrical stimulation were able to induce full skin thickness regeneration, as seen from the various stainings. These results indicate the potential of GelMa/PEDOT:PSS as an electro-conductive biomaterial for future skin regeneration applications.

3D bioprinted conductive spinal cord biomimetic scaffolds for promoting neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and repairing of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a terrible injury of the central nervous system for which there is no ideal treatment in clinic so far. The spinal cord biomimetic scaffolds which mimic the shape and structure of native spinal cord tissue, could effectively promote the repair of SCI. However, current biomimetic scaffolds do not mimic the biological functions, especially the electrical conductivity, of spinal cord tissue, which largely limits the therapeutic effect of SCI. In this study, we have developed novel conductive hydrogels based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): sulfonated lignin (PEDOT:LS). The incorporation of PEDOT:LS into GelMA/HAMA hydrogel matrix significantly improved the conductivity of the hydrogels. By precisely regulating the light curing time, the conductive hydrogels showed mechanical properties similar to native spinal cord tissues. Then, the conductive biomimetic scaffolds were fabricated by 3D bioprinting, and the neural stem cells (NSCs) encapsulated in the scaffolds exhibited good survival rate (higher than 90%). Compared to the non-conductive scaffolds reported, the conductive scaffolds remarkably promoted neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. In a rat spinal cord complete transection model, the conductive biomimetic scaffold dramatically promoted the recovery of hindlimb motor function. Immunofluorescence staining results further showed that the conductive biomimetic scaffold effectively promoted the regeneration of neurons at the injury site, reduced the deposition of glial scar, and promoted nerve axon regeneration and myelination. Overall, the 3D bioprinting of the conductive spinal cord biomimetic scaffolds developed in this work represents a promising approach for the stem cell-based treatment of SCI.

A WSe2@Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite based-electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid

In the present work, a nanocomposite of two-dimensional WSe2 nanosheets with poly(3,4‑ethylenedioxythiophene (WSe2@PEDOT) was prepared by facile hydrothermal method and characterized in terms of structural and morphological analyses. This nano­composite was used to modify glassy carbon electrode for the construction of an electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). It was found that the incorporation of PEDOT into WSe2 nano­sheets exhibited enhanced electrochemical behaviors and electro¬catalytic activity against DA and UA. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements, the WSe2@PEDOT modified electrode displayed wide linear detection ranges of 16 to 466 µM for DA and 20 to 582.5 µM for UA. The electrode also exhibited high selectivity against DA and UA in the presence of major interference of ascorbic acid and other interferent substances.

Polysaccharide‐based electroconductive films for controlled release of ciprofloxacin

AbstractHereby, fabrication of hyaluronic acid/gelatin/sodium alginate (HA/Gel/SA) polymeric films, which contain electroconductive poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) particles, is studied for drug release applications. The characterization of synthesized PEDOT:PSS and HA/Gel/SA‐(PEDOT:PSS) films is verified by using FT‐IR and RAMAN spectroscopy. Conductivity values of the films containing 0, 4, and 6% v/v PEDOT:PSS are found via a four‐point probe technique to determine the optimum composition of the films for the targeted field. Additionally, swelling, mechanical, and cytotoxicity tests are carried out according to the related methods. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), which is a commonly used antibiotic, is loaded into the polymeric matrix and its release behavior is investigated. All results indicate that the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS increases the mechanical performance and decreases the burst release of drug resulted in more sustained release profile. The HA/Gel/SA‐(PEDOT: PSS) formulation is clearly a promising drug carrier that also supports cell viability due to its high cytocompatibility.

Soliton picosecond pulse generation with a spin-coated PEDOT: PSS thin film

Organic materials have been widely explored in various of electronic and photonic applications. poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) is one of the organic materials that exhibits excellent optical properties including wide operating bandwidth and fast relaxation time. These properties are important for fiber laser applications to induce ultrafast phenomenon. In this experiment, PEDOT: PSS thin film was successfully fabricated based on spin coating technology for use as a saturable absorber (SA) and it featured saturation intensity of 0.21 MW/cm2 and modulation depth of 22%. The incorporation of PEDOT: PSS SA into erbium-doped fiber laser cavity successfully induced a 1.74 ps mode-locked laser at wavelength of 1567.6 nm. The pulse energy and output power were achieved at about 2.79 nJ and 6.89 mW respectively. This is the first time that PEDOT: PSS is applied as a SA to generate a soliton mode-locked laser at wavelength of 1.55 μm.

Experimental and theoretical investigations on fouling resistant cellulose acetate/SiO2 NPs/PEDOT ultrafiltration nanocomposite membranes

In the current work, we report the fabrication of a new fouling resistant ultrafiltration (UF) nanocomposite membranes by incorporating silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) into cellulose acetate (CA) matrix, taking advantage of the abundant surface-terminating groups on CA, SiO2 NPs, and PEDOT. The characteristics of the prepared materials and membranes were assessed experimentally and theoretically using molecular modeling concepts. The molecular modeling study manifested the stability of the proposed membrane structure which appeared to be slightly positive and had affinity to electrophilic addition reactions. The fabricated membranes exhibited both high flux and high bovine serum albumin (BSA) separation, ∼145 LMH/bar and 90%, respectively, as well as high fouling-resistant standards. Hence, it offers better solution in terms of performance, fouling, permeate quality, and longevity. Enhanced performance results were due to improving a range of membrane characteristic. Incorporation of PEDOT into CA matrix improved the hydrophilicity, porosity and fouling resistant of the nanocomposite membrane. Overall, this study opens an avenue for utilizing the biodegradable CA for the fabrication of robust UF nanocomposite membranes that do not need intensive physical and chemical cleaning which makes membrane technology more appealing for practical applications.

Tough and flexible conductive triple network hydrogels based on agarose/polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate

AbstractHerein, we demonstrate a simple and cost‐effective way to fabricate conductive triple network hydrogels based on agarose (Ag), polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with a combination of physical–chemical crosslinked networks. The conductivity was generated by doping poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) into the triple network matrix of Ag‐PAM‐PVA. All hydrogels were homogeneous in the swollen state and incorporation of PEDOT:PSS did not influence the morphology significantly on a microscale, (light microscopy and cryogenic low‐vacuum SEM). On the nanoscale, small‐angle X‐ray scattering showed some differences between hydrogels with/without PEDOT:PSS and also between double/triple networks. The tensile and compressive properties were enhanced at a lower concentration of PEDOT:PSS, with a maximum tensile strength of 0.47 MPa, at an elongation of 119%. Fortunately, all hydrogels have shown conductivity in the range of 0.3−1.5 mS cm−1 which is comparable with the conductivity of skin tissues and hence they can be conveniently optimized for use in biosensors or other devices related to skin/internal tissues. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Fabrication and Biocompatibility of Electroconductive Silk Fibroin/PEDOT: PSS Composites for Corneal Epithelial Regeneration.

The aim of this study was to develop matrices that can support human corneal epithelial cells and innervation by incorporating a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), into silk fibroin (SF). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a crosslinking agent to enhance the mechanical properties of the matrices. The impact of PEDOT:PSS on the materials’ physical properties and cellular responses was examined. The electrical impedance of matrices decreased with increasing concentration of PEDOT:PSS suggesting improved electroconductivity. However, light transmittance also decreased with increasing PEDOT:PSS. Young’s modulus was unaffected by PEDOT:PSS but was increased by PVA. The viability of corneal epithelial cell on the matrices was unaffected by the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS except at the highest concentration tested 0.3% (w/v), which led to a cytotoxic response. These findings suggest that SF/PEDOT:PSS with a PEDOT:PSS concentration of 0.1–0.2% would be a suitable biomaterial for epithelium regeneration.

Supercapacitors based on (carbon nanostructure)/PEDOT/(eggshell membrane) electrodes

The feasibility of wearable electronics depends on the development of reliable energy storage devices that could combine high energy density to mechanical flexibility. A significant step towards this goal would be the preparation of supercapacitors prepared on truly flexible supports, which could present an adequate balance of Faradaic and non-Faradaic charge-discharge mechanisms. In this work, we have examined the performance of supercapacitors made by the incorporation of PEDOT, a conducting polymer, and carbon nanostructures (graphene nanoplatelets and two types of carbon nanotubes) on electrodes based on eggshell membranes. These biological substrates, which are flexible and present resilient mechanical properties, have a characteristically high porosity that favors the in situ polymerization of PEDOT. The final devices exhibit a very good electrochemical performance (such as a low IR drop, a good cyclability and a high capacitive retention, which after 2000 uses suffers a reduction of only 10% on its value), and an areal capacitance of the order of 39.6 mF cm–2.

Solid-State rGO-PEDOT:PSS Transducing Material for Cost-Effective Enzymatic Sensing.

Performance of a sensing device is dependent on its construction material, especially for components that are directly involved in transporting and translating signals across the device. Understanding the morphology and characteristics of the material components is therefore crucial in the development of any sensing device. This work examines the morphological and electrochemical characteristics of reduced graphene oxide interspersed with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (rGO-PEDOT:PSS) used as a transducer material deposited on a commercially available screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Electron microscopy shows that PEDOT:PSS is interspersed between rGO layers. Raman and XRD analyses suggest that the graphene crystallinity in GO-PEDOT:PSS and rGO-PEDOT:PSS remains intact. Instead, PEDOT:PSS undergoes a change in structure to allow PEDOT to blend into the graphene structure and partake in the π-π interaction with the surface of the rGO layers. Incorporation of PEDOT:PSS also appears to improve the electrochemical behavior of the composite, leading to a higher peak current of 1.184 mA, as measured by cyclic voltammetry, compared to 0.522 mA when rGO is used alone. The rGO-PEDOT:PSS transducing material blended with glucose oxidase was tested for glucose detection. The sensitivity of glucose detection was shown to be 57.3 µA/(mM·cm2) with a detection limit of 86.8 µM.

Electron transport and photoelectrical behavior of poly(N-vinylcarbazole)/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite honeycomb-patterned films

New type of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) polymer nanocomposites were prepared by a solid-state polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole in the presence of different concentration (wt%) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The prepared PVK/PEDOT nanocomposites were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-vis spectra. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-diffraction studies were performed to understand the surface morphology and nature of the polymer composites. The characterization and morphological studies suggest that there is a conjugation between PVK and PEDOT. Furthermore, the honeycomb-patterned films were obtained by dissolving the PVK/PEDOT nanocomposites into the chloroform solvent under humid conditions. The temperature-dependent DC electrical conductivity and room temperature photo-electrical conductivity of the honeycomb-patterned films were measured. Results showed that the incorporation of PEDOT in PVK polymer has greatly improved the electrical conductivity and photo-electrical behavior of the PVK/PEDOT nanocomposites.

PEDOT:PSS-Containing Nanohydroxyapatite/Chitosan Conductive Bionanocomposite Scaffold: Fabrication and Evaluation

Conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was incorporated into nanohydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) composite scaffolds through a freezing and lyophilization technique. The bionanocomposite conductive scaffold was then characterized using several techniques. A scanning electron microscope image showed that the nHA and PEDOT:PSS were dispersed homogeneously in the chitosan matrix, which was also confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The conductive properties were measured using a digital multimeter. The weight loss and water-uptake properties of the bionanocomposite scaffolds were studiedin vitro. Anin vitrocell cytotoxicity test was carried out using mouse fibroblast (L929) cells cultured onto the scaffolds. Using a freezing and lyophilization technique, it was possible to fabricate three-dimensional, highly porous, and interconnected PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS scaffolds with good handling properties. The porosity was 74% and the scaffold’s conductivity was9.72±0.78 μS. The surface roughness was increased with the incorporation of nHA and PEDOT:PSS into the CS scaffold. The compressive mechanical properties increased significantly with the incorporation of nHA but did not change significantly with the incorporation of PEDOT:PSS. The PEDOT:PSS-containing nHA/CS scaffold exhibited significantly higher cell attachment. The PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS scaffold could be a potential bionanocomposite conductive scaffold for tissue engineering.