Incomplete Implementation Research Articles

Methods for applying blinding and randomisation in animal experiments.

Blinding and randomisation are important methods for increasing the robustness of pre-clinical studies, as incomplete or improper implementation thereof is recognised as a source of bias. Randomisation ensures that any known and unknown covariates introducing bias are randomly distributed over the experimental groups. Thereby, differences between the experimental groups that might otherwise have contributed to false positive or -negative results are diminished. Methods for randomisation range from simple randomisation (e.g. rolling a dice) to advanced randomisation strategies involving the use of specialised software. Blinding on the other hand ensures that researchers are unaware of group allocation during the preparation, execution and acquisition and/or the analysis of the data. This minimises the risk of unintentional influences resulting in bias. Methods for blinding require strong protocols and a team approach. In this review, we outline methods for randomisation and blinding and give practical tips on how to implement them, with a focus on animal studies.

Unfulfilled water impact forecasts, plans and projects

The article presents a retrospective review of some forecasts, plans and projects of anthropogenic impact on water resources that did not materialize, were not implemented by the planned date or were incomplete. Values of full (water intake) and irrevocable water consumption for 2000, predicted in the 1960s and 1970s by well-known domestic and foreign researchers, are compared with the actual water consumption in 2000 in the world, the USA, and our country. It is shown that most of water consumption forecast parameters turned out to be significantly higher than the actual one, which gives reason to consider these forecasts were not borne out. In the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation, developed in 2009 for the period up to 2020, these values were also significantly overestimated (by tens of percent). Incomplete implementation of various programs did not lead to the expected significant improvement in the water quality of rivers, including the Volga, and reservoirs in Russia. Such failed projects as NAWAPA in the USA and Canada, projects of interzonal redistribution of water resources in the USSR, projects of Nizhneobskaya and Turukhanskaya (Evenkijskaya) hydroelectric power plants, partially implemented projects of Cheboksary and Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power plants, as well as a number of others are considered. Among the main reasons for unsuccessful forecasts, unfulfilled plans and projects are the lack of reliable data, incomplete knowledge about laws of nature and society development, financial problems, environmental demands, and the dramatically changed economic and political situation.

Constitutional and legal responsibility of state bodies and senior officials

Kyrgyzstan, with increased political activity and dynamic changes in the governance system, faces problems with the constitutional and legal responsibility of state bodies and their officials, which require the development of effective forms of governance for sustainable strategic development to address them. Therefore, the study aimed to identify problematic aspects of constitutional and legal responsibility in Kyrgyzstan. Statistical analysis, formal logical and comparative methods, and legal and comparative methods were used in the study. The main problems in the system of constitutional and legal liability in Kyrgyzstan were identified, which include insufficient clarity and application of regulations, incomplete implementation of mechanisms for supervision and control over the activities of state bodies and their officials, and limited access of citizens to judicial protection in cases of violation of their constitutional rights. In addition, the study identified problems in the court practice of considering cases of constitutional and legal liability, including delays in the process of consideration and insufficient effectiveness of the measures taken. Based on these findings, specific recommendations were developed containing proposals for improving the legislation, namely, defining the mechanisms of constitutional and legal liability and eliminating contradictions in regulations, strengthening verification mechanisms and mandatory introduction of a reporting system, expanding the possibility of going to court, including reducing barriers to access to legal aid. Thus, the practical significance of this study is that its findings provide a basis for the development of specific measures and reforms aimed at improving the system of constitutional and legal liability in Kyrgyzstan and ensuring the protection of the constitutional rights of citizens

The Exploration of High-Quality Development Pathways for Graduate Course Teaching in Local Universities

In the context of high-quality development in the new era, graduate education at local universities bears the important responsibility of cultivating high-level innovative talents. However, current graduate course teaching faces several challenges, including insufficient integration of ideological and political education, incomplete implementation of teaching reforms, and slow progress in smart education development. This paper systematically analyzes the current status and challenges of graduate course teaching at local universities and proposes a series of pathways to enhance teaching quality. Specifically, the paper recommends strengthening the integration of ideological and political education, deepening teaching reforms, and promoting the effective integration of smart education. The goal is to provide a reference for local universities to cultivate compound talents who possess both professional competence and innovative capabilities, as well as a strong sense of social responsibility.

Design of Master Data Management in the Bank Using Consolidation Approach and Jaro Wrinkler

The main objective of this project is to introduce master data management into the PT XYZ database system through analysis, design, and implementation. A database life cycle (DBLC) approach, consisting of database analysis, design, implementation, and testing, is used for the design phase. Based on the analysis carried out, it was found that two databases belonging to PT XYZ did not have a master data management process, and there was an incomplete master data management and implementation process at PT XYZ. This project ended with the successful of implementation the master data management process, thereby reducing the time required for PT XYZ business process applications. So that all PT XYZ business process applications can produce clean and valid data.

An Investigation on the Effectiveness and Trade Direction of ASEAN Trade Agreements

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the ASEAN regional trade agreement by comparing the growth rates of intra-ASEAN trade with those of the rest of the world as well as with major trading countries, China, the USA, the EU, and India. The objective of this research is threefold: To identify existing trade trends, to determine the underlying explanations for these trends, and finally, to compare intra-ASEAN trade trends with the inter-ASEAN countries’ trade trends. This paper takes a descriptive approach and dynamic panel GMM methods spanning the years 1990 to 2019. Between 2005 and 2019, growth rates among members of intra-ASEAN, Indonesia-Malaysia, Indonesia-Thailand, Singapore-Thailand, Malaysia-Philippines, and Philippines-Thailand, all decreased. Additionally, although the market share of imports and exports within ASEAN has decreased over time, the market share of imports and exports of inter-ASEAN has increased, especially with China and India. The results of descriptive analysis of inter-ASEAN trade openness are supported by first-differenced GMM and system GMM. This is the first study to examine historical intra-ASEAN trade trends and growth and compare them to inter-ASEAN trade trends and growth to determine whether AFTA has a greater impact on intra-ASEAN trade growth than on inter-ASEAN trade growth using updated aggregated data. This study sheds light on the fact that over the periods intra-ASEAN trade could not outperform inter-ASEAN trade by a significant margin due to trade diversity challenges and incomplete implementation of WTO regulations.

Anthrax in the South of Russia

Objective: analysis of the current epizootological and epidemiological situation on anthrax and characteristic of stationary hazardous for this infection areas (SHAs) in the South of Russia.Materials and methods: we used data on SHAs and anthrax burials from the Rospotrebnadzor Directorates for the subjects of the Southern (SFD) and North Caucasus (NCFD) federal districts, regional Veterinary Directorates, official data from Rospotrebnadzor and Rosselkhoznadzor on morbidity in humans and livestock.Results: anthrax is almost ubiquitous in the regions of the SFD and NCFD. According to data updated in 2023, in the South of Russia, 3845 SHAs were taken into account, in which 9815 outbreaks were registered. In 1999-2023 92 SHAs showed activity, 23 of which are new. There are 350 anthrax burials located in the SHA’s territories. Over 25 years, there were 104 outbreaks affecting at least 269 livestock and 134 people, with 4 deaths. Human infection occurred mainly during the forced slaughter of sick cattle, unvaccinated against anthrax, through contact with contaminated meat.Conclusion: the epidemiological and epidemiological situation on anthrax in the South of Russia continues to remain unstable. The problem is due to the presence of a significant number of soil hotspots against the backdrop of incomplete implementation of preventive measures. Stabilization of the anthrax situation can only be achieved by implementing a full range of preventive and anti-epidemic measures in the format of interdepartmental interaction.

Improving accuracy of code smells detection using machine learning with data balancing techniques

Code smells indicate potential symptoms or problems in software due to inefficient design or incomplete implementation. These problems can affect software quality in the long-term. Code smell detection is fundamental to improving software quality and maintainability, reducing software failure risk, and helping to refactor the code. Previous works have applied several prediction methods for code smell detection. However, many of them show that machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques are not always suitable for code smell detection due to the problem of imbalanced data. So, data imbalance is the main challenge for ML and DL techniques in detecting code smells. To overcome these challenges, this study aims to present a method for detecting code smell based on DL algorithms (Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)) combined with data balancing techniques (random oversampling and Tomek links) to mitigate data imbalance issue. To establish the effectiveness of the proposed models, the experiments were conducted on four code smells datasets (God class, data Class, feature envy, and long method) extracted from 74 open-source systems. We compare and evaluate the performance of the models according to seven different performance measures accuracy, precision, recall, f-measure, Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC), the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), the area under the precision–recall curve (AUCPR) and mean square error (MSE). After comparing the results obtained by the proposed models on the original and balanced data sets, we found out that the best accuracy of 98% was obtained for the Long method by using both models (Bi-LSTM and GRU) on the original datasets, the best accuracy of 100% was obtained for the long method by using both models (Bi-LSTM and GRU) on the balanced datasets (using random oversampling), and the best accuracy 99% was obtained for the long method by using Bi-LSTM model and 99% was obtained for the data class and Feature envy by using GRU model on the balanced datasets (using Tomek links). The results indicate that the use of data balancing techniques had a positive effect on the predictive accuracy of the models presented. The results show that the proposed models can detect the code smells more accurately and effectively.

Multicycle Parameter Estimations in Coupled Earth System Models Based on Multiscale Sensitivity Responses in the Context of Low-Order Models

Abstract Climate model simulations tend to drift away from the real world because of model errors induced by an incomplete understanding and implementation of dynamics and physics. Parameter estimation uses data assimilation methods to optimize model parameters, which minimizes model errors by incorporating observations into the model through state-parameter covariance. However, traditional parameter estimation schemes that simultaneously estimate multiple parameters using observations could fail to reduce model errors because of the low signal-to-noise ratio in the covariance. Here, based on the saturation time scales of model sensitivity that depend on different parameters and model components, we design a new multicycle parameter estimation scheme, where each cycle is determined by the saturation time scale of sensitivity of the model state associated with observations in each climate system component. The new scheme is evaluated using two low-order models. The results show that due to high signal-to-noise ratios sustained during the parameter estimation process, the new scheme consistently reduces model errors as the number of estimated parameters increases. The new scheme may improve comprehensive coupled climate models by optimizing multiple parameters with multisource observations, thereby addressing the multiscale nature of component motions in the Earth system. Significance Statement Parameter estimation is used to reduce model errors by optimizing the model parameter values with observational information, which is important for improving long-term predictions. In previous parameter estimation methods, multisource observations have not yet been sufficiently used because the quality and dimension size of the optimized parameters are limited. Here, based on the multiscale nature of component motion in the Earth system, we develop a new parameter estimation method that makes full use of multisource observations. The new method processes the parameters being estimated sequentially according to sensitivity magnitudes and saturation time scales so that the parameters can be continuously optimized. This new method has large application potential for weather and climate reanalyses and predictions.

Vehicle-to-Grid Revenue from Retail Time-of-Day Rates, Compared with Wholesale Market Participation under FERC Order 2222

This article compares potential revenue from electric storage in retail and wholesale electric markets. The retail value can be extracted when storage responds to time-of-day retail prices. The wholesale value is enabled by the recent US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 2222, which requires regional transmission operators (RTOs) to allow distributed storage behind the meter to participate in wholesale electric markets. To quantify the value of these markets, we use realistic time-of-day rates and market prices in one RTO’s ancillary service market. Formulae are developed to estimate the value of behind-the-meter storage in wholesale and retail markets, using an example electric vehicle in a fleet setting. The formulae are also used to compare whether or not net metering is available and different charging rates. The aggregate national storage behind the retail meter is very large, given the projected growth of electric vehicles. Our findings indicate the revenue from wholesale markets can be significantly more than that of retail opportunities. However, the potential in either retail or wholesale markets is currently limited by both state policy and incomplete RTO implementation of FERC orders.

Optimising personal continuity for older patients in general practice: a cluster randomised stepped wedge pragmatic trial

AimTo evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of a multicomponent intervention for improving personal continuity for older patients in general practice.DesignA cluster randomised three-wedged, pragmatic trial during 18 months.Setting32 general...

Connecting the Electronic Medical Records in the European Union – Where Do We Stand and Where Does It Go?

The editorial discusses the integration of eHealth systems in the European Union (EU) through the eHealth Digital Service Infrastructure (eHDSI) project. The EU's unique approach to integration involves overcoming language and system differences among its 27 member states. The European Directive 2011/24/EU emphasizes patients' rights in cross-border healthcare, pushing for interoperability in national eHealth systems. The eHDSI project aims to facilitate emergency cross-border healthcare. It involves National Contact Points for eHealth (NCPeH) in each country, connecting through standardized interfaces. The project covers Patient Summary (PS) exchange, electronic prescription (eP), dispensation (eD), and Original Clinical Documents (OrCD) exchange. Despite its progress, the eHDSI faces challenges, including language diversity and differences in national healthcare systems. Key performance indicators (KPIs) reveal operational details, with 11 NCPeHs established by 2023. While eP/eD services are more developed, PS exchange and OrCD usage remain limited. Although eHDSI seems to be a viable project, its real-world usage is currently low. This can be attributed to technical complexities and incomplete implementation. Broader use should be pursued instead of expanding the system's capabilities. The complexity of the eHDSI and its implementation could pose additional challenges, and widespread use may not be achieved before 2030.

'Not a goal, but a given': Neonatal care participation through parents' perspective, a cross-sectional study.

To explore parents' perspectives regarding participation in neonatal care, with focus on the family integrated care (FICare) model utilised as a tool to enhance parent-infant closeness. Additionally, we describe experiences in different architectural settings. An online survey, categorised by four FICare pillars, was distributed through social media to parents of newborns hospitalised to Dutch neonatal wards between 2015 and 2020. Quantitative findings were summarised using descriptive statistics, while open-ended responses were thematically analysed. Among the 344 respondents (98% mothers), most reported feeling involved in care (315/340). However, 79% also felt separated from their infant (265/337). Irrespective of architectural settings, parents reported incomplete implementation of FICare pillars: 14% was invited to educational sessions (parent education), 51% discussed family-specific care plans (staff education), 21% was facilitated in connecting with veteran parents (psychosocial support) and 22% received couplet-care (environment). Although 65% of parents were invited to attend clinical rounds, 32% actively participated in decision making. Thematic analysis revealed fundamentals for feeling welcome on the ward, peer-to-peer support, psychosocial support and participation in clinical rounds. Overall, parents expressed satisfaction with participation in neonatal care. However, structural implementation of FICare lacks. Regardless of architecture, expanding parent participation beyond presence requires attention.

КАТАЛОГИЗАЦИЯ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЗАКУПКИ КАК ОСНОВНОЕ УСЛОВИЕ УСПЕШНОГО ПЕРЕХОДА К ЦИФРОВЫМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМ КОНТРАКТАМ

The article examines the role of the catalogue of goods, works, and services for state and municipal needs in describing public procurement facilities in the process of transition to digital government contracts. The catalogue of goods, works, and services is considered both as an element of digital contracts and as a tool for ensuring the quality of purchased products, which, in turn, is a consequence of the existence of the problem of information asymmetry. Taking into account the review of Russian and foreign scientific literature on the value of product cataloguing in public procurement, the problems and challenges of digitalization in concluding government contracts, including those related to their regulation, the author hypothesizes about the insufficiency of product quality requirements contained in the catalogue, which is a significant obstacle to the execution of government contracts and the transition to digital government contracts. Based on the analysis of the survey results and an extended interview, these hypotheses are confirmed. As conclusions based on the results of the study, taking into account the obstacles to cataloguing goods, the author formulated the main reasons for the incomplete implementation of the potential of the catalogue of goods, works, and services in public procurement: an insufficient number of characteristics of goods in many positions of the catalogue, its insufficient visualization, as well as the unresolved problem of the complete transfer of government contracts to digital format.

A Colourful Way to Unravel the Important Fluidization-Related Granule Size Effect on Semi-Continuous Drying.

Continuous twin screw wet granulation (TSWG) systems are possible pathways for oral solid dosage manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry. TSWG requires a drying step after granulation before the tableting process. Typically, semi-continuous fluidized bed dryers (FBDs) are used for this purpose. At the same time, the pharmaceutical sector is interested in mathematical prediction models to save resources during the early drug product development (DPD) stage or to control manufacturing. Several authors have already developed prediction models for semi-continuous drying processes. However, these model structures reported systematic prediction offsets, which could be related to the incomplete implementation of fluidization and granule segregation phenomena. This study evaluates the complex fluidization behavior of wet granules in industrially relevant semi-continuous FBDs. A transparent perspex version of the dryer was used for the analysis of bed height, pressure drop, porosity, segregation, and spatial heating patterns at varying process settings. The investigated behaviors of the fluidizing bed will be helpful to derive phenomenological (sub)models for the detailed description of segregation in the semi-continuous fluidized bed system. In this study, it was found that semi-continuous FBDs are characterized by a change in fluidization regime from plug flow to a bubbling bed at the moment that the granule bed slumps. Secondly, the presence of size-based vertical segregation phenomena as well as spatial temperature differences were proven. The experimental results suggest that larger granules are dried under more intense drying conditions than smaller granules.

Strategi Komunikasi Dalam Meningkatkan Citra Merek Komik Jopa Jopi Melalui Instagram

This research aims to analyze the communication strategies used by Jogja Painting in enhancing the brand image of the Jopa Jopi comic. Jogja Painting is a successful art and creative company that has created the popular Jopa Jopi comic, attracting numerous readers. However, the brand image of this comic still needs improvement to gain broader recognition and acceptance. The research method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with Jogja Painting's management and observations of their communication activities. The findings reveal that Jogja Painting's communication strategies are not yet optimal due to incomplete implementation. The various stages of the communication strategies have not been fully executed, resulting in minimal changes to the brand image and limited reach to a wider audience. Obstacles include difficulties in generating story ideas, monotonous content that fails to engage readers, and visually unappealing aspects of the Jopa Jopi comic. To enhance the brand image, Jogja Painting needs to improve its communication strategies and address these obstacles, enabling the Jopa Jopi comic to gain greater popularity among a wider audience. .

Vision Zero and Impaired Driving: Near and Longer-Term Opportunities for Preventing Death and Injuries

Vision Zero involves the use of a systems approach to eliminate fatal and serious injuries from motor vehicle crashes by accommodating basic human limitations that lead to crashes through fundamental behavioral expectations, together with sound vehicle and road design.Alcohol-related crashes account for a significant proportion of motor vehicle crash death and injury and can be addressed in a safe road transport system. We look at near-term policy and program interventions that are known to motivate drivers to make safe drinking and driving decisions, and possibilities for using technology over the longer term to address risks resulting from driver impairment that is either inadvertent or willful high-risk behavior.From the Vision Zero perspective,”normal driving” refers to a situation where traffic and road users are operating as desired and planned. A driver in this normal driving envelope operates at a safe speed, wears a seat belt, focuses on the driving task, and is not impaired. A safe system accommodates human errors, mistakes, and misjudgments in the normal driving envelope. However, it may not be capable of compensating for deliberate violations and rule-breaking.A critical role of behavioral programs and policies is to motivate safe decisions by drivers and other road users and keep them in the normal driving envelope where they can be protected from unintentional errors by a safe system. While much progress has been made in developing and implementing impaired driving policies and programs, much potential remains in the their ability to motivate drivers to meet the fundamental expectations required in a safe system. Examples of behavioral programs and policies that have strong evidence of effectiveness but are underutilized in the U.S. include conducting periodic sobriety checkpoints, lowering the blood alcohol concentration limit for driving, and mandating the use of ignition interlock devices. While the specific interventions may differ, it is likely that the same situation of incomplete implementation of behavioral programs and policies - and consequent unrealized value to a comprehensive safe system - applies to many other nations.To reach the goal of zero deaths, a comprehensive Vision Zero program needs to address the problem of deliberate risk-taking, which can include driver impairment from alcohol or other causes and extend to dangerous and reckless driving. Advanced safety technologies offer a range of opportunities for this purpose. Cars available today and in the future will have a plethora of sensors that monitor circumstances inside and around the car. These systems can identify whether a driver is in their safe driving envelope and respond with interventions that are appropriate for the severity and nature of the risk. Interventions could range from those that are not perceivable to the driver, such as putting driver assist systems into active mode, to stronger steps such as limiting or preventing vehicle operation.Zero fatalities or serious injuries in motor vehicle crashes is possible with a systems approach that accommodates human errors and mistakes that occur with the normal driving envelope and incorporates effective responses to deliberate risk-taking outside of this envelope.

From Newton to universal Planck natural units – disentangling the constants of nature

This study exploits a historical gap in the evolution of metric systems that resulted from the incomplete implementation of the ‘rationalization’ concept published by Heaviside in 1893 and by ignoring the suggestion of Maxwell in 1873 to use the simplest form of Newton’s gravitational law expression with no proportionality constant. Bridging this gap required deriving an experimental Rationalized Metric System (RMS) and a corresponding Universal Planck Natural Unit System (UPNUS) in [ LT ] units. The described solution combines Heaviside’s rationalization of Newton’s law and makes the unit of mass dimensions [ L3T−2 ], as suggested by Maxwell. Consequently, the modified Coulomb’s law, changes the unit of electric charge to the same dimensions as those of mass. The elimination of the kilogram and ampere has a disentangling effect on the dependencies among the constants of nature and opens new horizons. New systems have the potential to become powerful exploratory tools in fundamental research and education because of the simplification of the relationships among physical quantities. Some highlights from the analyzed examples are worth mentioning. The well-known expression for the Stoney mass (m S ) when converted to RMS units is reduced to the electron charge quantity, whereas traditional metric systems entangle the charge, speed of light, and gravitational constant, forming an entity in the dimension of mass, as first presented by Stoney in 1874. Furthermore, a well-substantiated conjecture is proposed, wherein the Stoney energy E S = m S c 2 is likely the long-sought, finite electric field energy of the electron, and the gravitational constant appears to be the limiting factor. In UPNUS, the most disentangled fundamental expression, apart from the Stoney mass, is the elementary charge as the function of the fine structure constant α and the Planck mass namely with and of the same [ L3T−2 ] dimensions in Planck units, where

The Challenges of Tobacco Fiscal Policy Implementation in Mexico From the Perspective of Key Actors.

Raising tobacco taxes is considered the most effective strategy to avoid smoking initiation and discourage its use, especially among vulnerable groups. However, few low- and middle-income countries have adopted high tobacco taxes. Raising taxes is, therefore, an opportunity to strengthen and accelerate tobacco control. The objective of this study is to analyze the barriers and facilitators to the tobacco tax increase in Mexico. Based on the Governance Analytical Framework, data were generated through 17 in-depth interviews with key intersectoral actors for fiscal policy. The interviews were transcribed and coded according to Hufty's theory of governance. Robust scientific evidence, intersectoral coordination, and the presence of "champions" boosted progress in tobacco control (facilitators). The main barriers were the incomplete implementation of the World Health Organization-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and MPOWER package and lack of commitment ("political will") by government decision makers and legislators, misinformation about the effects of tobacco taxes, and strong tobacco industry interference. Robust evidence is necessary but not sufficient to advance the implementation of the MPOWER (WHO-FCTC) actions. To achieve tobacco tax increases and public policies that protect people from unhealthy products in general, the implementation of policies or legal frameworks against industry interference in the development of public policies is imperative. By analyzing the barriers and facilitators to increasing the tobacco tax in Mexico, this study identifies two key messages: (1) The need to sensitize legislators and the general population to the problem of smoking not only through epidemiological data but also through testimonies that highlight the life experiences and adversities faced by people who smoke. (2) The need for a regulatory framework to prevent industry interference in public affairs and conflicts of interest. The same framework could be very useful for public health policies to control the consumption of ultra-processed food products or alcohol.

Impact of Mental Health Legislation on Public Interest and Awareness of Common Mental Disorders: Insights From an Infodemiological Study of Search Volumes From 2004 to 2021 in the Philippines.

This study explored online public interest using search volumes for various mental disorders using an infodemiological design. Google Trends search volumes for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance abuse from January 2004 to December 2021 in the Philippines were described and compared. In addition, interrupted time series and mean comparisons were done to determine the impact of the Philippine Mental Health Act. Findings show that public interest was highest for major depressive disorder, followed by anxiety disorder, substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Among them, public interest in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse improved following the Act's legislation. The uneven stigma of mental disorders and the incomplete implementation and unequal focus of Philippine mental health promotion programs can explain these findings. Thus, mental disorders with low public interest should be given attention in mental health awareness activities.