Incompatible Contexts Research Articles

Dissecting molecular events and gene expression signatures involved in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum-Phaseolus vulgaris pathosystem in compatible and incompatible interactions

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, causal agent of bean anthracnose is one of the most destructive fungal bean diseases that potentially have an enormous economic impact on bean cultivation worldwide. To obtain novel insights into how bean regulates its defense pathways to react efficiently against this invading pathogen, cvs Khomein and Naz representing contrasting interactions were investigated by histochemical and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) approaches. Our histochemical analysis conducted at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi) demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may have a bifunctional role in establishing the incompatibility and compatibility. This free radical (H2O2) can, therefore, be elevated at an early stage (24 hpi) of the incompatible context to arrest fungal growth, whereas H2O2 was promoted at the late stage (72 hpi) of the compatible context to facilitate the infection process. Additionally, we demonstrated that O2− probably plays an essential function in launching the resistance response since O2− increased significantly at 36 hpi in incompatible interaction compared with that of the compatible interface. Our expression analysis showed that the expression of six defense-related genes are differentially regulated regarding the types of interactions, shedding light on how the beans adaptively regulate defense pathways. This study contributes to a better understanding of the kinetics of reactions triggered following C. lindemuthianum infection and may be applied to develop novel strategies to manage bean anthracnose effectively.

The Frauchiger-Renner argument: A new no-go result?

• The Frauchiger and Renner (F-R) argument must be formulated only in terms of quantum propositions. • The F-R argument does not require the hypothesis of collapse. • The contradictory conclusion of the F-R argument results from making classical conjunctions between incompatible contexts. • What is the relation between a theory and the system of logic by means of which agents draw their own conclusions?

Networked Ontologies with Contextual Alignments

The problem of knowledge heterogeneity in the Semantic Web or in the context of information systems remains a major challenge for the scientific community, in particular when several ontologies developed independently and separately have to be exploited to exchange their knowledge. Several works have addressed the semantic heterogeneity issue in ontologies and proposed to align them with additional knowledge. Recently a formalism taking into account the challenge of applied techniques to represent and reason on aligned ontologies was proposed by the authors. The authors proposed a contribution that can be seen as an extension of existing work on the heterogeneous ontologies integration. This formalism allows dealing with contextual representation and reasoning where ontologies and alignments by pairs of ontologies are developed in different and incompatible context. In this paper, some aspects of multi-level networked knowledge are recalled, detailing its semantics and discussing the comparison of the two semantics, DL-approach and DDL-approach, according to certain criteria, in order to measure their relevance and to give to readers a way to choose one semantics rather than another according to the context or the intended application.

The Context–Object–Manipulation Triad: Cross Talk during Action Perception Revealed by fMRI

To recognize an action, an observer exploits information about the applied manipulation, the involved objects, and the context where the action occurs. Context, object, and manipulation information are hence expected to be tightly coupled in a triadic relationship (the COM triad hereafter). The current fMRI study investigated the hemodynamic signatures of reciprocal modulation in the COM triad. Participants watched short video clips of pantomime actions, that is, actions performed with inappropriate objects, taking place at compatible or incompatible contexts. The usage of pantomime actions enabled the disentanglement of the neural substrates of context-manipulation (CM) and context-object (CO) associations. There were trials in which (1) both manipulation and objects, (2) only manipulation, (3) only objects, or (4) neither manipulation nor objects were compatible with the context. CM compatibility effects were found in an action-related network comprising ventral premotor cortex, SMA, left anterior intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral occipito-temporal cortex. Conversely, CO compatibility effects were found bilaterally in lateral occipital complex. These effects interacted in subregions of the lateral occipital complex. An overlap of CM and CO effects was observed in the occipito-temporal cortex and the dorsal attention network, that is, superior frontal sulcus/dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal lobe. Results indicate that contextual information is integrated into the analysis of actions. Manipulation and object information is linked by contextual associations as a function of co-occurrence in specific contexts. Activation of either CM or CO associations shifts attention to either action- or object-related relevant information.

Squeezing lemons in the bathroom: Contextual information modulates action recognition

Most every day actions take place in domestic rooms that are specific for certain classes of actions. Contextual information derived from domestic settings may therefore influence the efficiency of action recognition. The present studies investigated whether action recognition is modulated by compatibility of the context an action is embedded in. To this end, subjects watched video clips of actions performed in compatible, incompatible, and neutral contexts. Recognition was significantly slower when actions took place in an incompatible as compared to a compatible or a neutral context (Experiment 1). Functional MRI revealed increased activation for incompatible context in Brodmann Areas (BA) 44, 45, and 47 of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC; Experiment 2). Results suggest that contextual information - even when task-irrelevant - informs a high processing level of action analysis. In particular, the functional profiles assigned to these prefrontal regions suggest that contextual information activates associated action representations as a function of (in-)compatibility. Thus, incompatibility effects may reflect the attempt to resolve the conflict between action and context by embedding the presented action step into an overarching action that is again compatible with the provided context.

Quantum Reality and Measurement: A Quantum Logical Approach

The recently established universal uncertainty principle revealed that two nowhere commuting observables can be measured simultaneously in some state, whereas they have no joint probability distribution in any state. Thus, one measuring apparatus can simultaneously measure two observables that have no simultaneous reality. In order to reconcile this discrepancy, an approach based on quantum logic is proposed to establish the relation between quantum reality and measurement. We provide a language speaking of values of observables independent of measurement based on quantum logic and we construct in this language the state-dependent notions of joint determinateness, value identity, and simultaneous measurability. This naturally provides a contextual interpretation, in which we can safely claim such a statement that one measuring apparatus measures one observable in one context and simultaneously it measures another nowhere commuting observable in another incompatible context.

Quantum-like model of cognitive decision making and information processing

In this paper we offer the quantum-like (QL) representation of the Shafir–Tversky statistical effect which is well known in cognitive psychology. We apply the so-called contextual approach. We consider the Shafir–Tversky effect to result from mixing statistical data obtained in incompatible contexts which are involved, e.g. in Prisoner’s Dilemma or in more general games in which the disjunction effect can be found. As a consequence, the law of total probability is violated for the experimental data obtained in experiments on cognitive psychology by Shafir and Tversky [Shafir, E., Tversky, A., 1992. Thinking through uncertainty: nonconsequential reasoning and choice. Cogn. Psychol. 24, 449–474] as well as Tversky and Shafir [Tversky, A., Shafir, E., 1992. The disjunction effect in choice under uncertainty. Psychol. Sci. 3, 305–309]. Moreover, we can find a numerical measure of contextual incompatibility (the so-called coefficient of interference) as well as represent contexts which are involved in Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) by probability amplitudes—normalized vectors (“mental wave functions”). We remark that statistical data from Shafir and Tversky [Shafir, E., Tversky, A., 1992. Thinking through uncertainty: nonconsequential reasoning and choice. Cogn. Psychol. 24, 449–474] and Tversky and Shafir [Tversky, A., Shafir, E., 1992. The disjunction effect in choice under uncertainty. Psychol. Sci. 3, 305–309] experiments differ crucially from the point of view of mental interference. The second one exhibits the conventional trigonometric ( cos ⁡ -type) interference while the first one exhibits even the so-called hyperbolic ( cosh ⁡ -type) interference. We discuss the QL processing of information by cognitive systems, especially, the QL decision making and both classical and QL rationality and ethics.

Interference of probabilities in the classical probabilistic framework

The notion of context (complex of physical conditions) is basic in this paper. We show that the main structures of quantum theory (interference of probabilities, Born's rule, complex probabilistic amplitudes, Hilbert state space, representation of observables by operators) are present in a latent form in the classical Kolmogorov probability model. However, this model should be considered as a calculus of contextual probabilities. In our approach, it is forbidden to consider abstract context-independent probabilities: “first context and then probability.” We start with the conventional formula of total probability for contextual (conditional) probabilities and then we rewrite it by eliminating combinations of incompatible contexts from consideration. In this way we obtain interference of probabilities without to appeal to the Hilbert space formalism or wave mechanics. Our contextual approach is important for demystification of quantum probabilistic formalism. This approach gives the possibility to apply quantum-like models in domains of science different from quantum theories, e.g., in economics, finance, social sciences, cognitive sciences, psychology.

Value across fulfillment‐product categories of Internet shopping

The absence of a theoretically sound framework for delineating the various forms of Internet retailing may negate recognition of situation‐specific issues or engender insights being drawn from, and applied to, incompatible contexts. To address this gap, the fulfillment‐product classification scheme that segments Internet retailing into four categories was developed. Efforts were then directed towards providing a more detailed examination of perceived Internet shopping value than has to date been performed by examining the sources and inhibitors of utilitarian and hedonic value relative to each fulfillment‐product category. The interviews with experienced Internet shoppers generated theoretical and managerial insights pertaining to value, while the classification scheme has applications beyond that of the current research topic.

Implicit Information in Literary Translation

AbstractAs an instance of human communication, literary translation operates by certain laws and principles assumed to be built into our human make-up. These 'natural laws' of communication give rise to implicit information and are responsible for its special characteristics, such as graded strength of communication and its correlates, including poetic effects. They furthermore determine the interdependence of text, context and successful communication, and limit communicability in incompatible contexts. One important contextual factor consists in what kind of interpretive resemblance the audience expects between translation and original. The ultimate test for a translation is whether or not it achieves with the target audience what the translator intended it to achieve, rather than whether it conforms to some translation-theoretical notion of equivalence.

A psychophysiological analysis of response-channel activation and outcome states in Eriksen's noise-compatibility task.

Eleven subjects were tested with a modified version of Eriksen's noise-compatibility task. Four noise conditions were realized--neutral, compatible, fully incompatible, and partially incompatible context. Target and flanking stimuli had an intrinsic association to either the left- or the right-hand side. As a response subjects pulled, with either their left or their right hand, an ordinary bicycle handbrake from a preload position towards a stop. The EMG from the forearm muscles and the movement trajectory were recorded continuously. Trials were categorized according to the outcome states, i.e., whether a full movement or only a rudimentary EMG activation had occurred in the correct and in the incorrect response channels, respectively, and whether the correct-channel activation was leading or lagging. Incompatible noise delayed information transfer and increased the likelihood of errors, while compatible noise had an opposite effect, i.e., it facilitated transfer and reduced the likelihood of errors. The effect of noise on transfer times was the same for all outcome states. Moreover, in all cases, noise had an effect on transfer times only up to the point of EMG onset, while it left movement-execution times unaffected. These findings are seen as contradictory to a strong continuous flow conception according to which any response-related change in the input channel is continuously and immediately transferred to the response-execution device. At least the final stage of movement control seems to be autonomous and not subject to input control, except for the case that a movement already initiated has to be aborted completely.