Income Commission Research Articles

3. European Union (EU)

This year, climate change, energy transition, and the circular economy were again on the top of the EU’s environmental policy and law-making agenda. In May, member states’ heads of state and government met in Sibiu to discuss Europe’s future, which included pressing environmental topics. This also marked the last year of the Juncker Commission; in December, the incoming Commission, under Ursula von der Leyen, presented its flagship project: the European Green Deal. On 1 January, Romania took over the presidency from Austria. Its program, Cohesion: A Common European Value, listed an environmental agenda around climate change, biodiversity, sustainable development, and water. The following Finnish presidency program, Sustainable Europe: Sustainable Future, made strengthening the EU leadership on climate change a priority and aimed to advance the transition to a bio-economy and expand the circular economy beyond the areas of waste and plastic. This year’s report does not include case law...

After the European Global Vaccination Summit-The need for practical policies to boost vaccination delivery to children in Europe.

Low childhood vaccination rates in Europe continue to cause concern and have triggered much policy study. However, regarding children, making immunisation a stand-alone issue cuts across integrated child health services. Most initiatives, including the 10 Action Points from the 2019 European-hosted Global Vaccination Summit, are all laudable but high level enablement policies. Delivery processes have been ignored, and key stakeholders not involved in discussions. Reviews of policies, literature and planned actions, leading to identification of further delivery policies needed to facilitate and stimulate practical accomplishments. 10 aspects are identified where European coordinated action to develop policies, share evidence and increase standards, would be beneficial. These also fit in with established European Commission strengths, and the incoming Commission's policies and priorities. The European Commission, Member States and child health stakeholders should pursue a holistic approach, taking immunisation as a component of integrated child health. Service delivery should be compatible with modern societal challenges and related parenting patterns, and public health processes modernised and reinvigorated. Nursing and societal stakeholders should be brought in, and fit-for-purpose digital support facilitated. This is even more urgent following the diversion of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Stimulus Kelompok Orangtua Siswa SD Ar Rasyid dalam Menciptakan Masyarakat Produktif Ekonomi

Women are given chance to do as carreer women and housewives. However, some women got married in productive ages choose to be a career woman. A group of mothers in TK Ar Rasyid Tanjung Selamat, Sunggal,Deli Serdang, there are 15 mothers with 27-35 years old unproductive society financially become partners of stimulus community dedication. It aims to help group of students' mothers, additional knowledge, skill, welfares through income commission and help partners to spend their leisure Time by doing meaningful activities both physically and mentally. Some solutions are offered, such as cooking healthy meals training to gain value for sale and modern with low budget. They are like rolled age,BBQ fried chicken training, bread pudding training,online marketing and deciding prices training and also arranging treasury. Through this stimulus community dedication,it would add partenrs' knowledge 80% and partners' creativity improved up to 65%.

A Union that Strives for More Also in the Area of Taxation: Tax Measures in the Incoming Commission’s Political Guidelines

A Union that Strives for More Also in the Area of Taxation: Tax Measures in the Incoming Commission’s Political Guidelines

The lost Spitzenkandidaten and the future of European democracy

This editorial critically examines the decision of EU leaders not to follow the ‘Spitzenkandidaten’ procedure when recently nominating the new President of the European Commission. It does so by situating that decision in a consociational model of democracy, that seeks to share political authority rather than link it directly to electoral processes. As the editorial argues, this model leaves the EU exposed to elitist critique and sits uneasily with certain aspects of Article 17(7) TEU. The review and renewal of the Spitzenkandidaten system promised by the incoming Commission President is thus sorely needed.

Bridging towards the future of public health in Europe (II). Can we and how do we ensure Health in All EU Policies?

Abstract The plenary will continue the debate on The future of Public Health in Europe introduced in the previous plenary, tackling the role of the EU and its institutions in ensuring that health is addressed in all EU policies. The EU is firmly committed to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals through its range of institutional mechanisms. Incoming Commission President von der Leyen has pledged to refocus the European Semester ‘to make sure we stay on track with our SDGs’. These developments, together with the broad recognition of the central role of health in the SDGs and the momentum given by the new EU policy cycle presents a unique window of opportunity to critically reappraise the role of health in the EC, which, at least, on paper makes for an ideal Health in All Policies institution. The first keynote by Director General Anne Bucher, DG SANTE, will draw on the ‘hot of the press’ results of the November 2019 State of Health in the EU exercise, including the EU Country Health Profiles and the Commission Staff Companion Report. She will highlight the main health and health system challenges faced by EU Member States—ranging from the burden posed by preventable mortality to the vaccination crisis and the resilience of the health workforce. Prof. Scott Greer’s keynote will contend that to tackle these challenges we need to go beyond Public Health Article 168 and its subsidiarity corset. He will speak to the need to proactively employ the much stronger (health) policy tools within the large body of EU law underlying the internal market and to draw on the EU’s newfound role in fiscal governance such as through the European semester. Prof. Greer will draw on the innovative results of the new edition of the seminal study ‘Everything you always wanted to know about European Union health policies but were afraid to ask’ which will be distributed to participants. The following panel will debate on the practical implementation and political economy questions arising from the plenary’s postulates. Prof. John Middleton, ASPHER’s president, will address the implications for the Public Health profession such as training in public health leadership, overhauling public health competencies or indeed the understanding of the public health profession itself. The second panellist will address the political economy implications of bringing health across EU policies and how to bypass the complexities of working across policy sectors in the EU institutions. The panel will actively interact with the participating audience through a range of innovative ways. Panellists Anne Bucher DG SANTE, European Commission Scott L. Greer Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan John Middleton The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPHER)

A Pricing Strategy of E-Commerce Advertising Cooperation in the Stackelberg Game Model with Different Market Power Structure

A lot of research work has studied the auction mechanism of uncertain advertising cooperation between the e-commerce platform and advertisers, but little has focused on pricing strategy in stable advertising cooperation under a certain market power structure. To fill this gap, this paper makes a study of the deep interest distribution of two parties in such cooperation. We propose a pricing strategy by building two stackelberg master-slave models when the e-commerce platform and the advertiser are respectively the leader in the cooperation. It is analyzed that the optimization solution of the profits of both parties and the total system are affected by some main decision factors including the income commission proportion, the advertising product price and the cost of advertising effort of both parties’ brand in different dominant models. Then, some numerical studies are used to verify the effectiveness of the models. Finally, we draw a conclusion and make some suggestions to the platforms and the advertisers in the e-commerce advertising cooperation.

Banking Activity Sensitivity to Macroeconomic Shocks and Financial Policies Implications: The Case of CEMAC Sub-region

This paper aims to assess qualitatively and quantitatively the level of resilience of the financial sector in the CEMAC sub-region to macroeconomic shocks and highlight the financial policies that could be implemented. For this purpose, a descriptive analysis of the CEMAC sub-region banking sector, followed by a panel-based econometrics study has been undertaken. The main result from the analysis is that the banking sector of CEMAC is relatively vulnerable to macroeconomic shocks. Accordingly, the decrease of GDP per capita growth rate, long-term financing and real exchange rate as well as the increase of interest rate leads to lower bank provisions. Lower levels of short-term financing induce a lower level of net income commission, while the change in interest rates is an increasing factor. The influence of changes in interest rates on bank's interest margin remains ambiguous. These results confirm the necessity of taking into account the existence of macroeconomic shock constraints in the implementation of financial policies in the sub-region. The paper is original in the manner that it bridges some knowledge gaps of shock management in the monetary zone. It offers policymakers two main insights: the potential rewards for timely intervention to mitigate potential shocks and the need for better control for the credibility and sustainability of the banking system.

The Prices and Incomes Commission in Retrospect

In this article, the author reviews the Canadian Prices and Incomes Commission's findings and comments on some of the conclusions drawn

FOREBYGGENDE ASPEKTER I LAVINDKOMST-KOMMISSIONENS ARBEJDE

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size SUMMARY This article is based on the work of the Low Income Commission. This commission was set up at the end of 1976 and finished its work during spring 1982. In this period two partial reports, 18 working papers, and a summarising report have been published. One of its results has been the finding that low income problems appear again and again and usually with the same population groups as winners and losers in the struggle for the scarce goods. Having examined the most important structural developmental tendencies in society from 1960 to 1980, it is concluded that prevention of low income problems must consist in an active effort directed against the inequality manifest in the labour market. Finally, defensive versus offensive primary prevention is discussed and it is exemplified through the political proposal relating to reduced working hours.

The Danish Low Income Commission's Working Plan - Feasible Perspectives

For many years the Danish political debate has experienced the widespread agreement that equality between various individuals and groups should be aimed at. At the same time, however, there has also been profound disagreement as to what lies behind the goal of equality. And furthermore there have been even more varying opinions about what means should be applied to realize the various forms of equality. During the 1960s and in the first part of the 1970s trade unions and the Social Democrats pursued a relatively offensive policy in order to increase equality between the various population groups within a number of sectors in society. Many attempts were made especially in the educational sector to increase the number of children and young people from the badly off groups who received an education of a period longer than the seven years of school, which were obligatory until the beginning of the 1970s. But also in other fields policies were carried through which aimed at equalizing differences between various population groups. From liberal quarters represented by the Danish Liberal party (Venstre) the equality objective was interpreted as meaning that there should be no great regional differences between population groups otherwise homogeneous. This conception implicitly implies that it is Utopian and maybe even harmful if attempts are made to remove differences between population groups with different occupations or work placing. The years up till 1973/74 saw a situation with practically full employment and a political climate where the equality discussion was taken seriously, while the situation now towards the end of the 1970s has changed dramatically. First of all the political climate has become much more stern and restrictive. Spokesmen of the equality goal have been pressed politically owing to the penetrations of the crisis where unemployment has become the crucial problem all of a sudden. More

Inflation, Unemployment and Incomes Policy

Inflation, Unemployment and Incomes Policy. The paper reviews the Report and, tangentially, the published research studies of the Canadian Prices and Incomes Commission. Questions are raised about parts of the Report's analysis concerned with the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment, with the insulating power of a flexible exchange rate, with welfare implications of unemployment and inflation, and with the impact of incomes policy on expectations and on economic stability. The Report's recommendation of a temporary incomes policy seems based upon the simple assertion that demand management alone will not suffice to control inflation and that other subsidiary policies will not help whereas incomes policy will.

EXPERIENCE IN MEASUREMENT OF WELFARE COMPONENTS AND THEIR REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS

The paper relates the Swedish discussion and criticism of national accounting statistics, especially GNP, as a measure of welfare. It describes some results of recent Swedish attempts to find practicable measures of welfare components, i.e. the investigations of the Low Income Commission and of the Expert Group on Regional Development Research. In both cases the regional aspects of welfare are emphasized in the paper.The results are presented as a sign of important needs for new methods and new systems of concepts in measuring welfare. The Expert Group has for instance in different ways tried to map and compare the “service structure” of separate parts of Sweden. The Low Income Commission has principally studied the position in Swedish society of low income recipients and has not been working particularly on the illumination of regional differences, but since different types of region are included as a background variable, the investigations also give certain measures of the regional aspects of welfare.In the last part of the paper some of the risks that seem to be difficult to avoid in trying to use welfare measurements are pointed out.

A Study of the Alternative Policies in the Control of a National Economy via Dynamic Programming

practice to varying extents in the North American economy. In the United States, President Johnson's surtax in 1968 to inhibit the economy's inflationary surge is an example of fiscal policy; the formulation of the guidepost policy in the Council of Economic Adviser's Report in 1962 is a recognition of the importance of wage control; and in recent years, the monetary rules promulgated by Professor Friedman have been influential. In Canada, measures of fiscal and monetary control have also been undertaken; and the recent Price and Income Commission under the lead of Dr. John Young is an attempt to induce labour and business to adopt a voluntary wage restraint. However, all these attempts, both in the United States and in Canada, have not been altogether successful. In fact, recent data indicate strongly the simultaneous existence of inflation and unemployment in the North American economy. Amongst the increasing number of economists who share the opinion that existing methodologies have to be re-examined, Weintraub [10] has proposed an income policy based on a tax on excessive wage settlements. This paper attempts to cast a light on some of the long-standing issues regarding the effectiveness and relative merits of alternative policies by simulation studies using an illustrative economic model. No econometric technique has been used to estimate model parameters. It is believed, however, that an empirical model may not be appropriate for studying the potential impact of certain policy variables since we have no guarantee that the econometrically estimated parameters will yield valid dynamic, closed-loop simulations. What is needed therefore is a new estimation technique that uses as its criterion of goodness-of-fit, How well does the model simulate and predict ? rather than How well does it fit historical data ? Using an illustrative model, optimal policies are formulated via dynamic programming. The application of the latter to a non-linear

Wage-Price Guidelines: Canada's Approach

The Canadian Prices and Incomes Commission was set up in June 1969 and given a termination date of December 1971, which was later extended to June 1972. While its terms of reference were research, cur? rent analysis and policy advice, it quickly sought an activist role in attempting to apply restraints on the rates of price and wage increases. This paper deals exclusively with this latter aspect of the Commission's work, outlining some brief history, the working of the restraint pro? gramme, and reasons for the failure of the Commission's thrust. It is intended to give an account of the Commission's active role, along with reflections prompted by the rise and failure of this, and does not seek to embark on a general assessment of incomes policies or wage-price guide? lines, which are topics already covered by a fair amount of literature.1 No reports on the Commission's research programme were available at the time of writing.

High Wages Policy

The refusal by the Canadian Labour Congress and the Canadian Na tional Trades Union to cooperate with the Federal Government's Prices and Incomes Commission is worthy of comment. We intend to develop only one aspect which is very important, yet has not been adequately treated by the very extensive literature on the subject of wage policy for an economy in full or nearly full employment. This is the question of whether wage rates should be increased when the company can afford to do so. Much of the discussion in the literature is about wage increases being forced upon re luctant companies where productivity has not been increasing in propor tion, and there has been fairly general agreement that if a company can pay, it should do so. We wish to explore some of the implications of this special question.

Regional Agricultural Growth: The Case of West Pakistan

aComputed from Government of Interim Report of the National Income Commission, Karachi (Sept. 1964) p. 106. 1964/65 data obtained directly from the Central Statistical Office. The estimate for livestock, however, clearly needs an upward adjustment. See Carl H. Gotsch and Peter Timmer, A Consistent Estimate of the Animal Contribution to GDP in West Pakistan, Economic Development Report No. 67 (Cambridge: Harvard University Development Advisory Service, 1967).

Pricing Behaviour in the Engineering Industry

A memorandum recently submitted by the Purchasing Officers Association to the National Incomes Commission reports that there have recently been many increases (averaging 4-5 per cent) in the prices of engineering products, and suggests that many of these were not justified by changes in costs. Similar reports and conclusions have appeared in the press.