Incomplete Immunization Status Research Articles

Spatial distribution analysis and risk factors for stunting in Kerinci Regency, Jambi Province Indonesia

There are variations in the prevalence of stunting cases at the village level in Kerinci Regency. There have been no studies on the spatial distribution and risk factors of stunting cases in Kerinci Regency. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and spatial distribution of stunting. This research was conducted in Kerinci Regency from March to November 2020 using a case-control design and a total sampling technique. The study participants consisted of 223 patients and 223 controls. Children who experienced stunting were recorded at the health office. The controls were non-stunted children with an age range (±3 months) and sex who came from the same village as the cases—data collection through interview techniques and observation of the Mother and Child Health book. The chi-square test, logistic regression, and spatial distribution analysis were performed using the open-source software SatScan 10,1 and ArGIS 3,30. The analysis shows stunting cases clustered in Kayu Aro, Gunung Tujuh, and Keliling Danau Districts. A low father's education level (aOR=1,76), father's height <161 cm (aOR=1,52), mother's height <150 cm (aOR=1,83), and incomplete immunization status (aOR=1,6) were risk factors for stunting. In conclusion, cases of stunting clustered in three sub-districts, and the leading risk factor was the mother's height. The health office should make specific intervention efforts before and during pregnancy and focus on cluster-indicated areas.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Orang Tua Meningkatkan Cakupan Imunisasi DPT-HB-HiB dan MR Lanjutan pada Anak

DPT-HB-HiB and MR immunizations are given in the basic immunization program. Re-immunization (advance immunization) is given to children aged 18 months. The purpose of advance immunization is to maintain the level of immunity and extend the child's protection period. Parental knowledge is assumed to be related to the completeness of advanced immunization in children. This study aims to determine the relationship between parental knowledge and completeness of advanced DPT-HB-HiB-MR immunization in children aged 2 years. This research is an analytic survey research with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in Puskesmas III Dinas Kesehatan Kecamatan Denpasar Utara in 2022. This study involved 92 parents and children aged 24-36 months. Data on parental knowledge was obtained by filling out a questionnaire. Completeness of follow-up immunizations for children is obtained from the child's immunization records. Statistical test using Chi-square. The results of this study showed that 44.6% of parents had good knowledge and 55.4% of parents had poor knowledge about advanced immunization in children. The results of this study also found 68.5% of children with complete advanced immunization status and 31.5% of incomplete advanced immunization status. There is a significant relationship between parental knowledge and the completeness of advanced immunization in children under 2 years of age at Puskesmas III Dinas Kesehatan Kecamatan Denpasar Utara (p value=0,041). Increasing parental knowledge about advanced immunization has an impact on increasing the coverage of advanced immunization in children under 2 years of age.

The Role of Social Factors in Childhood Stunting in Pakistan with Special Focus on Parental Aspects

Stunting growth among children is one of the imperative health concerns for the global world. The paper measured the relationship of maternal, paternal, and communal factors with children’s stunting growth in Pakistan. The study used the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) and analyzed with the help of statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS Version-21). The unit of analysis was stunted children, and the sample size was (n=7448). The univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were employed by using the Chi-square test. The results of the study found that maternal, paternal, and communal factors have an association with children’s stunting growth. For example, specifically, child stunting growth is related to birth interval, low birth weight, mother education, incomplete immunization status, and poor wealth index. The study concluded that chances of child stunting increased with the help of maternal, paternal, and communal factors. The incomplete immunization status is associated with children’s stunting growth. The study recommended that the issues of birth interval, low birth weight, mother education, incomplete immunization, and poor wealth index should be the focus of the policymakers to control children’s stunting growth.

Relationship between nutritional status, vitamin A administration, immunization status, exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of respiratory infections in toddlers aged 0-59 months in the working area of the Nambo Health Center, Kendari City, 2023

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an infectious disease that is often experienced by toddlers. Several efforts can be made to reduce the risk of ARI, Including nutritional status, administration of vitamin A, immunization status, and exclusive breastfeeding. The incidence of ARI in toddlers in the working area of ​​the Nambo Health Center, Kendari City, is one of the most common diseases compared to other diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status, administration of vitamin A, immunization status, and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of ARI in toddlers aged 0-59 months. Method: Quantitative research with a cross-sectional study design. The sample in this study were toddlers aged 0-59 months totaling 254 respondents obtained by accidental sampling technique. Nutritional status is assessed based on anthropometric data in the form of body weight/age and is interpreted with a Z-score according to WHO standards. Data was collected from respondents using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with the chi-square statistical test. Result: that most of the infants aged 0-59 months had normal nutritional status 87.0%, incomplete vitamin A administration 53.1%, incomplete immunization status 56.7%, exclusive breastfeeding was not given 55.9%, and most toddlers 0-59 months suffer from ISPA incidence of 57.1%. Analysis of the variable relationship obtained a p value of 0.000 (p <0.05) that statistically there was no significant relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI, there was a significant relationship between vitamin A administration, immunization status and exclusive breastfeeding on the incidence of ARI in toddlers 0 -59 months in the working area of ​​the Nambo Health Center. Conclusion: There is no relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between vitamin A administration and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between the immunization status and the incidence of ARI, there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of ARI.

A study of predictors of outcome in paediatric intensive care unit with special reference to SOFA score

Background: Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for patients admitted in Pediatric Intensive care unit. The Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an objective score that allows for calculation of both the number and the severity of organ dysfunction in six organ systems. It is a six-organ dysfunction score measuring multiple organ failure daily. Each organ is graded from 0 (normal) to 4 (the most abnormal). This scoring system guides the efficient utilization of hospital resources, especially in a resource starved setting and useful to evaluate the prognostication, to counsel the guardians and to decide therapeutic interventions. The score can also be a useful in clinical research tool to evaluate various therapeutic interventions in MODS. The aim of the study was to predict outcome in pediatric intensive care unit with special reference to SOFA score in patients admitted to civil hospital, Ahmedabad. Methods: We have randomly selected 120 patients who were admitted in pediatric intensive care unit of tertiary care hospital and full-filing inclusion and exclusion criteria included in our study. Results: There are multiple factors responsible for predicting the outcome in critically ill patients admitted in pediatric intensive care unit. Patients with complete immunization status have better outcome as compared to patients with incomplete immunization and unimmunized status. Patients with higher socioeconomic class have slightly better outcome as compared to patients with lower socioeconomic class. Conclusions: SOFA score is a good objective score as a predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. But, if SOFA is calculated at the time of admission, then it has poor diagnostic accuracy in prediction of outcome. So, SOFA score at 72 hours of admission (T72) and delta SOFA (T72-T0) are better predictors of poor outcome as compared to SOFA score at admission (T0).

Faktor Jenis Kelamin dan Status Imunisasi terhadap Kejadian Pneumonia pada Balita di RSUD dr. Soedarso

Introduction: The incidence of pneumonia in toddlers was recorded as the second highest case in the Pediatric Inpatient Room at the dr. Soedarso Regional General Hospital, West Borneo Province. Purpose: Analyzing the relationship between sex and immunization status on the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the dr. Soedarso Regional General Hospital, West Borneo Province. Methods: The study used a case control design with 31 cases and 31 controls. Sampling using a total sampling technique with a ratio of 1:1. The case group was toddlers diagnosed with pneumonia by the Patient Responsible Doctor who was recorded in the medical record. The control group was toddlers were not diagnosed with pneumonia by the Patient Responsible Doctor who was recorded in the medical record . This study used bivariate analysis. The statistical test is the Chi-Square Test. Results: The most data for toddlers is owned by toddlers with male sex (54.8%).Most of the data for toddlers is owned by toddlers with incomplete immunization status (82.3%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between sex and immunization status on the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between sex and immunization status on the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the dr. Soedarso Regional General Hospital, West Borneo Province. This research still needs further research to explore other factors that can cause pneumonia in toddlers.

Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Infection in Toddlers : A Case Control Study

Background: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the upper and lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria and viruses. ARI is one of the causes of high morbidity and mortality in under-fives. Purpose(s): This study aims to determine the relationship between toddler age, immunization status, smoking habits of family members, mother's knowledge, and residential density to the incidence of ARI in the working area of the Namlea Health Center in 2021 Methods: This study is a research study quantitative analysis using a case control research design. The sample in the case group was taken using the simple random sampling method and the control group was taken using the accidental sampling method. Results: the age of toddlers who were 36 months (55.2%), incomplete immunization status (46.9%), smoking habits of family members (68.8%), low maternal knowledge (30.2%), and density of bedroom occupancy (60.4%). The results of the chi-square test showed that the p-values for each variable were age (p = 0.035), immunization status (p = 0.017), room occupancy density (p = 0.022), mother's knowledge (p = 0.046), and smoking habits. family members (p = 0.036). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, immunization status, room occupancy density, mother's knowledge, and smoking habits of family members with the incidence of ARI in children under five in the working area of the Namlea Health Center in 2021.

Missed Opportunities: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study on Reasons for Nonadherence to the South African Expanded Program on Immunization

Abstract Objective Our objective was to identify factors which underline nonadherence to childhood immunizations provided by the Department of Health and outlined in the Expanded Program on Immunizations in South Africa. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Dora Nginza Hospital, a regional hospital in the Eastern Cape Province, which provides free health care in resource-limited settings. It included patients under the age of 5 years and their primary caregivers. A piloted questionnaire was used to collect data, and comparisons were made between children under the age of 5 years who missed one or more immunizations and those with complete immunizations. Data on maternal/caregiver and health system-related characteristics were also collected, and comparisons were made between the two groups. Results Of the 200 participants enrolled in the study, 47 (23.5%) had incomplete immunizations. Prematurity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33, p = 0.001), vaccine shortages (OR = 0.22, p < 0.005), and a low maternal/caregiver level of education (OR = 0.32, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with incomplete immunization status. Conclusion Strategies to improve supply chain management of vaccines and to optimize follow-up care of high-risk children, specifically those born prematurely and those born to women of lower education level, need to be identified and implemented to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases.

Stunting incidents in children in the working area of Puskesmas Moncongloe, Maros Regency

Monitoring of Nutritional Status reveals that the incidence of stunting (short) in children is a major nutritional problem faced by Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting children has increased from 27.5% in 2016 to 29.6% in 2017. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of stunting in children in the working area of the PUSKESMAS Moncongloe, Maros Regency. The type of this research was descriptive observational with a population of 147 stunting children. The sampling method used accidental sampling with the number of sample was 108 respondents. The results of this study showed that from 108 children (100.0%) there were 16 children (14.8%) who had low birth weight and 92 children (85.2%) had normal birth weight, there were 62 children (57.4%) who were not exclusively breastfed and 46 children (42.6%) are exclusively breastfed, there were 51 children (47.2%) with incomplete immunization status and 57 children (52.8 %) with complete immunization status, there were 44 children (40.7%) with stunting in the very short category and 63 children (59.3%) in the short category. The conclusion of this study is the incidence of stunting in children is related to low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding and immunization status.

Immunization status lowers the incidence of stunting in children 1-5 years

Stunting is a multifactorial condition where a toddler has less body length compared to their age. One of the factors is the immunization status of children, which can lead to susceptibility to infection and caused growth disturbance. This study was conducted to determine whether immunization plays a role as one of the interventions to prevent stunting in children age 1-5 years by using cross-sectional observational study with a total of 110 children aged 1-5 years who visited the Public Health Center of Jatinegara District, East Jakarta between September-November 2019. Questionnaires, anthropometric assessment using body length board and microtoice, and Z-score assessment were obtained during the study. The Chi-square test was performed for data analysis. The result of this study showed that 47,3% of respondents had incomplete immunization status, and 84.6% of child were stunted. Immunization plays a role as one of the factors preventing stunting in children age 1-5 years (p<0,001). It can be concluded that immunization is one of the factors contributing to lowered incidence of stunting in children age 1-5 years.

Immunization status of children at kindergarten entry in Alberta, Canada

ObjectivesLittle is known about immunization coverage among kindergarten-aged children in jurisdictions that do not require children’s immunization records to be provided at school entry. Thus, we assessed immunization coverage and associated characteristics of a 2008 birth cohort of Alberta children at kindergarten entry as compared with at the end of grade one.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used population-based administrative health data for childhood vaccines in Alberta, Canada. We categorized and compared immunization status of children as follows: (a) complete at kindergarten entry; (b) incomplete at kindergarten entry but complete at the end of grade one; and (c) still incomplete at the end of grade one. To assess factors associated with immunization status, we used multinomial logistic regression.ResultsImmunization coverage for the complete vaccine series for children (N = 41,515) at kindergarten entry was suboptimal (44.5%, 95% CI 44.0–45.0) and substantially lower than for children at the end of grade one (74.8%, 95% CI 74.3–75.2). Young maternal age, not living with a partner, and having > 1 child in a household were associated with incomplete immunization status at kindergarten entry. Midwife-assisted hospital and home delivery was strongly associated with incomplete immunization status at the end of grade one.ConclusionImmunization coverage at kindergarten entry was strikingly low. Risk factors for incomplete immunization status were identified that require particular attention when addressing immunization coverage. The school-based catch-up immunization program in grade one seems to have substantially improved coverage among children, suggesting a potential benefit of shifting the catch-up program from grade one to kindergarten entry.

Understanding child disability: Factors associated with child disability at the Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Uganda.

IntroductionThere is scarcity of data on children with disabilities living in low-and-middle-income countries, including Uganda. This study describes disability prevalence and explores factors associated with different disability categories. It highlights the value of using a standardized, easy-to-use tool to determine disability in children and contextualizing disability in children in light of their developmental needs.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2018–January 2019 at the Iganga-Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in Uganda. Respondents were caregivers of children between 5–17 years and were administered an in-depth Child Functioning Module (CFM). The outcome variable, disability, was defined as an ordered categorical variable with three categories–mild, moderate, and severe. Generalized ordered logit model was applied to explore factors associated with disability categories.ResultsOut of 1,842 caregivers approached for the study, 1,439 (response: 78.1%) agreed to participate in the study. Out of these 1,439, some level of disability was reported by 67.89% (n = 977) of caregivers. Of these 977 children with disability, 48.01% (n = 692) had mild disability and 15.84% (n = 228) had moderate disability, while 3.96% (n = 57) had severe disability. The mean (SD) score for mild disability was 2.22±1.17, with a median of 2. The mean and median for moderate disability was 5.26±3.28 and 4 (IQR:3–6), and for severe disability was 14.23±9.51 and 12 (IQR:6–22). The most common disabilities reported were depression (54.83%) and anxiety (50.87%). Statistically significant association was found for completion of immunization status and school enrollment when controlled for a child’s age, sex, having a primary caregiver, age of mother at child’s birth, family system, family size and household wealth quintile.ConclusionThis study suggests association between incomplete immunization status and school enrollment for children with disability. These are areas for further exploration to ensure inclusive health and inclusive education of children with disabilities in Uganda.

Associations of Nutritional Status with Full Immunization Coverage and Safe Hygiene Practices among Thai Children Aged 12-59 Months.

Prevailing prevention measures against morbidity, such as vaccination and safe hygiene practices, vary among local cultural contexts, and little is known about the extent to which these behaviors mitigate poor nutritional status in young children in Southeast Asia. We examined the associations between nutrition status with full immunization coverage, and water, sanitation and hygiene status among children aged 12–59 months in the 2015–2016 Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (n = 9060). When adjusted for confounding factors, children with incomplete immunization status were more likely to be stunted (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.75, p < 0.001), wasted (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.31–2.12, p < 0.001), and overweight (aOR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.51, p < 0.05), whereas children who used unimproved water sources were more likely to be overweight (aOR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.27–4.64, p < 0.01). The further implementation of simple and cost-effective health promotion activities and practices at the household level may be important interventions for healthy child growth and development, particularly under restricted living conditions due to COVID-19.

Vaccine hesitancy in Argentina: Validation of WHO scale for parents

BackgroundThe WHO SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy developed the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) to identify and compare hesitancy in different global settings. The objectives of the study were to describe and analyze vaccine hesitancy and to validate the VHS in a group of parents in Buenos Aires city, Argentina. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in parents of 1–3 and 12–15 year-old children at three health centres in Buenos Aires City, between June 2018 and May 2019. Sociodemographic data were collected together with history of refusal and/or delay in children’s vaccination (defined as hesitancy). The 10-item VHS using 5-point Likert-scale (higher scores indicating lower hesitancy) was administered and children’s immunization record cards were verified. Link between hesitancy and socio-demographic variables, and hesitancy and vaccination status was analyzed for five specific vaccines. Cronbach‘s α was used to determine internal consistency reliability and factor analysis to confirm survey subdomains. Simple and multiple regression analysis was used to examine associations between VHS scores and hesitancy, and VHS scores and vaccination status. ResultsSix hundred parents were surveyed and 469 immunization cards verified; 11.5% (n = 69) parents were hesitant. High maternal educational level showed significant association with hesitancy (OR 2.66 95% CI: 1.20–5.9) in the adjusted model. Hesitancy was significantly associated with incomplete MMR vaccination in children (OR 4.43 95% CI: 1.08–8.20) and HPV vaccination in adolescents (OR 3.75 95% CI: 1.54–9.12). Cronbach‘s α was 0.66 and factor analysis identified three underlying constructs: “Benefits”, “Harms” and “Confidence in healthcare system”. High scores in VHS were associated with lack of hesitancy (OR 1.2 95% CI: 1.13–1.27) and complete vaccination status (OR 1.07 95% CI: 1.02–1.12). ConclusionsHesitancy was associated with high maternal educational level, and incomplete MMR and HPV immunization status in children and adolescents. VHS was a reliable and valid tool in this population.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Deficiency Malnutrition in the Health District of Guédiawaye, Senegal

Introduction: Deficiency malnutrition poses a real public health problem, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study is to assess: (a) the prevalence of deficiency malnutrition in its various forms in children aged 6 - 59 months living in Guédiawaye and (b) its determinants. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study took place from September 1 to October 30, 2020 throughout the district of Guédiawaye in community. The study population consisted of children aged 6 - 59 months. Sampling with no survey was carried out and the total sample consisted of 603 subjects. Results: Twenty-nine point three percent (29.3%) of the children were acutely malnourished, 20.4% chronically malnourished, and 25.5% were underweight. Early breastfeeding was performed in 62.7% of children and 97.1% had received exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months. The factors associated with acute malnutrition were: the number of children ≥3 (pvalue = 0.001), non-consumption of vegetables (pvalue = 0.020), non-consumption of meat / offal / poultry (pvalue = 0.032), consumption of condiments / spices (pvalue = 0.000), presence of fever during the last weeks preceding the survey (pvalue = 0.010), non-washing of hands when leaving the toilet (pvalue = 0.010) and incomplete immunization status ( Pvalue = 0.00). The factors associated with chronic malnutrition were female sex (pvalue = 0.003), non-consumption of meat / offal / poultry (pvalue = 0.001), presence of diarrhoea during the last two weeks preceding the survey (pvalue = 0.021) and incomplete vaccination status (Pvalue = 0.000). The factors associated with underweight were: uneducated father (pvalue = 0.005), number of children ≥ 1 (pvalue = 0.028), lack of dietary diversification at 6 months (pvalu = 0.042), non-consumption of meat / offal / poultry (pvalue = 0.000), the presence of diarrhoea during the last weeks preceding the survey (pvalue = 0.001), and incomplete vaccination status (Pvalue = 0.000). Conclusion: The prevalence of deficiency malnutrition, whatever its form, remains high among children in Guédiawaye. Promoting good dietary practices, improving hygiene conditions and monitoring nutritional status in immunization units could help fight malnutrition.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHOPOMETRIC STATUS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

ABSTRACTAcute respiratory tract infection (ARI) is a form of infection in the respiratory tract that can interfere with respiratory function. Apart from being influenced by the environment, ARI is also influenced by host factors such crowded living quarters, malnutrition, incomplete immunization and economic status. Based on the high incidence, morbidity and mortality due to acute respiratory infections, it is necessary to control risk factors to prevent the incidence of ARI. This study will assess the relationship between anthropometric status and home environmentalfactors on ARI in Palembang City. This research is an observational analytic study with cross sectionaldesign. The research was conducted by distributing using a questionnaire. The data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS. From 123 respondents, it was found that most of the respondents were 25-59 months old (59.3%) and male (51.2%). There were 14.6% of children under five years old with abnormal anthopometric status and 65.0% of respondents had a good home environment score. 70.7% of all respondents suffer from ARI. From 70% of respondents who suffered from ARI, it was found that 71.4% were male under five years old, 88.9% were under-five years old with abnormal anthopometric status which was divided into under nutrition and over nutrition anthopometric status, and 71.3% had a score good home environment. From the results of the chi-square test, the p value of ARI incidence was 0.048 with OR 3.8 (95% CI: 0.8-17.6) which indicated that there was a significant relationship (p &lt;0, 05) anthopometric status and the incidence of ARI in children under five years old. The Kruskal Wallis test results showed that the p value of ARI incidence was 0.978 which indicated that there was no significant relationship (p&gt; 0.05) the home environment score and the incidence of ARI in children under five years old. This study found a significant relationship between anthopometric status and the incidence of ARI and did not find a significant relationship between home environmental scores and the incidence of ARI.

Status Kelengkapan Imunisasi Difteri Pada Kejadian Difteri Di Wilayah Surabaya

One of the diseases of Extraordinary Events in East Java Province is diphtheria disease. Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in the system caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium Diphtheria. One of the factors that may affect the incidence of diphtheria is an incomplete immunization status. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship status of the completeness of immunization with diphtheria incidence in the region of Surabaya. Design research Analytic approach with Cross-Sectional Correlation. The independent variable complete immunization status of diphtheria and dependent variable is diphtheria occurrence. The population of the research was as many as 29 people who suffered from diphtheria in 2017 and sample as many as 27 people who suffered from diphtheria in 2017in the city of Surabaya. Using a technique Simple Random sampling. The instruments of research using questionnaires, observation secondary data: laboratory results and sheet book KMSfor incomplete immunization status data and diphtheria incidence, tested use the spearman rho correlation. Statistical results with Spearman Rho Correlations test obtained ρ = 0.03 with ρ ≤ 0.05. It states that H0 is rejected H1 accepted as well as the result of correlation coefficient – 0.411. This shows the existence of the relationship between complete immunization status of diphtheria with diphtheria occurrence in the region of Surabaya. The implications of this research show that the diphtheria immunization incompleteness affects the incidence of diphtheria. Expected health workers can better do health promotion about the importance of immunization and prevention of diphtheria transmission, registration, and grant of immunization in the community.Keywords: Diphtheria, Immunization, Surabaya

Urban-rural differences in factors associated with incomplete basic immunization among children in Indonesia: A nationwide multilevel study

Identifying risk factors of incomplete immunization among children is crucial to developing relevant policies to improve immunization coverage. In this study, we investigated factors associated with incomplete immunization among children in Indonesia and elucidated differences in risk factors between urban and rural areas. The data came from a national-wide survey, the 2017 Indonesia Demographic Health Surveys. In total, 3264 children aged 12-23 months were included in the study. An incomplete immunization status was defined as a child who did not complete the ten doses of basic vaccinations, consisting of one dose of bacille Calmette-Guérin, one dose of hepatitis B, three doses of pentavalent vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, hemophilus influenza type B, and hepatitis B vaccine), four doses of polio vaccine, and one dose of measles vaccine. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to examine the effects of different levels of risk factors on the incomplete immunization status. We further conducted stratified analyses by urban and rural areas. About 40% of the 3264 children were incompletely immunized, among whom 45.3% were in urban areas and 54.7% were in rural areas. Eight of the 34 provinces had incomplete immunization rates exceeding 50%, and the Papua and Maluku regions had the highest rates of incomplete child immunization. The multivariate analyses showed that when women attended fewer than four antenatal care sessions and resided outside the Nusa Tenggara region, their children were more likely to have incomplete immunization in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, having no health insurance was positively associated with incomplete immunization in urban areas, whereas having received a tetanus vaccination during pregnancy was negatively associated with incomplete immunization in rural areas. Results of this study suggest that tailored interventions should be developed to address significant risk factors in rural and urban areas.

Determinants of Incomplete Vaccination Among Children Age 12-23 Months in Southwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Many children in the world particularly in low resource countries are still left unvaccinated and it remains to be a public health problem. So, the main objective of this study was to identify determinants of incomplete vaccination among children 12-23 months of age in Semen Bench district, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, 2018. A community based unmatched case-control study was undertaken among randomly selected children aged 12 to 23 months and with a total sample size of 316 (106 cases and 212 controls). Simple random sampling was used to get representative cases and controls. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify independent factors for incomplete immunization status of children. P-values &lt;0.05 was used as cut value. A total of 104 cases from 106 and 208 controls from 212 were selected giving a response rate of 98.2%. Based on the multivariable analysis the incomplete immunization status of children was significantly associated with having no antenatal care visits, [AOR=8.3(95%CI; 1.87-36.91], home delivery [AOR=4.5(95%CI; 1.411-14.27], having no postnatal care visit [AOR=4.2(95%CI; 1.67-10.41], and inconvenient appointment time [AOR=3.44(95% CI:1.65-7.16)]. Children of mothers having no antenatal and postnatal care, having home delivery, and with an inconvenient appointment timewere significantly associated with incomplete vaccination. Therefore, integrating the immunization service to other elements of primary health care is crucial.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Terhadap Pemberian Imunisasi Dasar Pada Bayi Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi Makassar

Based on Basic Health Research 2018, showed that children with aged 12-23 months who did not get complete basic immunizations in South Sulawesi were 31.7%. There are still different understanding in society about immunization, so there are still a lot of babies and toddlers who do not get immunization services. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the level of mother's knowledge with basic immunization in infants at the working area of Public Health Center Kassi-Kassi Makassar. This study was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design. This research was conducted at the working area of Public Health Center Kassi-Kassi Makassar with a sample of 55 mothers who had a ³9 month old baby who were selected by accidental sampling. The research data was obtained through primary data from interviews and checking the KIA book. The results of this study indicate that 60% of respondents have less knowledge level with incomplete infants basic immunization status and 40% with complete infants basic immunization status, 11.1% of respondents have sufficient level of knowledge with incomplete infants basic immunization status and 88,9% with complete infants basic immunization status and 100% of respondents have a high level of knowledge with complete infants basic immunization status. The results of the analysis using the Chi-Square test obtained a significant value of 0,000 (p&lt;0.05). The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between the level of mother's knowledge of basic immunization in infants at the working area of Public Health Center Kassi-Kassi Makassar.&#x0D;