Principle Of Incompatibility Research Articles

On the coupling of Hamilton's principle and thermodynamic extremal principles

Extremal principles can generally be divided into two rather distinct classes. There are, on the one hand side, formulations based on the Lagrangian or Hamiltonian mechanics, respectively, dealing with time dependent problems, but essentially resting on conservation of energy and thus being not applicable to dissipative systems in a consistent way. On the other hand, there are formulations based essentially on maximizing the dissipation, working efficiently for the description of dissipative systems, but being not suitable for including inertia effects. Many attempts can be found in the literature to overcome this split into incompatible principles. However, essentially all of them possess an unnatural appearance. In this work, we suggest a solution to this dilemma resting on an additional assumption based on the thermodynamic driving forces involved. Applications to a simple dissipative structure and a material with varying mass demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach.

The incompatibility (and non-electability) of the function of judge and prosecutor with the parliamentary mandate in Poland

The principle of incompatibility, as expressed in Article 103 of the Basic Law, constitutes one of the key guarantees for the exercise of the parliamentary mandate. By indicating the functions that cannot be exercised in tandem with the mandate of a deputy or senator, the legislator aims to achieve, inter alia, such objectives as: fulfilment of the principle of separation of powers, counteracting conflicts of interest and corruption phenomena, ensuring transparency of decisions taken and ensuring impartiality and independence in the exercise of office. Judges and prosecutors, which also includes retired judges and prosecutors, may not hold parliamentary office. Consequently, electing them as MPs or senators requires them to relinquish their office as judges or prosecutors, and the consequence of not relinquishing their office is the termination of their mandate.

Economic justification for taxation and tax fairness: a new look at an old problem

A search for criteria of economically justified and fair taxation has been going on for a long time within studies in philosophy of law, constitutional law and tax law. Often such studies are one-sided and incomplete. The criteria developed by researchers, as well as research-based definition of “economic justification for taxation,” are unsatisfactory and unsuitable for practical use. Without understanding economic justification for taxation, it is impossible to give answers to many practical questions, in particular: is a tax economically justified or not? The purpose of this article is to formulate a new universal, practically applicable definition of “economic justification for taxation,” reflecting modern Russian and foreign ideas about fiscal social contract and constitutional principles of taxation. To achieve this goal, the author resorts to a comparative analysis of two incompatible principles of fair taxation: the equivalence (benefit) principle, arising from “individualistic” Anglo-Saxon theory, and the ability-to-pay principle that is based on continental European “welfare-state” doctrine. The author uses equivalence (benefit) principle to develop a so-called “beneficiary” theory of economic justification for taxation. The beneficiary theory is for the first time set out in this article. The beneficiary theory offers a new understanding of economic justification for taxation which is unconventional for Russian tax law and establishes a clearer – compared to previously known – criterion of economically justified taxation. This criterion makes it possible to identify economically unjustified taxes that do not comply with provisions of tax legislation and Russian Federation Constitution, and therefore can be applied when challenging: 1) validity of legislation establishing economically unjustified taxes; 2) constitutionality of tax legislation. The author, using the beneficiary theory he developed, assesses economic justification for bachelor tax and vehicle tax paid by owner of a vehicle not in use.

Review of the limitations and potential empirical improvements of the parametric group method of data handling for rainfall modelling

This study furthers the utilisation of the parametric group method of data handling (GMDH) in assessing the possibility of rainfall modelling and prediction, using publicly available temperature and rainfall data. In using ordinary GMDH approaches, the modelling is inconclusive with no clear consistency demonstrated through coefficients of determination and analysis of variance. Hence, an empirical assessment has been undertaken to provide an explanation of the inconsistency. In doing so, state variable distribution, their classification within the fuzzy context, and the need to integrate the principle of incompatibility into the GMDH modelling format are all assessed. The mathematical foundations of GMDH are discussed within the heuristic framework of data partitioning, partial description synthesis, the limitations of the least-squares coefficient of determination, incompleteness theorem, and the necessity for an external criterion in the selection procedure for polynomials. Methods for modelling improvement include the potential for hybridisation with least square support vector machines (LSSVM), the application of filters for parameter estimation, and the combination with signal processing techniques, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), wavelet transformation (WT), and wavelet packet transformation (WPT). These have been investigated in addition to the implementation of enhanced GMDH (eGMDH) and fuzzy GMDH (FGMDH). The inclusion of exogenous data and its application within the GMDH modelling paradigm are also discussed. The study concludes with recommendations to enhance the potential for future rainfall modelling study success using parametric GMDH.

The world literary system and planetarity in Bernardo Atxaga’s Obabakoak

The bascophone reception of Bernardo Atxaga’s Obabakoak has claimed its universality as one of its main merits. This can be seen as a symptom of the desire for external recognition commonly found in minoritized cultures. This article analyses the type of relationality that Obabakoak envisions between the community of bascophone culture and the wider world of global culture. I rebut the suggestion that Obabakoak is an artifice to achieve international consecration in return for a deliberately self-exoticizing image of the Basques. I show instead that Obabakoak undoes hierarchies of cultural and literary value and projects both the world literary system and the realm of worldly human relations onto a plane that incorporates the two seemingly incompatible principles of equality and radical alterity. These principles constitute a type of relationality that can be identified as the core of the notion of planetarity, which also harbours the undecidable choice between the vernacular and the cosmopolitan.

Corporate Governance Policy Implementation Analysis using D. Wayne Taylor Theory. Case Study: Dental and Oral Hospital by Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia (RSKGM FKG UI) in 2019

Corporate Governance is a term that is related to the direction and control of an organization, institution, or function, to fit the goals and expectations of decision makers. This research aims to conduct an analysis of corporate governance using D. Wayne Taylor’s theory by conducting a case study at the Dental and Oral Hospital by Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia (RSKGM FKG UI). The design of this research is qulitative analysis with methods of collection data through document review and in-depth interview. The results of the research are reflected in nine principles that are recognized by six incompatible principles, two principles that are appropriate, and one principle that cannot be seen in accordance with the requirements in RSKGM FKG UI that have not supported yet. Two principles that are appropriate are: the principle of the Board-CEO Relationship and the principle of the Ownership Needs.

What's all the fuss about? The inheritance of acquired traits is compatible with the Central Dogma.

The Central Dogma of molecular biology, which holds that DNA makes protein and not the other way around, is as influential as it is controversial. Some believe the Dogma has outlived its usefulness, either because it fails to fully capture the ins-and-outs of protein synthesis (Griffiths and Stotz in Genetics and philosophy Cambridge introductions to philosophy and biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013; Stotz in Hist Philos Life Sci 28(4):533-548, 2006), because it turns on a confused notion of information (Sarkar in Molecular models of life, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2004), or because it problematically assumes the unidirectional flow of information from DNA to protein (Gottlieb, in: Oyama, Griffiths, Gray (eds), Cycles of contingency: developmental systems and evolution, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2001). This paper evaluates an underexplored defense of the Dogma, which relies on the assumption that the Dogma and the Inheritance of Acquired Traits, a principle which dates as far back as Jean Baptiste-Lamarck, are incompatible principles (Smith in The theory of evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993; Judson in The eighth day of creation, Jonathan Cape, London, 1979; Dawkins in The extended phenotype, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1970; Cobb in PLoS Biol 15(9):e2003243, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003243 ; Wilkins in BioEssays 24(10):960-973, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.10167 ; Graur The fallacious commingling of two unrelated hypotheses: 'the central dogma' and 'dna makes rna makes protein'. Judge Starling., 2018. http://judgestarling.tumblr.com/post/177554581856/the-fallacious-commingling-of-two-unrelated ). By appealing to empirical evidence in molecular science, I argue that this apparent incompatibility is indeed merely apparent. I conclude by briefly demonstrating how these considerations bear on the topic of conceptual pluralism in the philosophy of science (Stencel and Proszewska in Found Sci 23(4):603-620, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-017-9543-x ; Lu and Bourrat in Br J Philos Sci 69(3):775-800, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/axx019 ).

Dichotomy of Consumerizm and Communitarism as a Method of Balance of Forces in Society

Relevance. The market-imposed system of consumerism overstepped the boundaries of bifurcation and entered into “legitimate rights” to abolish the living traditional world, thereby disturbing the balance in society and thereby signed the death sentence to itself. The problem of research. Exploring the possibilities of social reloading from consumerism to communitarianism to restore the balance of power in society. Scientific novelty and research results. Our novelty of research lies in the application of scientific tools to analyze a possible reload. We used the complementarity principle of N. Bohr, the principle of spontaneous emergence of I. Prigogine, the principle of incompatibility L. Zade, the principle of managing uncertainties, the principle of ignorance of individual opinions and collective ideas, the principle of conformity, the principle of diversity of development of a complex system, the principle of unity and mutual transitions, the principle oscillatory (pulsating) evolution – showed instability in the management of society by mondialist-compradors and a possible countdown of the transition from the sensual age to the ideation nnuyu, and in our case – from consumerism to communitarianism. The main purpose of the work. From the apparent modern triumph of consumerism over communitarianism, we are not interested in a fact-problem, but in the idea of transforming reality that can stop the process of obscuration. Discussion and Conclusion. In the Middle Ages, during the construction of the project “Holy Russia”, communities were created according to the principle of “big”. Around the devotee of piety, voluntary monastic settlements were created, which grew into suburbs. Of these, the ascetic-hesychast stood out, who went into the forest and chopped down a new temple. To the righteous people flocked, yearning for a just life. This is how a new community was created. There was a new prayer book and then the big man blessed him to organize other settlements. The state should be interested in finding new forms of solutions for educational, economic, technical, cultural and food programs, therefore the initiative of communitarianists should not be punished, but supported. Today, foreign investors are becoming owners of not only factories, but even entire branches of domestic industry and are able to significantly influence domestic politics in our country. The growing number of immigrants as a destabilizing factor is becoming increasingly important. In such a situation, the fate of the country depends on the ability of the people to a new unification. It is necessary to unite on the basis of religious and cultural traditions on the principle of professional fraternities; if only there would be more centers of spiritual culture, but not by the principle of quantity, as is always the case with officials, but by the qualitative qualification of the “big man” as a center of creative and integrative power. From the foregoing, the idea of building ideational (communitarian) cohorts is born, which, through their ascetic life and creative work, should set a new vector for historical development (“salt”) consumer society.

Fuzzy combinatorial optimization in four-dimensional tradeoff problem of cost-time-quality-risk in one dimension and in the second dimension of risk context in ambiguous mode

Purpose The optimization and tradeoff of cost-time-quality-risk in one dimension and this four-dimensional problem in ambiguous mode and risk can be neither predicted nor estimated. This study aims to solve this problem and rank fuzzy numbers using an innovative algorithm “STHD” and a special technique “radius of gyration” (ROG) for fuzzy answers, respectively. Design/methodology/approach First, it is the optimization of a fully fuzzy four-dimensional problem which has never been dealt with in regard to risk in ambiguous mode and complexities. Therefore, the risk is a parameter which has been examined neither in probability and estimableness mode nor in the ambiguous mode so far. Second, it is a fully fuzzy tradeoff which, based on the principle of incompatibility “Zadeh, 1973”, proposes that when the complexity of a system surpasses the limited point, it becomes impossible to define the performance of that system accurately, precisely and meaningfully. The authors believe that this principle is the source of fuzzy logic. Third, for calculating and ranking fuzzy numbers of answers, a special technique for fuzzy numbers has been used. Fourth, For the sake of ease, precision and efficiency, an innovative algorithm called the technique of hunting dolphins “STHD” has been used. Finally, the problem is very close to reality. By applying risk in ambiguous mode, the problem has been realistically looked at. Findings The results showed that the algorithm was highly robust, with its performance depending very little on the regulation of the parameters. Ranking fuzzy numbers using the ROG indicated the flexibility of fuzzy logic, and it was also determined that the most appropriate regulations were to ensure low time, risk and cost but maximum quality in calculations, which were produced non-uniformly based on the levels of Pareto answers. Originality/value The ROG and Chanas Fuzzy Critical Path Method as developed by other researchers have been used. Despite the increase in limitations, parameters can develop. The originality of this study with regard to evaluating the results of tradeoff combinatorial optimization is upon decision-making which has a special and highly strategic role in the fate of the project, with the research been conducted with a special approach and different tools in a fully fuzzy environment.

Analysing modeling methods in the ecology from the systemology positions

To obtain a forecast, models of behavior of specific systems are created, whose adequacy can be judged only within the framework of accepted hypotheses. The increase in the complexity of the object under study causes an increase in the complexity of the mathematical apparatus. However, today’s modeling device does not solve the main problem of increasing the low (or unsatisfactory) predictive ability of models of rather complicated systems. Ecosystems are the objects of complex nature, and the methodological basis for their study is the theory of complex systems. Therefore, when solving this issue, it is necessary to turn to the analysis of the basic principles of systemology. Goal: analysis of the main provisions of systemology for the application of modeling in ecosystem research. The methodological basis for the study of the ecosystem is the theory of complex systems. As a result of the work the analysis of the basic positions of systemology concerning the approaches in the study of simple and complex systems was carried out. The basic principles of systemology and the most important functions of explanation and prediction of the observed phenomena in the studied class of systems are considered, as well as the connection between the complications of the behavior of simulated objects and the methods of their modeling. It is determined that in the study of complex systems, the principle of multiplicity of models is used. In this case, none of the methods of modeling has all sets of model functions at the same time. The principle of feasibility of models is manifested in the block method of constructing simulation models. This to overcome allows to some extent the pro-oath of dimension in models of potential efficiency, where impossible situations can be rejected for real systems. The principle of incompatibility manifests itself in the fact that none of the methods of modeling realizes simultaneously the explanatory and predictive functions of the theory. Finally, the principle of counter-intuitive behavior of complex systems is taken into account when constructing self-organizing models. It is noted that mathematical modeling of complex systems should be considered as an extension of traditional natural science experiment. With regard to the analysis of environmental systems, as well as the analysis of any other complex system, the experiment should replace the power of abstraction and computer simulation.

Constitutional Status of Judges: Main Elements and their Characteristics

The article analyzes the scholars’ research on determining the elements of the constitutional status of judges. The article presents the author’s view on some definitions of the constitutional status of judges. The article proposes to determine four basic guarantees of the status of judges, which are necessary for the proper functioning of the judicial branch of power: the principle of appointment of judges, the principle of irremovability of judges, the principle of independence of judges, and the principle of incompatibility. The principle of appointment of judges means the procedure of formation of a judiciary; the principle involves an independent competitive selection which is divided into two stages: the assessment of legal professional skills and competences (“exam”) and the assessment of social and psychological skills and competences with an additional assessment of legal professional skills and competences (“interview”). The author gives some examples that prove the fact that there are still some problems connected with the principle of appointment of judges in Ukraine. The principle of irremovability restricts the sphere of influence on judges and provides judges with the assurance that they can be removed only because of their own incompetence. A special attention is paid to the importance and necessity of the principle of independence of judges. The article also provides some examples of nihilism of the principle of independence of judges. The principle of incompatibility means that judges cannot be guided by their own interests. The author notes that guarantees of the constitutional status of judges are really effective only if all four principles are available and followed. The author pays attention to the fact that most of the guarantees of the judges’ status are common in the constitutions of many foreign countries, in spite of many differences in their cultural, political, social development and legal consciousness. Manuscript received 04.03.2019

О методологии имитационного моделирования дидактических систем

An important part of the modern didactics is the mathematical theory of teaching. The development of information technologies led to the emergence of the method of simulation, which fundamentally changed the study of mathematical models of didactic systems, accelerated the solution of complex problems, increased the clarity of the results. Simulation modeling of the didactic systems requires the development of an appropriate methodology, which combines different principles and approaches. In the article: 1) the cognitive scheme of the didactic process, taking into account the main factors and links affecting on training, is constructed; 2) the important principles of imitation modeling of system “teacher – pupil” are formulated; 3) the results of modeling, allowing to study the dependence of the strength of the acquired knowledge on various characteristics of the didactic system, are analyzed. To model the didactic system, the information-cybernetic approach, the system approach, the fuzzy logic, the methodology of soft systems, the methods of qualitative, mathematical and computer simulation by imitation of stochastic processes and numerical solution of the differential equations are used. The article considers important methodological ideas which underlies the construction of models of the teaching process: 1) the principle of the model multiplicity or the construction opportunity of several models of system; 2) the principle of the correspondence of the simulation results to the real success of the student; 3) the principle of incompatibility of high accuracy of the predictions with great complexity of the studied system. The adequacy criterion of the model is the degree with which the character of its response to the change in the student's parameters and the input values corresponds to the objective regularities of the educational process. The simulation results of the assimilation and forgetting of the logically related information, which takes into account the decrease of the student's working capacity in the course of time, are considered. With its help, the dependence of the quantity and strength of the acquired knowledge on the number of information blocks, their length and duration of remembering was studied.

Manufacturing a Better System: ACC and International Product Liability

New Zealand's accident compensation scheme replaces the ability to bring proceedings for compensatory damages for personal injury with the provision of no-fault compensation. While the debate around the scheme often focuses on the availability of cover and entitlements to the injured person, the need to have a fair and principled system to fund these benefits is central to the scheme's integrity. This paper examines the legal principles behind the scheme's funding and notes areas for improvement in the current levy system. The largely incompatible principles of community responsibility, and fault and risk are the key rationales used to apportion the scheme's costs. However, when applied to the case of overseas manufacturers whose defective products cause personal injury to New Zealanders, there is a significant inconsistency. Overseas manufacturers make no financial contributions to the scheme while receiving the scheme's protection from liability. To address this, the paper recommends extending the Accident Compensation Corporation's current power to take subrogated proceedings to cover the situation where it is needed the most: in cases of international product liability.

Conciliating the incompatible: the chancery activity of the lords of Milan in the mirror of some charters (late fourteenth century)

Recent scholarship has highlighted myriad conflicts attending the legitimacy of power and authority at different levels of society in the Duchy of Milan. Against this backdrop I would like to explore how different political cultures could coexist. Indeed, day-to-day life was not made up only by conflicts, and all the players -from the prince downwards -sooner or later were interested in finding a middle road. Given that the relationships between the lords of Milan and the social and territorial bodies of the dominion were generally set out on the grounds of pacts, I assume that in the mirror of these documents it is possible to trace the role of the chancery as a political mediator. Indeed not only played the chancellors a significant role in dealing with the prince's counterparts (like communities or lords of castles), but they had also the responsibility of drawing charters which formalized the agreements. My ultimate goal is to show how, through an accurate selection of words, which each side could interpret in the light of its own policial culture, the chancery made the impossible become possible, and mutually incompatible principles and ideals could overlap, apparently without clashing. Hence some concluding remarks on political communication in the state-building process.

A semiotic theory of life: Lotman’s principles of the universe of the mind

Literary scholar, cultural theorist and semiotician Juri Lotman (1922–1993) established the Tartu (and Tartu-Moscow) school of semiotics in the 1960s. Besides his pioneering work in semiotics of culture, he also developed a theory of general semiotics. We attempt to extract some principles from Juri Lotman’s formulations that characterise the core aspects of semiosis, applicable both in semiotics of culture and in biosemiotics. These include: (1) the principle of code plurality; (2) the principle of incompatibility, or non-translatability; (3) the principle of autocommunication, or translation; (4) the principle of semiosphere; (5) the principle of semiotic inheritance; (6) the principle of non-gradual evolution; (7) the principle of boundaries; and (8) the principle of modelling.

Changes In The Rules For Granting State Aid To Enterprises In The European Union

The point of departure of EU State aid policy is laid down in the Treaty establishing the European Community (hereinafter the “Treaty”). This Treaty provides that State aid is, in principle, incompatible with the common market. However, the principle of incompatibility does not amount to a full-scale prohibition. In the EU countries state aid is permissible to promote the economic development (of areas where the standard of living is abnormally low or where there is serious underemployment) and to facilitate the development of certain economic activities or certain economic areas (where such aid does not adversely affect trading conditions contrary to the common interest). The provisions of the 2000 Lisbon Strategy and the “Europe 2020” Strategy are also important in determining the directions of state aid in the European Union. According to their assumptions the member countries have been required to: reduce the level of aid relative to GDP; reduce state aid which decreases competition; reorient sectoral aid to horizontal and regional aid; and change the forms of state aid-from passive to active instruments. The purpose of this paper is to present the directions of allocation of state aid in the EU countries during 2000-2011, and answer the question whether the resolutions contained in the Lisbon Strategy have been implemented. The research hypothesis is: have the changes in the size, direction and allocation of state aid taken place in accordance with the resolutions of the Lisbon Strategy.

Government Viewpoint and Government Speech

Government speech creates a paradox at the heart of the First Amendment. To satisfy traditional First Amendment tests, the government must show that it is not discriminating against a viewpoint. And yet if the government shows that it is condemning or supporting a viewpoint, it may be able to invoke the government speech defense and thereby avoid constitutional scrutiny altogether. Government speech doctrine therefore rewards what the rest of the First Amendment forbids: viewpoint discrimination against private speech. This is both a theoretical puzzle and an increasingly important practical problem. In cases like Pleasant Grove City, Utah v. Summum, the city’s disagreement with a private message was the heart of its successful government speech argument. Why is viewpoint discrimination flatly forbidden in one area of First Amendment law and entirely exempt from scrutiny in another? This Article explores that question and why it matters, and suggests ways to reconcile these apparently incompatible principles.

Letters, sounds and things

SummaryFor a long time, and well beyond the publication of John Wilkins’sEssay Towards a Real Character(1668), a latent tension characterised the orthographic tradition. It was caused by two incompatible principles whose problematic relationship had never been addressed. One is the idea of the logical, chronological and semiotic primacy of speech over writing, or of sound over character, a principle which lives on in modern linguistics. The other is the doctrine of an abstract unity of sound/potestasand character/figurain the letter/littera, an axiom that appears to have been abandoned only with the emancipation of modern phonetics from its former orthographic frame of reference. With the advent of the real-character movement in the 17th century, a way was suddenly opened up for the problematic issue to be discussed and resolved. Since a real, i.e., non-sound-related, character implied at least a non-priority of speech over writing — if not a priority of writing —, the first principle could be reformulated so as to be made consonant with the idea of an abstractlittera. This paper tries to bring out Wilkins’s sophisticated discussion of thelittera, his attempt to localise the abstract unity of sound and character in the configuration of the articulatory organs, as well as the utilisation of hislitteraconcept for his design of a real character of sounds. In a parallel line of argument, it is claimed that Wilkins’s orthography, or doctrine of letters, forms the conceptual equivalent to his metaphysics, or science of things. More than that, the two disciplines are so interlocked that things and letters can be seen to converge in letter-things, or thing-letters.

The Complexity Revolution

The Complexity Revolution

Letters, Sounds and Things: Orthography, phonetics and metaphysics in Wilkins’sEssay(1668)

For a long time, and well beyond the publication of John Wilkins’sEssay Towards a Real Character(1668), a latent tension characterised the orthographic tradition. It was caused by two incompatible principles whose problematic relationship had never been addressed. One is the idea of the logical, chronological and semiotic primacy of speech over writing, or of sound over character, a principle which lives on in modern linguistics. The other is the doctrine of an abstract unity of sound/potestasand character/figurain the letter/littera, an axiom that appears to have been abandoned only with the emancipation of modern phonetics from its former orthographic frame of reference. With the advent of the real-character movement in the 17th century, a way was suddenly opened up for the problematic issue to be discussed and resolved. Since a real, i.e., non-sound-related, character implied at least a non-priority of speech over writing — if not a priority of writing —, the first principle could be reformulated so as to be made consonant with the idea of an abstractlittera. This paper tries to bring out Wilkins’s sophisticated discussion of thelittera, his attempt to localise the abstract unity of sound and character in the configuration of the articulatory organs, as well as the utilisation of hislitteraconcept for his design of a real character of sounds. In a parallel line of argument, it is claimed that Wilkins’s orthography, or doctrine of letters, forms the conceptual equivalent to his metaphysics, or science of things. More than that, the two disciplines are so interlocked that things and letters can be seen to converge in letter-things, or thing-letters.