Incomplete Combustion Research Articles

Sistem Monitoring Dan Kontrol Berbasis Internet Of Things Pada Prototypesmart Portable Biomass Powerplant

The use of Internet of Things technology can be implemented in various aspects, one of which is the field of energy generation. The generation of electrical energy, especially biomass fuel, can be one way to achieve more environmentally friendly energy generation. Design prototype smart portable biomass powerplant includes monitoring and control of the generating system. The monitoring and control system is designed to be able to run automatically integrated with the Internet of Things system. To increase the ease of use of the tool, the system is connected in real-time with the internet. Data acquisition with sensors connected to the controller is carried out to observe the condition of the combustion chamber, turbine and generator components. The results of this data acquisition can then be monitored in real-time on a platform that can be done remotely. The control process on the prototype includes protection measures on the device in case of fault so as to provide further damage prevention measures and can be done wirelessly using the same system. Prototype testing results using Arduino mega2560 controller and ACS712 current sensor, voltage sensor, MQ-2 gas sensor and esp32 cam were found to be able to work well and monitor both the condition of the combustion chamber, the power generated by the generator to biomass combustion levels. Then the test also proved to be able to provide remote process control to protect the tool from overheating, overcurrent protection and excessive incomplete combustion process.

Effects of injection timing on combustion and mixture formation of a methanol direct injection engine equipped with a small volume passive pre-chamber

The pursuit of high efficiency and cleanliness has always been the focus of engine research. As one of the most promising low-carbon renewable alternative fuel, methanol has gained increasing attention in engine applications. Inspired by the advantages of gasoline direct injection (GDI) in fuel economy, methanol direct injection (MDI) engine has also become a research hot spot. Similar to GDI, the mixture distribution is crucial for MDI engines, especially in the late injection stratified operation mode, an unreasonable mixture distribution of rich and lean regions will result in slow and incomplete combustion, or even flame quenching. Due to the characteristics of multi-point ignition and the high ignition energy, pre-chamber jet flame ignition has the potential to effectively enhance combustion. In this paper, the effect of injection timing on combustion characteristics in a methanol direct injection engine equipped with a small volume pre-chamber are studied experimentally. The mixture formation processes in both the main-chamber and the pre-chamber at different injection timings were also explored through simulations. The research findings indicated that the engine exhibits optimal power performance at the injection timing of − 270 °CA ATDC (after top dead center), primarily attributed to the enhanced volumetric efficiency and improved mixture homogeneity. However, the mixture concentration in the pre-chamber is leaner, resulting in the longest ignition delay period. When the injection timing is located on the middle state of the intake stroke, specifically − 210 °CA ATDC, the ignition delay period is the shortest, indicating that the mixture concentration and temperature in the pre-chamber are conducive to the flame kernel formation and flame propagation. In addition, the volumetric efficiency of this injection case is maximized due to the combined effects of spray-wall interaction, spray-air interaction, and the flow field. When injection occurs on compression stroke, the mixture concentration in the pre-chamber is higher; however, there exists a significant and discontinuous concentration gradient in the main-chamber, which limits the enhancement of the flame propagation speed and the combustion efficiency, especially for − 120 °CA ATDC injection case, the engine exhibits longest combustion duration and the lowest IMEP. The conclusions can provide theoretical basis and empirical data support for enhancing the combustion of methanol direct injection engines equipped with passive pre-chambers.

Advances in the Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Yeasts: A Review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic organic compounds produced during the incomplete combustion of organic materials and are commonly found in the environment due to anthropogenic activities such as industrial and vehicular emissions as well as natural sources, mainly volcanic eruptions and forest fires. PAHs are well known for their bioaccumulative capacity and environmental persistence, raising concerns due to their adverse effects on human health, including their carcinogenic potential. In recent years, bioremediation has emerged as a promising, effective, and sustainable solution for the degradation of PAHs in contaminated environments. In this context, yeasts have proven to be key microorganisms in the degradation of these compounds, owing to their ability to metabolize them through a series of enzymatic pathways. This review explores the advancements in yeast-mediated degradation of PAHs, with a particular focus on the role of enzymes such as cytochrome P450 (CYPs), epoxide hydrolases (EHs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which facilitate the breakdown of these compounds. The review also discusses the applications of genetic engineering to enhance the efficiency of yeasts in PAH degradation and the use of omics technologies to predict the catabolic potential of these organisms. Additionally, it examines studies addressing the degradation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by yeasts such as Debaryomyces hansenii, and the potential future implications of omics sciences for developing new bioremediation.

In-House Immunoglobulin Y-Based Immunoassay for Detecting Benzo[a]pyrene in Grilled Pork Samples

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that accumulates in several environmental matrices as a result of incomplete combustion. Its presence, carcinogenic properties, and tendency for bioaccumulation provide significant risks to human health and the environment. The objective of this study is to create an immunoassay for the detection of benzo[a]pyrene utilizing immunoglobulin Y antibodies. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was utilized to develop a speedy, straightforward, sensitive, and economical approach for detecting B[a]P residues. Following the immunization of hens with the hapten pyrenebutyric acid-bovine serum albumin (PyBA-BSA), the IgY antibody extracted from egg yolk was utilized to identify B[a]P residues. To evaluate antibody specificity, six PAH derivatives—PyBA, B[a]P, Chrysene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[a]anthracene, and Benzo[k]fluoranthene—were examined in the experiment to compete for binding with PyBA. The findings indicate that the antibody had considerable affinity for Chrysene (1.15%), Benzo[b]fluoranthene (311.32%), Benzo[k]fluoranthene (10.62%), Benzo[a]anthracene (22.82%), and PyBA (9.55%). Nonetheless, its affinity for B[a]P remained at 100%. The recovery range for grilled pork samples spiked with B[a]P doses of 10.00–0.1 μg/mL was 74.99% to 143.11%. This study utilized a polyclonal antibody, employing the IgY antibody for the inaugural development of an immunoassay to detect benzo[a]pyrene. The ELISA had a higher IC50 value compared to the other immunoassays; however, it yielded good results. This immunoassay signifies a substantial progression in environmental analytical chemistry, offering a cost-effective and accessible technique for the detection of B[a]P to protect human health and the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE COMBUSTION FOR BIOENERGY: A TOXICITY AND EMISSION REVIEW

This study examines the environmental and health impacts caused by the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the combustion of biomass and agricultural waste. Today, bioenergy plays a crucial role in global energy systems, accounting for 70 % of renewable energy consumption, 9.5 % of total primary energy supply, and 13 % of global gross final energy consumption. However, environmental pollution remains one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century, with serious implications for human health, biodiversity, and climate change. PAHs, released during the incomplete combustion of organic fuels, are particularly concerning due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. This review aims to evaluate the emissions of PAHs during biomass combustion, with a focus on fuel types and combustion conditions. It synthesizes data from over 30 contemporary scientific sources, comprehensively analysing PAH formation and distribution in flue gases, and identifies the key factors influencing these emissions. The research reveals that PAH emissions vary significantly depending on the type of biomass, combustion conditions, and the control measures employed. Open burning of agricultural residues generates much higher PAH concentrations compared to controlled combustion in stoves or furnaces. The analysis assumes consistent data reporting across studies and acknowledges that real-world conditions may differ from laboratory settings, potentially affecting emission levels. The findings underscore the importance of implementing effective emission control strategies to reduce environmental and health risks, particularly in regions like Ukraine that rely heavily on biomass as an energy source. By addressing a critical gap in the literature, this review enhances understanding of the long-term impacts of bioenergy on environmental health and sustainability and advocates for updating Ukrainian regulatory legislation with modern methodological procedures.

Dose-Related Mutagenic and Clastogenic Effects of Benzo[b]fluoranthene in Mouse Somatic Tissues Detected by Duplex Sequencing and the Micronucleus Assay.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental pollutants that originate from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. We investigated the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), one of 16 priority PAHs, in MutaMouse males after a 28 day oral exposure. BbF causes robust dose-dependent increases in micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood, indicative of chromosome damage. Duplex sequencing (DS), an error-corrected sequencing technology, reveals that BbF induces dose-dependent increases in mutation frequencies in bone marrow (BM) and liver. Mutagenicity is increased in intergenic relative to genic regions, suggesting a role for transcription-coupled repair of BbF-induced DNA damage. At higher doses, the maximum mutagenic response to BbF is higher in liver, which has a lower mitotic index but higher metabolic capacity than BM; however, mutagenic potency is comparable between the two tissues. BbF induces primarily C:G > A:T mutations, followed by C:G > T:A and C:G > G:C, indicating that BbF metabolites mainly target guanines and cytosines. The mutation spectrum of BbF correlates with cancer mutational signatures associated with tobacco exposure, supporting its contribution to the carcinogenicity of combustion-derived PAHs in humans. Overall, BbF's mutagenic effects are similar to benzo[a]pyrene, a well-studied mutagenic PAH. Our work showcases the utility of DS for effective mutagenicity assessment of environmental pollutants.

The Impact of Nanocarbon Powder on the Characteristics of a Gel Propellant System with a High Concentration of Aluminum.

The addition of aluminum particles to a gel propellant has garnered attention through its potential for enhancing fuel properties. In order to enhance the energy performance of gel propellants, it is imperative to prepare gel propellants with high concentrations of aluminum. However, high-concentration aluminum-containing gels encounter two challenges. First, the combustion process leads to the agglomeration of aluminum particles, resulting in incomplete combustion. Additionally, elevated concentrations of aluminum particles increase the viscosity of the gel, impeding its atomization process and, subsequently, affecting combustion efficiency. These aforementioned issues pose practical obstacles for the application of high-concentration aluminum-containing gel propellants. In this research, a high-concentration aluminum-containing gel formulation was supplemented with nanocarbon powder. By investigating the impact of nanocarbon on various properties of the gel, its potential for addressing the above issues was analyzed. The investigation into the combustion performance of aluminum-containing gel blended with carbon powder revealed that the addition of 10 wt % nanocarbon powder to the gel system leads to a significant increase in the volumetric calorific value of the gel propellant by 21.21%. This enhancement not only improves the energy performance but also addresses the issue of incomplete combustion associated with aluminum. The rheology experiments conducted on gels demonstrate that the addition of nanocarbon powder results in an increased viscosity of the gel at lower shear rates, thereby enhancing its ability to withstand external disturbances during storage. Furthermore, this incorporation also enhances the gel's shear thinning properties, leading to a significant reduction in viscosity at higher shear rates and facilitating easier atomization of the gel system. In summary, the incorporation of nanocarbon powder can optimize the storage, atomization, and combustion processes of the gel, offering a straightforward and efficient approach to enhance the practical performance of metallized gel propellants.

Combustion characteristics of regenerative heating furnace for oil shale retorting based on top air supply

To comply with stricter air pollution standards, a new top air supply technology was proposed. Through numerical simulation, the effects of the number of air nozzles (A), air inclination (B) and fuel gas nozzle position (C) on the average temperature in the furnace, incomplete combustion heat loss and NO emission were analyzed. The research results show that the number of air nozzles has an important impact on the vortex in the pre-combustion chamber, the installation position of the fuel gas nozzles has a certain impact on the vortex formed in the combustion chamber, while the inclination of the air nozzles has no obvious effect on the vortex formation; the mean furnace temperature is most significantly affected by the interaction of factors A and B(A × B), and other factors have relatively little influence; the incomplete combustion heat loss at the exit of the combustion chamber is mainly dominated by factor A, followed by factors A × B and C. For the NO emission value at the exit of the combustion chamber, factors A and A × C have a significant impact, factors A × B also have a certain impact, and other factors can be ignored.

Levels of OH-PAHs and markers of oxidative stress in urine of taxi drivers and controls

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are pervasive in the atmosphere, originating from sources like vehicle emissions and incomplete combustion. Exposure to PAHs occurs through diet, tobacco smoke, and air pollutants, and they are recognized as carcinogens. This study, conducted from July to October 2021 in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Ulsan regions, focused on taxi drivers, a group with elevated PAH exposure due to prolonged vehicle use. The study involved 19 male taxi drivers and 46 control participants (18 male, 28 female). LC-MS/MS analysis was employed to quantify urinary levels of 18 hydroxy-PAHs, oxidative damage markers (MDA, 8-OHdG), and cotinine. The detection rates of OH-PAHs were 1-naphthol (96.9 %), 2-naphthol (90.8 %), 2-hydroxyfluorene (86.2 %), and 1-hydroxypyrene (80.0 %). Compared to the male controls, taxi drivers showed higher median concentrations of 2-OH-Na (1.698 ng/mL), 1-OH-Na (0.666 ng/mL), 2-OH-Flu (0.067 ng/mL), and 1-OHP (0.045 ng/mL). Similarly, significant differences were observed between taxi drivers and female controls for 1-OH-Na, 2-OH-Na, 2-OH-Flu, 3-OH-Phe, and 1-OHP. MDA and 8-OHdG were detected in over 90% of all groups, with significant differences between taxi drivers. Strong positive correlations were revealed between urinary OH-PAHs, MDA, and 8-OHdG (r ranging from 0.589 to 0.770, p<0.01). The findings suggest that taxi drivers, due to prolonged exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, have elevated levels of PAH metabolites and oxidative stress, especially among smokers. Further studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to validate these results and explore the long-term health implications of occupational PAH exposure in urban transportation workers..

Effect of swirler geometry on the outlet temperature profile performance of a model gas turbine combustor

This study investigates the impact of swirl numbers, swirl direction combinations, and recirculation zone geometries on outlet temperature distribution and combustion efficiency through numerical simulations using the standard k-ε turbulence model. The research focuses on how variations in swirl numbers and directions affect the formation of high-temperature zones, recirculation patterns, and overall combustor performance. The simulations demonstrate that an increase in the swirl number of the third swirler results in a shift of the local high-temperature zone towards the dome, whereas higher swirl numbers of the first and second swirlers amplify the temperature peak. When the second and third swirlers rotate in the same direction, recirculation occurs at the outlet, moving the high-temperature zone closer to the exit. A decrease in the number of fuel supply nozzles leads to a higher outlet temperature distribution factor (OTDF), while an increase in the number of nozzles enhances temperature distribution. The central recirculation zone significantly influences the outlet temperature of the combustor, with an optimal cold-state length-to-height ratio (L/H)n of approximately 1.2 and a reactive-state (L/H)r, of 2 improving temperature distribution. As the ratio decreases from 1.771 to 1.289, the OTDF decreases from 0.41 to 0.24. Higher swirl numbers increase combustion efficiency, with Case3 achieving 99.86%. Insufficient fuel–air mixing under low swirl conditions leads to incomplete combustion, whereas higher swirl numbers promote better mixing and efficiency. These findings provide a foundation for further advancements in high-performance aeroengine combustor design.

Combustion characteristics and NOx release of sludge combustion with coal in a 660 MW boiler

This article analyses the effects of sludge moisture content and blending ratio on combustion characteristics, furnace temperature distribution and NOx release during co-firing with coal in a 660 MW tangentially fired boiler using CFD. When the sludge water content increases from 10 % to 30 %, the water in the fuel is rapidly released during the initial combustion process and absorbs the reaction heat, resulting in a 2.8 % decrease in the temperature of the main combustion zone and a gradual decrease in the heat flux density, while the presence of water leads to the intensification of the incomplete combustion, resulting in the increase of the NOx conversion rate. With the increase of sludge blending ratio from 5 % to 25 % and the increase of water, the combustion temperature in the main combustion zone decreased by 4.0 %, and the heat flow density decreased significantly in the whole furnace and MBR area, by 6.43 % and 12.78 %, respectively. However, the nitrogen content present in the sludge is much higher than that of coal, and the fuel-based NOx produced by the combustion process increased dramatically, which led to the boiler exit NOx increasing by 35.4 %. Reasonable selection of sludge blending ratio and water content is a key issue to be considered for boiler co-combustion.

Elucidating the intrinsic relationship between redox properties of CeO2 and CH4 oxidation activity: A theoretical perspective.

Methane (CH4) oxidation is an important reaction to reduce the greenhouse effect caused by incomplete combustion of CH4. Here, we explored the mechanism of CH4 oxidation catalyzed by CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2, focusing on the redox properties of these catalyst surfaces, using density functional theory (DFT). We found that the barriers for CH4* activation and H2O* formation are correlated with the surface redox capacity, which is enhanced by Ni doping. Furthermore, the complete reaction mechanism is explored by DFT calculations and microkinetic simulations on bare and Ni-doped CeO2 surfaces. Our calculations suggest that the doping of Ni leads to a much higher overall reactivity, due to a balance between the CH4* activation and H2O* formation steps. These results provide insights into the CH4 oxidation mechanism and the intrinsic relationship between redox properties and the activity of CeO2 surfaces.

Naturally Deposited Charcoal Enhances Water Retention Capacity of Subtropical Forest Soils

Charcoal, a byproduct resulting from incomplete combustion of biomass in fire events, can modify the physical properties of soil due to its high porosity and large surface area. To evaluate the impact of fire-deposited charcoal on soil hydraulic characteristics, soil–charcoal mixtures were analyzed to investigate the effects of different application doses (wt%: 0, 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 20%) of charcoal on soil bulk density (BD), porosity (total, capillary, and non-capillary), residual moisture after free drainage (RM), saturated water content (SC), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of loamy and sandy soils collected from subtropical forests in south China. The results showed that the impact of charcoal on soil’s physical and hydraulic properties depends on the soil type and the application dose. The incorporation of charcoal significantly decreased the BD of sandy soil (p < 0.001), while a significant decrease in BD in loamy soil was only observed as a result of the higher application doses (10% and 20%) (p < 0.001). Charcoal application doses of 5% or higher led to a significant increase in the total porosity (TP) of sandy soil (p < 0.001) and doses of 3% and 20% resulted in a significant increase in the TP of loamy soil (p < 0.001). The capillary porosity (CP) of both sand and loamy soils significantly increased when charcoal was applied at doses of 3% or higher (p < 0.001). The minimum charcoal application dose that significantly increased the RM in sandy soil was 5%, while for loamy soil, the minimum effective dose was 10%. Charcoal applied at a dose of 3% significantly increased the Ks of sandy soil (p < 0.001), while no significant effect on Ks was observed for loamy soil (p > 0.05). Collectively, our findings suggest that fire-derived charcoal enhances the soil water-retention capacity in subtropical forests, with the effects becoming more pronounced at higher application doses and being particularly notable in sandy soil compared to loamy soil.

Carbon monoxide poisoning: assessment and actions for nurses working in service users' homes.

Carbon monoxide is a colourless, tasteless and odourless gas that is a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons such as gas or coal. Carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with high levels of mortality and morbidity, although the symptoms of exposure are non-specific and difficult to diagnose. Historically, healthcare professionals who work directly in service users' homes have faced a higher risk of exposure to environments contaminated with carbon monoxide. Despite improved heating engineering and greater protective legislation, there still remains a tangible risk for community nurses and service users, particularly in homes still using open fires, old heating systems and poorly maintained heating appliances. This article provides a scientific summary of carbon monoxide poisoning for nurses working in the community setting. It outlines evidence-based guidance on prevention and initial treatment actions, along with safety instructions to follow in the event of exposure to carbon monoxide.

Exergy analysis of a diesel methanol dual fuel engine with different regulatory strategies for meeting China VI emission regulations

To reveal the mechanism for high brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of diesel methanol dual fuel (DMDF) engine meeting China VI emission regulations without urea, experimental and computational methods were used to study the exergy distribution with different regulatory strategies. As the methanol energy ratio (MER) increased, the incomplete combustion exergy loss increased from 0.3 % to 5.5 %, while the exhaust exergy loss and heat transfer exergy loss decreased slightly. As the HP-EGR increased from 3 % to 23 %, exergy losses of incomplete combustion and exhaust decreased, resulting in a reduction in the engine exergy losses. As the LP-EGR increased from 3 % to 21 %, the exergy losses of heat transfer and incomplete combustion slightly decreased. By advancing the main injection timing, the decrease in exhaust flow rate and temperature led to a decrease in exhaust exergy loss and the combustion efficiency was improved from 95.0 % to 96.5 %. Both of them resulted in the highest exergy efficiency of 35.2 % at 12°CA BTDC. Finally, the exergy distributions of DMDF and diesel modes were compared at high and low loads. The research results can provide theoretical basis and engineering practical value for the development and optimization of DMDF engines from the perspective of exergy.

Investigation of bioethanol low-carbon fuel for diesel engines under idling conditions: Combustion, engine performance and emissions

In this study, the low idle operation is defined as the engine running at the lowest engine speed with a few slight loads. Idling is necessary for most vehicles, especially for buses and trucks that frequently travel long distances, as drivers often rest inside the vehicle. However, under idling conditions, weak air flow and low air-fuel ratio result in poor air to fuel mixture, ultimately causing incomplete combustion and the production of more harmful exhaust emissions. Bioethanol, as a low-carbon fuel, has great potential for application in diesel engines due to its unique properties. In this research, the influences of different diesel-bioethanol blends (BE0, BE5, BE10, BE15) on combustion and emissions of a diesel engine were investigated under idle conditions. The main results show that there was no phase separation phenomenon even up to 15% bioethanol was directly blended with diesel by volume. And adding bioethanol to diesel had no significant impact on combustion pressure peak, but it postponed the start of combustion (SOC). Surprisingly, the nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke were simultaneously decreased by over 52% and 78% with the intervention of bioethanol, respectively.

Operation parameters investigation on combustion and emission of a non-road diesel engine based on orthogonal experiment design at different altitudes

For improving the combustion and emission performance of engines operating at high altitude regions, a two OED optimization method was proposed. The influence of each factor on the target was analyzed and discussed through a primary OED. Based on the primary OED test, factors with less influence were excluded to reduce factors in the secondary OED test. The results showed that low intake pressure led to poor spray mixing, prolonged ignition delay, and incomplete combustion, resulting in deteriorated power output, fuel economy, and emission characteristics. After two OED optimizations, The NOx emissions increased significantly by 40.5 % and 122.5 % in the first and second optimization, respectively, however, the ISFC decreased by 13.4 % and 25.2 %, and CO decreased by 13.0 % and 25.2 % in the first and second optimization, respectively, as well as ultra-low carbon smoke emissions was achieved. The related theories and methods' advantage can be extended to engineering applications and has good practical value.

Simultaneous measurement of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide for combustion diagnosis using 2 μm laser absorption spectroscopy

AbstractCarbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are products of incomplete combustion and complete combustion, respectively. Time‐resolved knowledge of CO and CO2 exhaust concentrations will aid in improving combustion strategies, control, and efficiency. To achieve online high‐precision simultaneous measurement of CO and CO2, a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy‐based sensor is designed and constructed. Two diode lasers with central wavelengths of 2.3 and 2.0 μm are multiplexed in time‐division to cover the absorption spectral lines of CO at 4285.00 cm−1 and CO2 at 4989.96 cm−1, respectively. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection normalized by the first harmonic (WMS‐2f/1f) is employed. A software lock‐in amplifier and inversion algorithm are implemented for data processing and concentration acquisition. The entire measurement system is based on the idea of a virtual instrument and is carried out using a high‐speed data acquisition card and a computer. Experimental verification demonstrates that the measurement accuracies of CO and CO2 were 2.47% and 2.56%, respectively, with a time resolution of 20 ms. Dynamic measurement experiments with an alcohol blast burner validate the feasibility of measuring CO and CO2 in actual combustion environments. The developed sensor demonstrates the potential for real‐time and in situ carbon emission measurement for combustion diagnosis.

Experimental and Computational Studies of a Prototype Combustion Chamber for a Power Steam Boiler with a Vertical Precessing Vortex

Increasing the efficiency of using fossil fuels at thermal power plants is an urgent task. This problem arises most acutely during the operation of pulverized coal power boilers using flare fuel combustion technologies. The purpose of this work is an experimental and computational study and justification of the technology of low-temperature combustion of coal in a combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex and the creation of a prototype combustion chamber for a power steam boiler. To achieve this goal, a study of the process of two-stage coal combustion was carried out, when the first stage of coal combustion is carried out in a pre-furnace with a fluidized bed, and the after-combustion of the products of incomplete combustion of coal is carried out with gas illumination in an after-combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex. The relationship between the main design parameters of the combustion chamber and the main operating characteristics of the diffusion vortex has been determined. The most important results are: development and experimental validation of the parameters of the combustion chamber with a vertical precessing vortex; determination of optimal operating modes of the furnace when burning coal and combined combustion of coal and gas; creation of a prototype furnace for a power steam boiler with natural circulation, operating on Kansk-Achinsk coal. The significance of the results obtained lies in the possibility of their use in the design of new or modernization of existing power boilers in order to increase the efficiency, reliability and environmental safety of operation.

Analysis of the impact of misfiring on the throttle body in ayla vehicles using the fast fourier transform method

An essential component of an automobile's air intake system, the throttle body controls airflow during combustion by acting as an idle speed control mechanism. Making ensuring the throttle body is operating properly is crucial to keeping the engine running at its best. The Fast Fourier Transform vibration analysis is one technique used for this (FFT). A an LCGC Ayla 1000 cc vehicle's throttle body and engine underwent vibration testing with rotational rates set to 750 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2000 rpm. Vibration responses were measured using an accelerometer sensor coupled to an FFT analyzer, and Matlab was used for analysis. The throttle body had anomalous frequency readings at 1977 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03171 m/s2, according to the test results. On the other hand, the frequency value at 1410 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03435 m/s2 was observed under normal circumstances. Similar to this, abnormal frequency values with an amplitude of 0.02378 m/s2 were found on the engine at 1493 Hz, whereas normal frequency values with the same amplitude were found at 1712 Hz. These results point to incomplete combustion as the cause of the increased vibration