Inconsistent Attitudes Research Articles

Falling into the trap: A study of the cognitive neural mechanisms of immediate rewards impact on consumer attitudes toward forwarding perk advertisements.

In the context of digital marketing, consumers often express aversion to perk advertisements yet find it challenging to resist the temptation and forward it, resulting in inconsistent attitudes and behaviors. This study, based on the Associative Propositional Evaluation model and the Confirmation Bias theory, utilizes event-related potential experiments to identify the interactive impacts of immediate rewards and information diagnosticity in advertisements on consumer attitude change in specific contexts. The research findings indicate that when rewards were present, information diagnosticity positively influences attitude change and the willingness to forward. However, when rewards were absent, the impact of information diagnosticity on attitude change and the willingness to forward is not significant, and neuroscientific evidence supports these findings. Theoretically, this study extends the research perspective on attitude change in online advertising contexts and broadens the application of the Associative Propositional Evaluation model in the field of consumer attitude change towards advertisements. In practice, this research holds significant guiding value for constraining platform manipulation of consumer cognitive behaviors, guiding the healthy development of platform economics, and promoting digital technology ethics.

Using Nvivo to Analyze the Impact of Computer Simulation of Parent-Child Cooperative Art Activities on the Growth of Preschool Children.

Psychology originally defined parent-child conflict in terms of interpersonal relationships, where parent-child conflict is a process of inconsistent attitudes between parents and children that occurs in a family setting. For this end, we aims to investigate the influence of parental awareness on preschoolers' perception of parent-child conflict and the mediating role of preschoolers' self-esteem. This paper proposes a dynamic parent-child relationship discovery algorithm based on the impact of parent-child cooperation activities on preschool children's development. We applied SPSS and Mplus statistical software for data processing and analysis, and Nvivo 11.0 qualitative software for validation and analysis. The reliability of preschool children's perceived parent-child conflict and sub-dimensions were: 0.901, 0.799, 0.791, 0.811, 0.729; the total scale and the retest reliability of each dimension were: 0.914, 0.837, 0.836, 0.792, 0.711. Validated factor analysis using Mplus: RMSEA = 0.075, TLI = 0.856, CFI = 0.876, SRMR = 0.064.

Exploring Insect-based technology for waste management and livestock feeding in selected South and East Asian countries

This paper aimed to investigate the Asian’s willingness to use black soldier fly larvae for organic waste management and livestock feed. A random sampling method was adopted based on waste generation and substrate availability. In addition, it contributes to filling gaps in research into public acceptance, social perception, and Attitude towards BSFL-based organic waste management. It has been found that different subgroups in different countries have inconsistent attitudes towards using BSFL technology. Stack group in Afghanistan (3.94 ± 0.90), Pakistan (4.45 ± 0.61), China (4.48 ± 0.54) highly agree, and Bangladesh (3.21 ± 0.57) agree, but the other groups are not sure or show different perceptions. The results of our study indicate that BSFL is a more acceptable feed supplement than conventional food; participants rated their willingness to blend 500 grams of BSFL with conventional feed and preferred to feed livestock, dogs, fish, birds, and cats. It is established that most of the respondents were familiar with the BSFL technology, namely in China (3.58 ± 0.87), Bangladesh (3.55 ± 0.8), Pakistan (3.24 ± 0.82), Afghanistan (2.63 ± 0.5). The waste group with the mean value from Afghanistan (2.87 ± 0.76), Bangladesh (2.74 ± 1.41), China (2.76 ± 1.12), and Pakistan (2.78 ± 1.28). Finally, the article shows a direct relationship between public acceptance of BSFL for waste management and subject erudition.

Prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi city: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSleep disorders refer to physiological and psychological states that cause adverse consequences due to the inability to fall asleep or poor sleep quality. The prevalence of sleep disorders varies greatly in different countries and regions due to different causes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi city, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with stratified random cluster sampling. Children aged 3–6 years old in one kindergarten randomly selected from each of the 8 districts of Urumqi from March to July 2022, and their parents were surveyed with a sleep quality questionnaire.ResultsThe prevalence of sleep disorders among preschool children in Urumqi was 14.29% (191/1336), and the prevalence of different symptoms was 42.81% for limb movements, 19.61% for snoring, 18.11% for bruxism, 16.39% for sleep talking, 12.57% for sweating, 11.60% for nocturnal awakening, 8.46% for nightmares, 6.89% for bed wetting, 3.74% for apnea, and 3.29% for sleepwalking. The prevalence of body movements, snoring, sweating, night-wake, nightmares, bed-wetting, apnea, and sleepwalking among different ethnicities were significantly different (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the major risk factors of sleep disorders were difficulty adapting to new environments, unwillingness to express emotions, inconsistent attitudes of the family toward children’s education, running before bedtime, strict family education methods, etc.ConclusionThe prevalence of sleep disorders in preschool children in Urumqi is lower than the average level reported in other studies. Many factors affect the prevalence of sleep disorders in preschool children, but it is necessary to focus on the ability to adapt to new environments, psychological problems, and the impact of family education on sleep disorders. Further studies on the prevention and treatment of sleep disorders are needed for different ethnicities.

Will they or won't they? Understanding New Zealand adults' attitudes towards using digital interventions.

Digital interventions deliver healthcare via the internet or smartphone application to support people's well-being and health. Yet uptake is relatively poor. Furthermore, several studies exploring attitudes towards digital interventions have found inconsistent attitudes. In addition to this, regional and cultural nuances may further influence attitudes to digital interventions. This study aimed to understand New Zealand adults' attitudes towards digital interventions and their influences. A mixed-method design consisting of a cross-sectional survey and semi-structured interviews found that New Zealand adults hold varied and complex attitudes towards digital interventions. Attitudes were found to be influenced by group membership and the scenarios in which digital interventions are made available. In addition, beliefs about the benefits and concerns surrounding digital interventions, knowledge, perceived views of others, and previous experience and confidence influenced these attitudes. Findings indicated that digital interventions would be acceptable if offered as part of the healthcare service rather than a standalone intervention. Key modifiable factors that could positively influence attitudes were identified and could be leveraged to increase the perceived acceptability of digital interventions.

Vulnerability Factors of Intimate Partner Violence Among Victims of Partner Only and Generally Violent Perpetrators

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine how victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) differ in terms of vulnerability factors and risk of being re-victimized, by comparing victims of the two most consistently identified IPV male perpetrator subtypes: the Partner Only (PO) violent and the Generally Violent (GV).MethodsThe current study analyzed IPV reported to the Swedish police and consisted of a sample of 1479 cases of male-to-female perpetrated IPV. The material mainly consisted of IPV risk assessments conducted by the police.ResultsThe results showed that vulnerability factors were significantly more common among victims of GV perpetrators, including inconsistent attitudes or behaviors, extreme fear of the perpetrator, inadequate support or resources, an unsafe living situation, and health problems. Moreover, victims of GV perpetrators were generally assessed by the police with a significantly higher risk of being re-victimized by IPV. Finally, in relation to the victim vulnerability factors most strongly associated with an elevated assessed risk for IPV re-victimization, the presence of extreme fear of the perpetrator and having an unsafe living situation were significantly related to such outcomes for both groups of victims.ConclusionIn sum, the results of this study contribute to the scant body of knowledge on IPV victim subtypes and their vulnerability profiles. In addition to facilitating the risk assessment of repeated IPV, such knowledge could also indicate what type of support different victim subtypes require in order to prevent IPV.

Exploring Pharmacists’ Experiences with Annual Renewal of License of Practice in Nigeria

Consistent with the global best practices, pharmacists practicing in Nigeria are mandated by law to renew their professional licenses annually. However, there is limited data regarding pharmacists’ experience with the renewal of practice licenses in Nigeria. Therefore, we aimed to provide this data. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an online survey (using Google FormTM). Eligible respondents were registered pharmacists in Nigeria. A questionnaire (link) that examines experiences towards renewing their license was developed and validated. The survey link was shared with the respondents via social media platforms, namely, Facebook, WhatsApp and Twitter. A total of 349 pharmacists responded to the survey, of which 313 (89.7%) completed the questionnaire. Of these respondents, 276 (88.2%) reported renewing their licenses annually. Among those, 18 (48.6%) do not renew their licenses due to the high cost of license renewal, 9 (24.3%) due to cumbersome process and 8 (21.6%) reported licenses not required in their place of work, were the common reasons for not renewing their licenses. A total of 277 (88.5%) respondents indicated a preference in the online method of license renewal. Of the respondents, 43.5% and 64.2% disagreed with linking Mandatory Continuing and Professional Development (MCPD) and payment of professional associations’ dues with re-licensure, respectively. Twenty (6.4%) rated the performance of the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN) as excellent and 143 (45.7%) as good. A high proportion of pharmacists (276 out of 313) renew their practice licenses in Nigeria. However, a reasonable number of pharmacists 82 (29.7%) in this study reported inconsistent attitudes towards license renewal. Therefore, there is a need for interventions to encourage pharmacists to renew their licenses annually.

Breastfeeding mothers’ experiences with community physicians in Israel: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe guidelines of all leading professional organizations recommend providing adequate support and education regarding breastfeeding; yet many mothers feel that they receive inadequate information from their health care providers in the primary care setting. This is in line with studies that demonstrate that physicians’ knowledge about breastfeeding is lacking. The aim of this study was to expand our understanding of the breastfeeding-related experiences of mothers with primary care physicians (PCPs).MethodsIn this qualitative study, we interviewed breastfeeding mothers in Israel in the first six months after delivery. The interviews were conducted between December 2020 and May 2021. We used thematic analysis to explore women’s attitudes and experiences with their PCPs regarding breastfeeding concerns. All authors read the transcribed interviews and independently marked statements regarding breastfeeding. Then, in a joint process, codes, subthemes and themes were defined. Each subtheme was backed up with a quote from the interviews.ResultsWe interviewed 13 women aged 24 to 37. We identified four main themes. The first of these was physicians’ inconsistent attitudes toward breastfeeding. Some were indifferent, while others related to breastfeeding solely in the context of infant development. Some were supportive, while others opposed breastfeeding. Several women revealed physicians’ inappropriate and disturbing attitudes to breastfeeding. The second theme was physicians’ lack of knowledge regarding medical treatment for breastfeeding issues. This theme included lack of knowledge, incorrect treatment of breastfeeding problems, and contradictions among HCPs. The third was mothers’ preference for alternative resources, including individualized breastfeeding counselling, maternity and childcare nurses, mothers’ groups (in person or online), and family and friends over medical treatment for breastfeeding problems. The fourth theme involved mothers’ suggestions for PCPs, which highlighted the importance of communication, prenatal physician-initiated dialogue on breastfeeding, expanding professional knowledge on breastfeeding, and increasing the availability of treatment for breastfeeding problems.ConclusionThe women in this study reported unsatisfactory breastfeeding support by PCPs and incorrect or inadequate treatment of medical problems related to breastfeeding. They also felt they had no medical experts to approach with breastfeeding-related problems. We believe that physicians should expand their knowledge on breastfeeding medicine so that they can provide comprehensive patient-centered treatment to both mothers and infants. Education programs for improving knowledge and skills in breastfeeding issues should be implemented throughout the medical training.

Do Pure Liberals Both Endorse Immigration and Reject Muslims? Examining the Inconsistency Hypothesis

Some people have consistently positive attitudes toward ethnic minority members in every respect. Sniderman and Hagendoorn (2007) characterize these individuals as “pure liberals.” Because of limited empirical evidence on the characteristics of this category of majority members, the consistency thesis, claiming that pure liberals have no negative reactions toward Muslims, remains contentious. Accordingly, we introduce a new idea – the inconsistency hypothesis – claiming that pure liberals’ commitment to greater ethnic diversity may not convert into unprejudiced reactions toward Muslim minority members. To test our inconsistency hypothesis, we fielded a survey in 2018 that also included a so-called list experiment among 716 Danish university students. The list experiment was designed to measure prejudice toward Muslims. Our analyses of the survey’s observational data revealed that pure liberals supported the general idea of greater diversity and remained positive toward ethnic minorities. However, and unlike previous research, the list experiment showed that around 34 percent of pure liberals in the survey were prejudiced toward Muslims. When we combine the observational and experimental evidence, it appears that many pure liberals had inconsistent attitudes: around a third of pure liberals combined support for the general idea of a multiethnic society with prejudice toward Muslims. Our inconsistency hypothesis contributes to literatures on liberal orientations and prejudice toward Muslims: Many liberals are not liberals, and prejudice is surprisingly powerful. The conclusion emphasizes the role of self-interest and distinct values as drivers of prejudice among the strongest advocates of a multiethnic society.

부모의 비일관적 양육태도와 청소년 행복감의 관계에서 주의집중과 그릿의 매개효과

Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the mediating effect of attention and grit on the effects of inconsistent parenting attitudes of parents on adolescent happiness. Methods The data of this study were analyzed through SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. First, descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of major variables were performed, followed by confirmatory factor analysis to verify the validity of the measurement model. Second, structural equation model analysis was conducted to confirm the structural relationship between major variables. Third, to verify the significance of mediating effects, bootstrapping using phantom variables was performed. Results The results of this study are as follows. First, inconsistent parenting attitudes of parents showed negative correlations with adolescents' attention, grit, and happiness, attention showed positive correlations with grit and happiness, and grit showed positive correlations with adolescents' happiness Second, concentration of attention had a mediating effect on the relationship between inconsistent parenting attitude and adolescent's happiness. Third, grit had a mediating effect on the relationship between parents' inconsistent parenting attitude and adolescents' happiness. Fourth, attention and grit had a double mediating effect on the relationship between inconsistent parenting attitude and adolescent's happiness. Conclusions The fact that the significant relationship between inconsistent parenting attitude and happiness, attention and grit was confirmed for adolescents, and the two factors of attention and grit were mediating factors It is meaningful in that it has been confirmed that it works as.

“나의 미덕과 나의 의무가 허락하는 한”: 파멜라의 저항과 순종

This article challenges the critical consensus that portrays Samuel Richardson’s eponymous heroine in Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) as a female subject seeking resistance and independence, and that also depicts Mrs. B as one obedient to patriarchal ideology, emphasizing the contradiction between resistant Pamela and obedient Mrs. B. This study revisits discourses for the reformation of manners in the 18th century England, which tried to convert women into morally empowered agents, and reads Richardson’s novel against the backdrop of the contemporary reformation discourses that produced a list of behaviors for women based on the principles of duty and domestic virtue. Through contextualized and nuanced reading of Samuel Richardson’s conduct books and Pamela, I argue that Richardson’s writings are intimately bound to the contemporary discourse of female reform that emphasized the duty of single and married women. In this light, Pamela’s resistance and submission to Mr. B can be reappraised as belonging to the same deontological ethics rather than inconsistent attitudes. To conclude, this study assesses Pamela, like Richardson’s other novels, as a work that investigates and depicts the potential tension between the various restraints imposed on eighteenth-century women.

Understanding Electric Bicycle Users’ Mode Choice Preference under Uncertainty: A Case Study of Shanghai

The electric bicycle is considered as an environmentally friendly mode, the market share of which is growing fast worldwide. Even in metropolitan areas which have a well-developed public transportation system, the usage of electric bicycles continues to grow. Compared with bicycles, the power transferred from the battery enables users to ride faster and have long-distance trips. However, research on electric bicycle travel behavior is inadequate. This paper proposes a cumulative prospect theory (CPT) framework to describe electric bicycle users’ mode choice behavior. Different from the long-standing use of utility theory, CPT considers travelers’ inconsistent risk attitudes. Six socioeconomic characteristics are chosen to discriminate conservative and adventurous electric bicycle users. Then, a CPT model is established which includes two parts: travel time and travel cost. We calculate the comprehensive cumulative prospect value (CPV) for four transportation modes (electric bicycle, bus, subway and private car) to predict electric bicycle users’ mode choice preference under different travel distance ranges. The model is further validated via survey data.

CONHECIMENTO, ATITUDES E PRÁTICAS DE ENFERMEIROS SOBRE HEPATITE B: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze, in the literature, the nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding Hepatitis B. Method: an integrative review, with search and selection conducted independently by peers, after electronic queries in the CINAHL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF and IBECS databases in January 2021. The sample consisted in 15 primary studies published with no time or language restrictions. Analysis and synthesis of the results were carried out in a descriptive manner. Results: limitations in knowledge, inconsistent attitudes and commonly neglected assistance-related practices were identified, related to prevention, immunization and biosafety measures, to risk management and to monitoring of symptoms and complications, which contributed to greater occupational exposure. Among the associated factors, low participation in permanent education activities, training level, working conditions, limitations in the availability of immunization tests (anti-HBs) and underreporting of health problems stood out. Conclusion: the knowledge, attitudes and practices developed by nurses in relation to Hepatitis B proved to be limited and inconsistent, which may result in greater occupational exposure, as well as exert a direct impact on vaccination coverage and occurrence of incidents.

Vulnerability Factors among Women Victimized by Intimate Partner Violence and the Presence of Children

This study aimed to a) examine the presence of children in relation to victim vulnerability factors and assessed risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) re-victimization, and b) examine the police response, in terms of risk management, in IPV cases with and without children, respectively. Data from a sample of 1407 women who had reported IPV victimization to the Swedish police was analyzed. The material consisted of risk assessments conducted by the police using the Swedish version of the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) checklist, as well as the recommended risk management strategies. A series of chi-square tests of independence revealed that women with and without children, respectively, displayed different vulnerability factors to different extents. Women with children expressed more extreme fear of the perpetrator and were more likely to have an unsafe living situation, whereas women without children displayed more inconsistent attitudes or behaviors and health problems. However, binary logistic regression analyses showed that the victim vulnerability factors that were most strongly associated with an elevated risk rating for IPV re-victimization were generally the same for both groups of victims. Finally, the presence of children was related to a higher risk rating for imminent IPV re-victimization and to recommendations of more than standard levels of risk management strategies. The results indicate that the Swedish police consider the presence of children in relation to a victim’s risk for re-victimization as well as in terms of recommended risk management strategies.

Brandom and Quine on Perspectivally Hybrid De Re Attitude Ascription: A Solution to a Problem in the Explanation of Action

Abstract In Making it Explicit Robert Brandom claims that perspectivally hybrid de re attitude ascriptions explain what an agent actually did, from the point of view of the ascriber, whether or not that was what the agent intended to do. There is a well-known problem, however, first brought to attention by Quine, but curiously ignored by Brandom, that threatens to undermine the role of de re ascriptions in the explanation of action, a problem that stems directly from the fact that, unlike de dicto ascriptions, they permit the attribution of inconsistent attitudes to agents. I propose a solution to the problem which I believe is consistent with Brandom’s approach to the nature of intentionality and the explanation of action.

Empirical Study of E-Learning on Financial Literacy and Lifestyle: A Millenial Urban Generations Cased Study

Technological developments have an influence on education, one of which is the development of online learning or more commonly known as e-learning. Technological developments in e-learning have long developed but significant developments occurred during the current Covid-19 pandemic where the education sector carried out online learning. This causes the existence of e-learning in both formal and non-formal education to be an important factor in the success of educational attainment. People in this era of globalization still have inconsistent attitudes in financial management individually, this causes the financial literacy of each individual to be different. This difference in financial literacy is one of the factors caused by different lifestyles. This study aims to see patterns of financial literacy in the development of e-learning where access to financial literacy learning is more developed in online channels. In addition to assumptions in financial literacy that are currently starting to develop online, this study also aims to determine the extent to which lifestyle will affect financial literacy. This study uses primary data and quantitative research methods approach using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results show that in e-learning, financial literacy is currently running and lifestyle has a significant effect on financial literacy. One of these lifestyle changes is the existence of E-Learning which shifts the lifestyle pattern of face-to-face learning to online learning. This can provide novelty in educational technology in the application of E-learning, especially in the case of financial literacy. In addition, e-learning can still support the achievement of education in financial literacy. Repair and improvement of e-learning facilities as the main learning media must be carried out. It is hoped that with this research, e-learning can be used in financial literacy learning, both through formal and non-formal education in the community and public web seminars during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Demanding Democracy and Rejecting Autocracy in Africa: The Role of Religion and Regime Experience

Deeply rooted commitments to democracy are reflected in a dual acceptance of democratic governance and rejection of its alternative autocratic forms of government (Bratton, Mattes, & Boadi, 2005). This paper investigates what role religious adherence plays vis-a-vis country-level experiences in fostering such support, and therefore impacting prospects for democracy. At such an hour of global uncertainty regarding religious fundamentalism, political stability and democracy, this paper is animated by the following questions: Is Islam compatible with support for democracy? What lessons can be learned about the role of religion, specifically Islam vis-a-vis Christianity, in fostering democratic possibilities? If religion does seem to affect democratic attitudes, is it truly religion or some other factor driving Africans’ views on democracy? Most scholarship on the compatibility of Islam and democracy centers on evidence from the Middle East, which omits a growing number of Islamic adherents and populations, specifically from the African continent. This paper seeks to address these gaps and questions. This paper takes as its foundation developing African democracies, examining individual citizens’ political attitudes, using Afrobarometer’s rounds 2 through 7 cross-national data as well as qualitative country case studies. These data reveal that what seems to be religion driving inconsistent attitudes regarding democracy and autocracy actually is explained by previous regime experience. Encounters among respondents with various regime forms foster different forms of commitment to democracy in emerging African democracies. Religious adherents’ previous regime experiences serve as formative factors shaping how not only Muslims, but also Christians, are oriented towards democracy and thus the prospects for democratization in emerging African democracies. Other factors, such as education, gender, exposure to political parties, regular consumption of forms of mass media, and the like are not ruled out as affecting political attitudes. However, this paper focuses on religion given the author’s earlier research that found, even in the face of other key factors that influence support for democracy and rejection of its alternatives, religion still seemed to matter. Christians and Muslims in cross-national investigation differed with Muslims seeming to hold inconsistent preferences more often than Christians (Beard 2007). This research adds credence to the idea that there is no fundamental incompatibility between Islam and democracy. Where respondents live and their related experiences with regimes prevail over the apparent relationship between religious identity and political attitudes.

Learning English in the shadows: Taiwanese students’ reflections on their English private tutoring learning experiences

Private tutoring has received increasing research attention as a global phenomenon, but awareness of its impact on students’ language learning and pedagogical discussions is lacking. This study investigated 35 Taiwanese learners’ English private tutoring (EPT) experiences based on their reflections on language learning after finishing their secondary education. A background questionnaire and one-on-one semi-structured interviews were administered to collect participants’ data. The present study found that the participants had complex, inconsistent, and contradictory attitudes toward EPT. Although the interviews revealed the students’ needs that could be met by private tutoring institutions, the students’ reflections on EPT indicated that students were negatively affected in terms of language learning, educational experience, pressure, and values. Moreover, EPT was not considered an effective way to learn to use authentic English to communicate because of its overemphasis on examination skills. The effects of the contextual realities of learning for the purposes of assessment and achievement in language proficiency scores were explored to determine whether these realities undermined the aim of education. This study sheds light on the impact of private tutoring as it has become more than a form of shadow education and has emerged into the mainstream.

Mark Twain in Context

Mark Twain in Context

Inpatient perspectives on physical activity in a secure mental health setting

This study offers the first insight into the perspectives of secure inpatients regarding exercise. Individuals living with severe mental illness (SMI) engage in less exercise and more sedentary behaviour than their counterparts in the general population. Secure psychiatric hospitals are often considered obesogenic environments that inadvertently promote inactivity. Access to exercise is often restricted due to issues of risk and patient safety. Existing literature exploring exercise perspectives is dominated by SMI populations living in the community. This study involved semi-structured interviews with 15 medium secure inpatients (aged 19–40, mean age 27.8). Primary diagnoses included; schizophrenia and affective disorders, mood disorders and personality disorders. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings denoted three overarching themes; (i) Barriers to exercise; mental or environmental? (ii) Is exercise always holistically beneficial? (iii) Staff; a barrier and facilitator to exercise. Acute mental health symptoms and unwanted medication side effects, such as lethargy and weight gain limited exercise motivation. The restrictions of a secure environment limited opportunities to regularly exercise. Exercise provided a relief from both psychiatric symptoms and associated low mood, however in some cases engaging in exercise exaggerated manic symptoms and led to acts of aggression. Inpatients considered staff crucial to facilitate exercise, however access, education and inconsistent attitudes limit provision. Strategies to change the sedentary ‘culture’ within secure wards should involve both staff and patients.