Incongruent Compound Research Articles

Correlation between thermal properties, growth parameters and low segregation coefficient in (K, Na)NbO3-based growth by Bridgman-Stockbarger route

In order to achieve optimized growth conditions to reduce the compositional segregation in (K,Na)NbO3-based crystals produced by the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger (VB-S) method, both a complete previous analysis of the thermal properties of the precursor oxides and a suitable choice of the dimensions of the crucible were made based on theoretical models proposed in the literature. By following this approach, chemical analysis of the as-grown crystals revealed very small effective segregation coefficients in the radial and longitudinal directions of the as-grown crystals. The obtained results revealed that is possible to grow single crystals by VB-S even for incongruent compounds, through a suitable establishment of the growth parameters adjusted according to the thermal properties of the piezoelectric oxide and the relative dimensions of the crucible.

In Identifying the Source of the Incongruent Effect

Abstract. Emotional signals from the face and body are normally perceived as an integrated whole in everyday life. Previous studies have revealed an incongruent effect which refers to distinctive behavioral and neural responses to emotionally congruent versus incongruent face-body compounds. However, it remains unknown which kind of the face-body compounds caused the incongruence effect. In the present study, we added neutral face and neutral body stimuli to form new face-body compounds. Forty subjects with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated in this experiment. By comparing the face-body compounds with emotional conflict and face-body compounds with neutral stimuli, we could investigate the source of the incongruent effect. For both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data, a 2 (bodily expression: happiness, fear) × 2 (congruence: congruent, incongruent) repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to re-investigate the incongruent effect and a 3 (facial expression: fearful, happy, neutral) × 3 (bodily expression: fearful, happy, neutral) repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to clarify the source of the incongruent effect. As expected, both behavioral and ERP results have successfully repeated the incongruent effect. Specifically, the behavioral data showed that emotionally congruent versus incongruent face-body compounds were recognized more accurately ( p < .05). The ERP component of N2 was modulated by the emotional congruency between the facial and bodily expression showing that the emotionally incongruent compounds elicited greater N2 amplitudes than emotionally congruent compounds ( p < .05). No incongruent effect was found for P1 or P3 component ( p = .079, p = .99, respectively). Furthermore, by comparing the emotionally incongruent pairs with the neutral baseline, the present study suggests that the source of the incongruent effect might be from the happy face-fearful body compounds. We speculate that the emotion expressed by the fearful body was much more intensive than the emotion expressed by the happy body and thus caused a stronger interference in judging the facial expressions.

Can We Distinguish Emotions from Faces? Investigation of Implicit and Explicit Processes of Peak Facial Expressions.

Most previous studies on facial expression recognition have focused on the moderate emotions; to date, few studies have been conducted to investigate the explicit and implicit processes of peak emotions. In the current study, we used transiently peak intense expression images of athletes at the winning or losing point in competition as materials, and investigated the diagnosability of peak facial expressions at both implicit and explicit levels. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to evaluate isolated faces, isolated bodies, and the face-body compounds, and eye-tracking movement was recorded. The results revealed that the isolated body and face-body congruent images were better recognized than isolated face and face-body incongruent images, indicating that the emotional information conveyed by facial cues was ambiguous, and the body cues influenced facial emotion recognition. Furthermore, eye movement records showed that the participants displayed distinct gaze patterns for the congruent and incongruent compounds. In Experiment 2A, the subliminal affective priming task was used, with faces as primes and bodies as targets, to investigate the unconscious emotion perception of peak facial expressions. The results showed that winning face prime facilitated reaction to winning body target, whereas losing face prime inhibited reaction to winning body target, suggesting that peak facial expressions could be perceived at the implicit level. In general, the results indicate that peak facial expressions cannot be consciously recognized but can be perceived at the unconscious level. In Experiment 2B, revised subliminal affective priming task and a strict awareness test were used to examine the validity of unconscious perception of peak facial expressions found in Experiment 2A. Results of Experiment 2B showed that reaction time to both winning body targets and losing body targets was influenced by the invisibly peak facial expression primes, which indicated the unconscious perception of peak facial expressions.

Be2BO3F: A Phase of Beryllium Fluoride Borate Derived from KBe2BO3F2 with Short UV Absorption Edge.

A phase of beryllium fluoride borate Be2BO3F (BBF) was successfully developed and grown by spontaneous nucleation from high temperature solution. The crystal belongs to the trigonal space group of R3̅c (No. 167), with lattice parameters a = 4.442(1) Å, c = 24.956(5) Å, and Z = 2. It is constructed by the infinite planar [Be2BO3F2]∞ layers, in which the planar triangle [BO3](3-) and the tetrahedral [BeO3F](5-) anionic groups are arranged in parallel via corner-sharing O atoms in each ab plane. BBF is an incongruent compound and decomposes at about 650 °C. The deep-ultraviolet (DUV) transmittance spectrum reveals that its UV cutoff wavelength is down to ∼150 nm. Theoretical calculations show that BBF has a large birefringence (Δn = 0.13 at 200 nm), which mainly originates from the infinite planar [Be2BO3F2]∞ layers. In conclusion, BBF may be served as a potential DUV birefringent material.

Do Bodily Expressions Compete with Facial Expressions? Time Course of Integration of Emotional Signals from the Face and the Body

The decoding of social signals from nonverbal cues plays a vital role in the social interactions of socially gregarious animals such as humans. Because nonverbal emotional signals from the face and body are normally seen together, it is important to investigate the mechanism underlying the integration of emotional signals from these two sources. We conducted a study in which the time course of the integration of facial and bodily expressions was examined via analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs) while the focus of attention was manipulated. Distinctive integrating features were found during multiple stages of processing. In the first stage, threatening information from the body was extracted automatically and rapidly, as evidenced by enhanced P1 amplitudes when the subjects viewed compound face-body images with fearful bodies compared with happy bodies. In the second stage, incongruency between emotional information from the face and the body was detected and captured by N2. Incongruent compound images elicited larger N2s than did congruent compound images. The focus of attention modulated the third stage of integration. When the subjects' attention was focused on the face, images with congruent emotional signals elicited larger P3s than did images with incongruent signals, suggesting more sustained attention and elaboration of congruent emotional information extracted from the face and body. On the other hand, when the subjects' attention was focused on the body, images with fearful bodies elicited larger P3s than did images with happy bodies, indicating more sustained attention and elaboration of threatening information from the body during evaluative processes.

The influence of alkali metal ions on crystallization habits of nonlinear optical crystal containing [B3O7] groups

LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 are two excellent nonlinear optical borate crystals containing [B3O7] groups. With a difference of aikali metal ions in structure, LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 exhibit different crystallization habits. The former is an incongruent compound, which cannot crystallize from its melt; however, the latter is a congruent compound obtained by cooling its melt directly. In this work, using Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculation, the structures of LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 melts have been investigated, and then the influence of alkali metal ions on melt structures is discussed, finally, the relationship between crystallization habits of LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 and their melts is proposed. Results suggest that the boron oxide species of LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 melts are in the form of six-membered rings B3Ø7 and B3Ø6 (Ø represents a bridging oxygen); Raman frequency of the symmetric breathing vibration of six-membered rings shifts to low frequency with the addition of BØ4 tetrahedrons in rings; the relatively large amount of BØ4 tetrahedrons is found in LiB3O5 melts. However, Cs+ ions with larger ion radius hinder the formation of BØ4 tetrahedrons, and then reduc, the BØ4/BØ3 ratio of the melt. Finally, considering the growth mechanism of LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 crystals (Wang D, Wan S M et al. 2011 Cryst. Eng. Comm. 13 5239), we propose that the amount of BØ4 tetrahedrons in melts, which is influenced by aikali metal ions, determines LiB3O5 and CsB3O5 crystallization habits, therefore, and suggest the reduction of BØ4 tetrahedrons in melts is an effective way to crystallize LiB3O5.

Perception and Bias in the Processing of Compound versus Phrasal Stress: Evidence from Event-related Brain Potentials

Previous research using picture/word matching tasks has demonstrated a tendency to incorrectly interpret phrasally stressed strings as compounds. Using event-related potentials, we sought to determine whether this pattern stems from poor perceptual sensitivity to the compound/phrasal stress distinction, or from a post-perceptual bias in behavioral response selection. A secondary aim was to gain insight into the role played by contrastive stress patterns in online sentence comprehension. The behavioral results replicated previous findings of a preference for compounds, but the electrophysiological data suggested a robust sensitivity to both stress patterns. When incongruent with the context, both compound and phrasal stress elicited a sustained left-lateralized negativity. Moreover, incongruent compound stress elicited a centro-parietal negativity (N400), while incongruent phrasal stress elicited a late posterior positivity (P600). We conclude that the previous findings of a preference for compounds are due to response selection bias, and not a lack of perceptual sensitivity. The present results complement previous evidence for the immediate use of meter in semantic processing, as well as evidence for late interactions between prosodic and syntactic information.

Inactivation of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex in rats reduces the influence of inappropriate habitual responding in a response-conflict task

Previous research suggests the infralimbic cortex is important in situations when there is competition between goal-directed and habitual responding. Here we used a response conflict procedure to further explore the involvement of the infralimbic cortex in this relationship. Rats received training on two instrumental biconditional discriminations, one auditory and one visual, in two distinct contexts. One discrimination was “over-trained” relative to the other, “under-trained,” discrimination in the ratio 3:1. At test, animals were presented with incongruent audiovisual stimulus compounds of the training stimuli in the under-trained context. The stimulus elements of these test compounds have previously dictated different lever press responses during training. Rats receiving control infusions into the infralimbic cortex showed a significant interference effect, producing more responses to the over-trained (habitual), but context-inappropriate, stimulus element of the incongruent compound. This interference effect was abolished by inactivation of the infralimbic cortex; animals showed a reduced tendency to produce the habitual but inappropriate response compared with animals receiving control infusions. This finding provides evidence that the infralimbic cortex is involved in attenuating the influence of goal-directed behavior, for example context-appropriate responding.

Rat prefrontal dopamine and cognitive control: Impaired and enhanced conflict performance.

It has been proposed that the cognitive dysfunction observed in patients with schizophrenia reflects a failure in cognitive control, in particular an inability to use task-relevant information to guide behavior. Using a prefrontal-dependent task designed to reflect aspects of cue and response conflict seen in human cognitive paradigms, we examined the influence of prefrontal dopamine receptor manipulation on the contextual control of response conflict. Rats were trained on two biconditional discrimination tasks, one auditory and one visual, in two discriminably different contexts. At test, audiovisual compounds of these training stimuli were presented, in extinction, in each of the training contexts. These compounds were formed in such a way that the individual elements previously dictated different responses during training, termed incongruent trials. Studies have shown that rats use contextual information to disambiguate the conflicting information provided by incongruent compounds, responding in manner that is appropriate to the stimulus element that was trained in the test context. Direct infusion of the D1 receptor agonist SKF-38393 into the prelimbic cortex was found to modulate incongruent trial performance in a manner that was dependent upon baseline performance: animals in the low baseline group demonstrated improved incongruent performance following infusion of SKF-38393 into the prelimbic cortex. In contrast, high performers showed a reduction in accuracy during incongruent compounds. This paradigm provides a reliable framework for assessing the efficacy of preclinical agents in treating the cognitive impairments seen in frontal-related disorders such as schizophrenia.

Growth and luminescence characteristics of cerium-doped yttrium pyrosilicate single crystal

Yttrium pyrosilicate (Y2Si2O7, YPS) is an incongruent compound and has five (or possibly six) different structural forms from 1535 to 1225 °C. It should be very difficult to grow YPS single crystal through traditional pulling method. In this paper, cerium doped yttrium pyrosilicate (Y2Si2O7:Ce) single crystals were successfully grown by Floating Zone (Fz) method through composition adjustment and relative rapid growth speed and cooling rate. The crystal structure was confirmed to be orthorhombic with space group Pna21 and density of 4.04 g/cm3. Typical Ce3+ luminescence was observed by photoluminescence spectrum measurement. Some optical properties of YPS:Ce, such as transmittance and decay time, were measured and compared with that of Lu2Si2O7:Ce crystal. Under 342 nm excitation and 360 nm emission, the decay time of YPS:Ce crystal was 30 ns. This is the fastest value in the cerium doped silicate scintillators up to the present. Its potential application prospect as scintillation material will be also evaluated in this paper.

Inactivation of the prelimbic, but not infralimbic, prefrontal cortex impairs the contextual control of response conflict in rats

One fundamental function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is to guide context-appropriate behaviour in situations of response conflict. Haddon and Killcross recently developed a task in rats which mimics some aspects of response conflict seen in human cognitive paradigms such as the Stroop task. Using this paradigm they demonstrated that large PFC lesions including the prelimbic (PL), infralimbic (IL) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) selectively impaired performance on incongruent trials which required the use of task-setting contextual cues to control responding in the face of ambiguous response information. The current experiment was conducted to determine whether specific PFC regions were responsible for the deficit in incongruent performance. Rats were trained on two instrumental biconditional discriminations, one auditory and one visual, in two different contexts. Following acquisition, rats were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the PL or the IL cortices of the rat prefrontal cortex. Following retraining, rats received microinfusions of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) into either the PL or the IL prior to presentations of novel congruent and incongruent audiovisual compounds of the training stimuli in extinction. Results showed that temporary inactivation of the PL cortex led to a selective deficit on incongruent compound trials, but left congruent, and hence biconditional task performance intact. By contrast, IL inactivation had no effect on the accuracy of responding during either congruent or incongruent trials. These results suggest that the PL cortex is necessary for the use of task-setting contextual cues to control responding to conflicting information.

Phase diagram of the ternary system lauric acid–capric acid–naphthalene

The mixture of lauric acid and capric acid is a potential latent heat storage material. However, its eutectic melting temperature is quite high for low-temperature thermal energy storage. Addition of naphthalene is proposed. The ternary system lauric acid–capric acid–naphthalene has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), visual polythermal and chromatography of gases. The phase diagram is of an incongruent eutectic type. The eutectic mixture contains 18.4mol% lauric acid, 63.1mol% capric acid and 18.5mol% naphthalene and melts at 13.3°C. The peritectic mixture contains 32.4mol% lauric acid, 48.2mol% capric acid and 19.4mol% naphthalene and peritectic temperature of 16.2°C. The incongruent compound was analysed to be CH3(CH2)10COOH·CH3(CH2)8COOH. The melting temperature of the lauric acid–capric acid–naphthalene eutectic mixture makes it suitable for cooling applications.

Phase Diagram of KF—InF3 System.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Surface wetting and interfacial behaviour in arc brazing of titanium alloy

The spreading behaviour of Cu, CuSi, CuMnNi, and TiCuNi filler metals with Ti6Al4V titanium alloy base metal has been studied under gas tungsten arc welding heating. Test results showed that the wet angle of CuMnNi filler metal was the smallest (15 ° ) and that of Cu was the largest (30 ° ). With spreading, the liquid filler metal solidified and crystallised simultaneously, and formed a spherical crown brazing seam. The wettability and spreadability of the liquid filler metal were related to oxide scale actions with arc heating. These actions included the 'cleaning action of the cathode' and lashing activation action of electrifying ions and electrons. Furthermore, the very high temperature of the activation spot zone partly melted the base metal surface and near surface metal, and a thin liquid film was accordingly formed that created a strong heating activation. It was also discovered that there was a column solid - liquid incongruent compound η (MeTi2) at the interface of filler metal and base metal (Me + Cu, Cu + Ni, Cu + Mn). This compound grew to form an interface with the centre of the brazing seam and was embedded in it. The particular crystallising and growing mode in the arc heating helped grow the column solid - liquid incongruent compound η (MeTi2).

Phase diagram of KF–InF 3 system

The phase diagram of the KF–InF 3 system was investigated by DTA and XRD methods. In the system, two incongruent compounds, 2KF·InF 3 and KInF 4, were observed. The compound 2KF·InF 3 was XRD-indexed as orthorhombic, where a=8.870±0.003, b=6.271±0.002, c=4.553±0.001 Å. Another compound KInF 4 polymorphously reacted at 784 °C. The room temperature phase was tetragonal, where a=7.160±0.004 and c=5.068±0.007 Å. The structure of higher temperature phase has not been determined yet. An eutectic point was observed at 785 °C at 19.0 mol% InF 3.

Investigation of the systems KAlF 4–KBe 2F 5 and K 3AlF 6–KBe 2F 5

Phase relations in the systems KAlF 4–KBe 2F 5 and K 3AlF 6–KBe 2F 5 have been investigated by DTA and XRD methods. The KAlF 4–KBe 2F 5 is a simple eutectic system with the eutectic point at a composition of 80.0 mol% KBe 2F 5 at 335°C. For the later system, two incongruent compounds 2K 3AlF 6·KBe 2F 5 and K 3AlF 6·KBe 2F 5 melting at 448 and 378°C, respectively were confirmed. They have been XRD indexed as both orthorhombic cells with cell parameters a=10.70±0.01, b=10.36±0.01, c=5.85±0.02 Å for the former and a=10.499±0.003, b=9.685±0.005, c=7.554±0.005 Å for the later. One eutectic point located at 85.0 mol% KBe 2F 5 at 336°C was also observed.

Melting Properties of Bi2O3‐ZnO‐Nb2O5‐Based Dielectric Ceramics

Cubic‐pyrochlore‐structure α‐phase and low‐symmetry‐structure ß‐phase are the basic phases of dielectric ceramics that are based on Bi2O3‐ZnO‐Nb2O5 (BZN). In this paper, the melting behaviors of the α‐phase and the ß‐phase have been explored using differential thermal analysis and X‐ray diffractometry. The results show that BZN‐based α‐phase is a congruent compound; its congruent melting point is 1190°C. BZN‐based ß‐phase is an incongruent compound that dissociates to form α‐phase and a liquid phase, with an absorption of heat, at its incongruent melting point (peritectic temperature) of 1100°C. Upon cooling, the α‐phase reacts with the liquid phase to form the ß‐phase via peritectic reaction. Upon quenching, the BZN‐based cubic‐fluorite phase precipitates from the liquid phase.

Study on phase diagrams and properties of solutions in ternary systems Li+,K+(Mg2+)/SO42‐‐H2O at 25°C

AbstractSolubilities of ternary systems Li+,K+/SO2‐4‐H2O (1) and Li+,Mg2+/SO42‐‐H2O (2) were investigated by isothermal method at 25°C. Physico‐chemical properties of solutions, such as density, refractive index, viscosity, conductivity and pH, were determined. Phase diagram of the system (1) consists of three solubility branches and three crystallization fields corresponding to K2SO4, Li2SO4·H2O and LiKSO4. LiKSO4 is an incongruent compound, and its transition point is estimated graphically to be 45.5–46.0°C. No solid solution of LiKSO4 with Li2SO4·H2O was found in the system. The system (2) is a simple eutonic type. Pitzer model of electrolyte solution was used to check the obtained solubilities. Data comparison gives good agreement. Two equations were used to correlate density, refractive index of the solution with its composition. Differences between measured and calculated values are less than 0.6% for density, 0.15% for the latter.

Description du système ternaire Ge-Tl-Te

The phase diagram of the Ge-Tl-Te ternary system was established by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and metallographic analysis. Four ternary incongruent compounds were confirmed: Tl 2GeTe 3, Tl 8GeTe 5, Tl 2GeTe 2 and Tl 6Ge 2Te 6, which are formed by peritectic p-type reactions at 378 °C, 470 °C, 422 °C and 416 °C respectively. Two new ternary compounds were identified: Tl 2GeTe 5 which has a congruent melting point at 322 °C and TlGeTe 3 which is formed by a peritectic P-type reaction at 330 °C. One binary section and five two-phase sections are described. Seventeen invariant points are characterized. One liquid-liquid miscibility ternary gap exists. A phase diagram is proposed.

Ionic Conductance in Solids: II . The Phase Diagram of the System and Some Observations on the Stability of Cyanide‐Iodide Compounds

Some 25 compositions varying from pure to pure were examined. The phase diagram has an incongruent compound at the composition with an incongruent melting point of 230°C. A eutectic occurs at the composition at a temperature of 200°C. The stability of has been examined by differential thermal analysis, conductance, and emf measurements. The effect of water vapor on both the potassium and rubidium compounds has been determined by DTA or x‐ray methods.