Incompetent Ones Research Articles

Exploring the experiences of content experts with item vetting during item bank development.

To explore content experts' experiences with item vetting during item bank development at a public sector medical university of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An exploratory study was carried out from December 2022 to February 2023 at a public sector medical college of Rawalpindi. A purposive sampling technique was employed to collect data from all content experts of the study institute who participated in item vetting activity during pre-exam moderation in the university. A pilot-tested semi-structured interview guide was utilized, interviews were audio recorded and later transcribed. Participants' anonymity was ensured. Various quality assurance strategies were employed to ensure the trustworthiness of the findings. Thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data and themes were finalized by achieving consensus among all authors. Six themes overarching the fourteen subthemes emerged from the data. Participants expressed a profound sense of satisfaction and valued their experience in refining expertise in constructing multiple-choice questions (MCQs). It was widely acknowledged that such activities not only contribute to the enhancement of item development skills but also improve quality of items. The consistent implementation of item vetting routines, in conjunction with diligent adherence to item writing protocols, contributes to quality assurance measures in assessment. Item bank development for fair and transparent assessment ensures production of competent healthcare professionals filtering incompetent ones hence improving health care services in the community.

Understanding State-of-the-Art Literature Reviews.

Understanding State-of-the-Art Literature Reviews.

Are talented people more virtuous in the eyes of others? Positive effects of competence on perceived morality.

Existing research on competence and morality focuses on their role in impression formation, overlooking their impact on each other. In five studies, we explored whether a target person's competence influences perceived morality of the target through interpersonal attraction. The results showed that perceived competence of a target individual was positively correlated with interpersonal attraction, which in turn positively correlated with morality (Study 1). Using an experimental design, we further found that competent individuals were considered more attractive, making them being perceived more moral than incompetent ones (Studies 2-4). In addition, an initially immoral individual was perceived as being moral when he was described as highly competent (Study 3) whereas an initially moral individual was perceived as being immoral when he was described as having low competence (Study 4). These findings were not completely accounted for by the halo effect (Study 5). The results supported that competence information promotes perceptions of morality in person perception.

Об отборе кандидатов в аналитики и их подготовке

The authors try to find answers to the following questions: how to select candidates for analytics, so as not to waste time on the incompetent ones; what to prepare them for and what to teach them. It is supposed to study in dynamics the psychological characteristics of future analysts and analytical activity in general. The article suggests the professionally structured training program consisting of three stages: acquaintance with the theoretical foundations (theory of cognition, general theory of systems, management theory, synergetics, and game theory), study of the specifics of analytical activity and practical development of the necessary skills.

A novel lincRNA identified in buffalo oocytes with protein binding characteristics could hold the key for oocyte competence.

Studying the maternal oocyte-specific genes, in farm animals is a significant step towards delineating the underlying mechanisms that regulate oocyte quality, early embryonic development and survival. With the creation of buffalo oocyte-specific subtracted cDNA library, it has raised new questions which need to be answered. The present study has characterized one of the ESTs selected from the library and highlighted its importance in the oocyte quality. The selected EST was made full length by RLM-RACE and four transcript variants were identified. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the novelty of full-length transcript along with conserved intergenic nature. The largest transcript was identified as long intergenic noncoding RNA based upon coding potential calculator output. The expression analysis at different hours of oocyte maturation showed a significant variation in developmentally competent oocytes to that of incompetent ones. Along with this, the transcript was also found to have protein binding ability which was confirmed by RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The protein used in the experiment was isolated from oocyte and cumulus cells via sonication. A novel lincRNA has been reported here that might have an important role in maturation of oocytes, inferred from its relative gene expression study and protein binding characteristics.

Building a Better Bar: The Twelve Building Blocks of Minimum Competence

The bar exam tries to distinguish minimally competent lawyers from incompetent ones: it exists to protect the public from the harms of incompetent legal representation. That protection is critical to maintaining the integrity of the profession, but the bar exam achieves that goal only if it effectively assesses minimum competence. Although the bar exam has existed for more than a century, there has never been an agreed-upon, evidence-based definition of minimum competence. Absent such a definition, it is impossible to know whether the bar exam is a valid measure of the minimum competence needed to practice law or an artificial barrier to entry. We designed this study to address these substantial gaps in our knowledge, build on the existing research, and develop an evidence-based definition of minimum competence. We conducted 50 focus groups using a protocol we developed to gather data about the knowledge and skills new lawyers need to practice competently. Of those focus groups, 41 were conducted with new lawyers, while the remaining nine were conducted with those who supervise new lawyers. The data from these focus groups suggest that minimum competence consists of 12 interlocking components — or “building blocks.” Based on the data, it is also clear that exams should be open book and provide greater time to complete. Multiple choice questions bear little resemblance to the cognitive skills lawyers use and should be avoided; instead, written performance tests do in fact resemble many of the tasks that new lawyers perform and are encouraged. Additionally, practice-based assessments, such as ones based on clinical performance, offer promising avenues for evaluating minimum competence beyond the bar exam. In this report, we also outline 10 recommendations that courts, law schools, bar associations, bar examiners, and other stakeholders should consider in their efforts to move towards better, evidence-based lawyer licensing.

UZAKYOL VARDİYA ZABİTİ SEÇİM KRİTERLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

It is widely accepted that one of the most important factors playing an important role in the accidents encountered in shipping is the human factor. A thorough analysis of the most likely sources of this factor in particular world reveal the unfavorable strategies adopted in recruiting and hiring seafarers: employing incompetent ones. Who are not qualified enough to successfully carry out the critical jobs remarkably affective in sustaining the required safety in oceangoing vessels. In mitigating the mistakes and risks and sustaining safety on board ships, recruiting and employing qualitative and competent watchkeeping officers is of utmost importance. The purpose of this study is to determine the criteria (to be) used in recruiting oceangoing watchkeeping officers. To do this, semi-structured interviews, one of the instruments of qualitative research method, has been conducted through the human resource managers of 12 shipowning and/or operating/management companies. As a result of having analyzed the data, 18 vocational, attitudinal/behavioral competencies have been determined, and the overall results have been discussed.

Strain of Synechocystis PCC 6803 with Aberrant Assembly of Photosystem II Contains Tandem Duplication of a Large Chromosomal Region.

Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 represents a favored model organism for photosynthetic studies. Its easy transformability allowed construction of a vast number of Synechocystis mutants including many photosynthetically incompetent ones. However, it became clear that there is already a spectrum of Synechocystis “wild-type” substrains with apparently different phenotypes. Here, we analyzed organization of photosynthetic membrane complexes in a standard motile Pasteur collection strain termed PCC and two non-motile glucose-tolerant substrains (named here GT-P and GT-W) previously used as genetic backgrounds for construction of many photosynthetic site directed mutants. Although, both the GT-P and GT-W strains were derived from the same strain constructed and described by Williams in 1988, only GT-P was similar in pigmentation and in the compositions of Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI) complexes to PCC. In contrast, GT-W contained much more carotenoids but significantly less chlorophyll (Chl), which was reflected by lower level of dimeric PSII and especially trimeric PSI. We found that GT-W was deficient in Chl biosynthesis and contained unusually high level of unassembled D1-D2 reaction center, CP47 and especially CP43. Another specific feature of GT-W was a several fold increase in the level of the Ycf39-Hlip complex previously postulated to participate in the recycling of Chl molecules. Genome re-sequencing revealed that the phenotype of GT-W is related to the tandem duplication of a large region of the chromosome that contains 100 genes including ones encoding D1, Psb28, and other PSII-related proteins as well as Mg-protoporphyrin methylester cyclase (Cycl). Interestingly, the duplication was completely eliminated after keeping GT-W cells on agar plates under photoautotrophic conditions for several months. The GT-W strain without a duplication showed no obvious defects in PSII assembly and resembled the GT-P substrain. Although, we do not exactly know how the duplication affected the GT-W phenotype, we hypothesize that changed stoichiometry of protein components of PSII and Chl biosynthetic machinery encoded by the duplicated region impaired proper assembly and functioning of these multi-subunit complexes. The study also emphasizes the crucial importance of a proper control strain for evaluating Synechocystis mutants.

Strategic Shirking in Promotion Tournaments

We provide a theoretical analysis of multitask promotion tournaments in which workers increase their promotion chances by under-performing (over-performing) on tasks that are de-emphasized (emphasized) in a promotion rule. In some settings the …rm can mitigate such “strategic shirking” by committing to a promotion rule that requires more balance in the performances across job tasks than would be justi…ed on productivity grounds. The model can explain “Putt’s Law”, which states that competent workers are sometimes passed over for promotion in favor of incompetent ones.

Capacity-testing as a means of increasing political inclusion

Some competent political actors, primarily young people and the cognitively impaired, are excluded from political participation by modern liberal democratic states. This exclusion occurs because the means utilized by states to distinguish between competent citizens (who must be included) and incompetent ones (who may be excluded) are imperfect. They include age restrictions on enfranchisement and, commonly, legal restrictions on enfranchisement for those with cognitive disabilities. Capacity-testing provides a means to improve on these existing mechanisms for exclusion. It is not, however, often suggested, nor seen as viable. Here, I argue that we should utilize capacity-testing to more effectively include capable citizens in our democratic practice. I defend a particular scope and kind of capacity-testing against common objections.

Strategic Shirking in Promotion Tournaments

We provide a theoretical analysis of promotion tournaments in which workers 'strategically shirk' by purposely under-performing on tasks that are de-emphasized in a promotion rule, while over-performing in tasks that are emphasized in the rule, thereby increasing their chances of promotion and a wage increase. To mitigate the multitasking problem, the firm might commit upfront to a promotion rule that requires more balance in the performances across tasks in a job than would otherwise be justified on productivity grounds. The analysis shows how 'Putt's Law' (which states that competent workers are sometimes passed over for promotion in favor of incompetent ones) can be understood as a natural consequence of the firm designing optimal promotion rules.

Oviductal, endometrial and embryonic gene expression patterns as molecular clues for pregnancy establishment

In higher animals, the beginning of new life and transfer of genetic material to the next generation occurs in the oviduct when two distinct gametes cells unite resulting in the formation of a zygote. The zygote then undergoes serial developmental processes in the oviduct and enters into the uterus where it faces challenges and scrutiny from the endometrial ecosystem. Thus, embryos that are able to establish an appropriate embryo–maternal dialogue are capable of developing to term whereas the incompetent ones can perish any time during the gestation period. Although several lines of evidences indicated that pregnancy loss is a multi-factorial phenomenon, the biochemical composition of the embryo and maternal environment are the main players to determine pregnancy outcome. Indeed, expression patterns of the genes are the driving forces that induce biochemical composition changes in embryo, oviduct and uterine environment. Thus, examining the molecular signals that are associated with oviductal or endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation is essential for establishing strategies to improve pregnancy success. Therefore, this review focuses on the contribution of oviduct and its transcriptome profile on early stage embryo development and the impact of endometrium and its transcriptome changes on peri and post embryo implantation. In addition, this paper integrates established facts about hormonal and molecular signatures associated with endometrial receptivity. Finally, the blastocyst and pre-conception endometrial gene expression profiles have been discussed in relation to the pregnancy outcome to highlight the potentials of blastocyst and pre-transfer endometrial transcriptome profile approach for selecting appropriate recipient and developmentally competent embryo.

Balanced sections and the propagation of décollement: A Jura perspective

The propagation of thrusting is an important problem in tectonics that is usually approached by forward (kinematical) modeling of balanced sections. Although modeling techniques are similar in most foreland fold‐thrust belts, it turns out that in the Jura, there are modeling problems that require modifications of widely used techniques. In particular, attention is called to the role of model constraints that complement the set of observational constraints in order to fully define the model. In the eastern Jura, such model constraints may be inferred from the regional geology, which shows a peculiar noncoaxial relation between thrusts and subsequent folds. This relation implies changes in the direction of translation and the mode of deformation in the course of the propagation of décollement. These changes are conjectured to be the result of a change in partial decoupling between the thin‐skinned fold‐thrust system (nappe) and the obliquely subducted foreland. As a particularly instructive case in point, a cross section through the Weissenstein range is discussed. A two‐step forward (kinematical) model is proposed that uses both local observational constraints as well as model constraints inferred from regional data. As a first step, a fault bend fold is generated in the hanging wall of a thrust of 1500 m shortening. As a second step, this structure is transferred by flexural slip into the actual fold observed at the surface. This requires an additional 1600 m of shortening and leads to folding of the original thrust. Thereafter, the footwall is deformed so as to respect the constraint that this deformation must fit into the space defined by the folded thrust as the upper boundary and the décollement surface as the lower boundary, and that, in addition, should be confined to the area immediately below the fold. In modeling the footwall deformation a mix of balancing methods is used: fault propagation folds for the competent intervals of the stratigraphic column and area balancing for the incompetent ones. Further propagation of décollement into the foreland is made possible by the folding process, which is dominated by a sort of kinking and which is the main contribution to structural elevation and hence to producing a sort of critical taper of the moving thin‐skinned wedge.

Membrane protein lateral interactions control Semliki Forest virus budding.

Semliki Forest virus, SFV, directs the synthesis of two membrane proteins, p62 and E1, which form a p62E1 heterodimer in the endoplasmic reticulum. After being transported to the plasma membrane (PM), they are incorporated into the virus membrane during the process of virus budding. Electronmicroscopic analyses of the envelope in matured virus show that the heterodimers are clustered into trimeric structures (spikes) which further form a regular surface lattice with T = 4. In this work we have used a genetic approach to study the importance of the trimerization event for virus budding. We have coexpressed a budding competent form of the virus heterodimer with another one which cannot be used for particle formation because of a defect in nucleocapsid (NC) binding. We show that the NC binding-deficient heterodimer is able to inhibit the budding of the competent one in a concentration-dependent manner and that the NC binding-competent heterodimers can rescue the incompetent ones into virus particles. This suggests that the heterodimers are complexed together, probably into the trimeric structures (spikes), at the PM to expose a multivalent binding site for the NC and thereby drive efficient virus budding.

Distribution of synaptic specializations along isolated motor units formed in Xenopus nerve-muscle cultures

The capacity of individual muscle cells and neurons to establish synaptic specializations along the entire extent of their neurite-muscle contacts was assessed in culture. Spinal cord neurons derived from embryos of Xenopus laevis were plated at low density in cultures of Xenopus myotomal muscle cells in order to obtain isolated motor units whose neuron and muscle cells were not contacted by any other neuron. These isolated motor units were examined for localization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) after staining with fluorescent alpha-bungarotoxin and, in some cases, for localization of a synaptic vesicle antigen by immunofluorescence. The neurite-muscle contacts formed by competent neurons exhibited discontinuous sites of AChR localization occupying about 25% of the contact length as compared with 2% for incompetent neurons. Competent neurons, unlike incompetent ones, established these neurite-associated receptor patches (NARPs) on virtually all the muscle cells they contacted and functionally innervated them. These and other observations on the distribution of NARPs throughout the isolated motor units indicate that the capacity of competent neurons to establish NARPs extends to the limits of growth of most if not all of their neurites, that this capacity is least in the most proximal portions of initial neuritic segments, and that the overall capacity of muscle cells to generate NARPs can be saturated by long lengths of neurite-muscle contact. The results also suggest that even in the absence of competitive interactions between neurons there are spatial discontinuities in neuritic action and/or muscle response during the establishment of NARPs. Synaptic vesicle antigen patches (SVAPs) occurred along the neuritic arbor of all neurons, but their distribution in competent neurons (those which established NARPs) and in incompetent ones differed. For competent neurons the percentage of neurite length occupied by SVAPs was 4.8-fold greater on muscle cells than off, whereas the corresponding value for incompetent neurons was only 1.5-fold. This large preferential localization of SVAPs along neurite-muscle contacts of competent neurons was further associated with a colocalization of SVAPs and NARPs that was greater than predicted by chance. These results suggest that muscle cells are much more effective in influencing the distribution of synaptic vesicles along the neuritic arbor of competent neurons than along the arbor of incompetent neurons and that this influence is greatest at sites of postsynaptic differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Changes in gene expression patterns for specific proteins when vegetatively growing cells of the fungus Achlya are induced to differentiate by starvation

Within 6 h after Achlya cells growing vegetatively in a defined medium were transferred to a nutrient-free medium (starvation), they synchronously developed asexual sporangia and sporulated. This response, however, depended on the vegetative age of the cells prior to starvation. If the cells had grown for less than 6 h, then only about 10% of them developed sporangia within 6 h of starvation; these are referred to as reproductively incompetent cells. If the cells had grown for more than 12 h, then more than 90% devloped sporangia within 6 h of starvation; these are referred to as reproductively competent cells. The pattern of protein synthesis in competent and incompetent starving cells was analyzed by electrophoresis; it was similar except that a few proteins of molecular weight (MW) 85 000–35 000 were synthesized at a significantly diminished rate in competent cells compared with incompetent ones. By contrast, vegetatively growing and starving competent cells displayed somewhat different patterns of protein synthesis. On the one hand, a protein of MW 83 000 was actively synthesized in growing cells, but not in starving ones. A variety of growth inhibitory conditions such as thermal shift from 24 to 42 °C, supply of actinomycin D (12.5 μg/mL), or supply of tunicamycin (25 μg/mL) drastically reduced synthesis of the 83 000 MW protein in contrast to other cell proteins. On the other hand, a group of polypeptides of MW 40 000 was actively synthesized by starving cells, but not by vegetatively growing ones. L-Glutamine arrested sporangial development in reproductively competent starving cells and altered their protein synthesis pattern in the following ways: it reduced synthesis of the 40 000 MW polypeptides, maintained an active synthesis of the 83 000 MW protein for a period, and generally elicited a vegetative cell pattern of polypeptide labelling.

Likability, Sex‐role Congruence of Interest, and Competence: It All Depends on How You Ask1

Subjects were shown one of four videotaped versions of a male or female stimulus person (SP) being interviewed, the SP' s being Competent or Incompetent and Masculine or Feminine in their interests. All S s were asked to rate the SPs' likability on an objective questionnaire, those in one condition (Standard) immediately after viewing the tape, and in another (Projective) after first having responded to a series of open‐ended, TAT‐like questions about the SP. In the Standard condition, the major results were two highly significant effects‐Competent SP s were liked better than Incompetent ones, and the Masculine Competent SP s more than their feminine counterparts. Several changes occurred in the Projective condition. Only profeminist women continued to prefer the Masculine Competent female SP to the Feminine Competent, the other group reversing their ratings. In response to the male SP s, profeminist males in the Projective condition preferred both Masculine SP s to the Feminine ones and, in comparison with other groups, exhibited a reduced competency effect.

Pity the poor surgeon.

Pity the Poor Surgeon Eugene C. Murdoch "A man to succeed . . . must be incredulous; must be cautious, watchful sharp shrewd, cunning, and quick .... He must be a man of will and purpose, with decision of character as firm and unbending as a column of granite . . . ."x These were among the qualities considered essential for a surgeon of the Civil War draft board, or enrolment board, as it was called. The pressures on the surgeon were so demanding, the attempts to mislead or deceive him so ingenious, and the quantity of work so exhausting that it required a man of unusual character to survive at the job. Most met the test; a few did not. A study of the enrolment board surgeon will show why the best medical people frequently shunned the position, why mistakes were made by the surgeons, and why they were often wrongly accused of fraud. It will also show why a small minority were correctly accused of fraud. The point is that while the performance of the enrolment board surgeon was far from perfect, little else about the Civil War draft worked perfectly either, and the showing of the medical people was probably better than anyone had a right to expect. The enrolment board was composed of the provost marshal, the surgeon , and a commissioner. The provost marshal as head of die board was in charge of the enrolment, die draft, the serving of draft notices, the mustering in of draftees and volunteers, and a host of other activities . The commissioner had no specific responsibilities and served as a kind of general clerk without portfolio. The surgeon's duties also were somewhat vaguely defined, although he was expected to participate in all activities of the enrolment board and to conduct the physical examinations of draftees, volunteers, and substitutes. The generally low calibre of enrolment board surgeons is easily explained . The simple fact is that the low pay—equal to that of an assistant surgeon of the army—which ranged from $100 to $130 per month —was not sufficient to induce experienced and talented doctors to accept such appointments. Those who did so were patriots who refused to put a dollar sign in front of their professional skill. But many of the posts had to be filled by young, inexperienced men, or old, incompetent ones. 1 Surgeon's Report, Ky. 6. Over 100 "Surgeon's Reports" were submitted to the Chief Medical Officer or the Provost Marshal General's Bureau; these reports form the basis of this study. Officially tided, Statistics, Medical and Anthropological of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, 2 vols. (Washington, 1875), these reports will be hereafter identified as "SR", followed by the state and district. 18 Dr. Abraham Rothrock wrote that he was on the brink of retirement after thirty-five years of practice when he was notified of his appointment as surgeon of the 17th District of Pennsylvania. That it was a sacrifice for him to accept was made clear when he commented that a surgeon 's salary was "by no means an equivalent for the responsibility, labor, and, in some respects, disagreeable duties connected with the office."2 At Elmira, New York, Dr. Hollis Chubbock remarked that the Federal government ignored enrolment board surgeons and did not pay them in keeping with the heavy responsibilities they bore. "This may account," he noted, "for there being so many young and inexperienced surgeons in the service." Competent surgeons could not easily be induced to abandon their practices.3 Dr. H. O. Crane of Green Bay, Wisconsin, contended that the surgeon's duties were so difficult and unpleasant , and the rewards so inadequate, that few had any regrets about leaving their posts at the war's end. The surgeon at Joliet, Illinois, asserted that no respectable doctor would accept an enrolment board appointment for other than patriotic reasons.4 Among the many problems facing the surgeon was confusion over his official duties and responsibilities. This was especially true of physical examinations. The Reguhtions for the Government of the Bureau of the Provost Marslial General of the United States stipulated that the full membership of the enrolment board should make the final decision on the acceptability...

Detection of Incompetent Perforating Veins by Venography at Operation

All types of varicose veins can be treated successfully by a radical stripping operation in which the whole system of diseased veins and related perforating veins is removed (Myers, 1957 ; Arenander, 1960 ; Sherman, 1964). Simple procedures such as high iigation, with or without stripping of the main saphenous trunk, though widely practised, are much less successful, even in the early and uncomplicated case. Great saphenous incompetence is usually obvious, and can be con vincingly demonstrated by the Brodie-Trendelenburg test. Femoro-saphenous reflux fills the superficial veins with blood at a low pressure only (Cockett, 1956). Incompetent perforating veins, however, are easy to overlook, and their presence cannot be excluded with certainty by any clinical test. They are present in 90% of cases (Sherman, 1949), and are especially important as a cause of varices which persist or recur after operation (Mathiesen, 1953 ; Lofgren, Myers and Webb, 1956 ; and many others), and as the cause of ulcers. Cockett and Jones (1953) showed that the venous drainage of the lower part of the leg is through short per forating veins to the deep vessels, and only indirecdy through the saphenous systems. Thus in this area any superficial venous disease is likely to stem from the perforating vessels, and it is here in the gaiter-area that the high intermittent pressures in the deep veins can be transmitted to the surface through incompetent perforating veins, leading to (Arnoldi, 1966). Varicose ulc?ration due solely to incompetence of superficial veins does not occur, for incompetent perforating veins can be found in association with every venous ulcer (Sarjeant, 1964 ; Arnoldi, 1966 ; Haeger, 1966). It is true that saphenous incompetence may be a contributory cause of ulc?ra tion and that ulcers may be healed by removal of the saphenous vein, but the effect is unpredictable and healing often only tem porary (Moore, 1957 ; Haeger, personal communication, 1966). It is sometimes thought that stripping out the saphenous trunk destroys the perforating veins, but Sherman (1949) has shown that about one-half of all perforating veins, and most of the incompetent ones, are not directly connected with the saphenous trunks. Radical stripping operations, though repeatedly shown to be very effective, are not practised by the majority of surgeons, who perhaps feel that the time and trouble required and the trauma to the patient are not justified even by a reasonably certain cure. Another prevalent view, that varicosis is a progressive condition essentially unsuited to radical cure, has some basis in fact, but is founded more on a practice of inadequate diagnosis followed by inadequate surgery.