Income Side Research Articles

Planning for Introducing Electric Buses Based on Ecological and Financial Impacts

The transition from fossil fuel-powered buses to electric buses has emerged as a central concern in recent years. Governments worldwide are urging this shift in major urban centers as a strategic response to ecological challenges, particularly issues related to pollution and carbon emissions. The primary impediment to the electrification transition lies in real-world financial constraints. Consequently, comprehending both the ecological benefits and financial intricacies of transitioning bus fleets is paramount.In the initial section of this paper, we formulate a mathematical model to assess the reduction in carbon emissions and pollution resulting from a complete transition of the bus fleet. This model is then applied to the city of Sendai, Japan. By comparing the carbon dioxide and emission gases released by conventional buses with those emitted by electric buses, we can discern the impact of employing electric buses on the urban ecological environment.Moving on to the second section, we present a mathematical model delineating the financial aspects of the transition. We use Sendai as a real-world exemplar for our model. The economic model is categorized into expenditures and revenues. Expenditures encompass the acquisition of electric buses, maintenance costs, and carbon taxes. On the income side, we consider bus fares, revenue from bus advertising, the budget of the bus company, and government subsidies. By subtracting expenditures from revenues, we can ascertain the financial ramifications of transitioning to electric buses.Following the evaluation from both ecological and financial perspectives of the bus fleet's electric transition, a third model is constructed mathematically to address the optimal planning solution for a city aiming to fully electrify its bus fleet within a decade. The objective is to achieve cost-efficiency: to be the most economical while meeting ecological goals. Finally, the cities of Sendai, Kunshan, and Nashville serve as subjects for our model, each providing a tailored solution to the transition planning.

УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКИЙ УЧЕТ ЗАТРАТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ

This article discusses the main approaches to management accounting of costs for the production of cable-harness products, taking into account technological features. The purpose of management accounting for the costs of the production process is to study information on both the expenditure side and the income side, taking into account the resulting finished product. The process of producing cable products in modern industry is a complex and multi-stage procedure; accordingly, the management accounting system must take into account all technical, technological and economic factors. In the management accounting system, production stages require special attention to every detail of the process, including compliance with all accounting and technological requirements and standards. The article examines the stages of manufacturing cable-harness products, based on production technology, presents the features of management cost accounting in relation to each stage, proposes fundamental approaches to forming a business development strategy for an economic entity in the management accounting system, develops classification characteristics and approaches to carrying out research in management accounting, examples from practice in the relevant production are given.

Side Business Contributions (Trigona Bee Farming) and The Main Business for Household Income

Trigona bee farming business as a side business for members of the Tribona Reborn farmer group as an effort to increase family household income, until now it is not known how much the value of its contribution to household income is. The aim of this study was to see how much the contribution of the main and side business income of Trigona sp. honey bee farming. to the household income of the Trigona Reborn farmer group. The research was carried out from June to August 2021 in South Sangatta Village. Sampling using saturated sampling. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative using the income analysis formula, the level of profit and income contribution. The total income of Trigona sp. as much as Rp. 103,042,600, with an average of Rp. 9,367,509. The percentage of revenue contribution from Trigona sp.'s side business, main income, and other side income is 8.7% (low); 80.1% (high); and 11.2% (low). Even though it makes a low contribution to total income, it can be an alternative as an additional business and fill free time for breeders in between their daily activities. It is hoped that the side business of Trigona sp. continues to grow, to help contribute to the family income of farmer group members.

Analisis Strategic Management Pada Bebek Gembul Resto

The culinary industry is currently a mainstay because it provides the fastest surplus, both from the economic side of entrepreneurs, as well as from the government's income side through taxes paid. The purpose of this analytical research is to see, describe and provide recommendations related to marketing strategies in the culinary industry. This research method is a case study using SWOT analysis. The data used is primary data. While the type of research used is qualitative research. This technique explores information by using data sources from more than one point of view, such as journals, archives, articles and others. This study uses External Environmental Analysis and Internal Environmental Analysis of Bebek Gembul Resto. The results obtained from environmental analysis, SWOT analysis and strategy analysis are Bebek Gembul Resto for its strategy is good and adapts to technological developments and times. Starting from using food bloggers for promotions to frozen food innovations.

Measuring the efficiency and productivity of U.K. insurance market

AbstractThe U.K. insurance industry has a dominant international presence, suggesting strong competitiveness and performance. Yet, its efficiency and productivity has rarely being investigated. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of insurers' performance in the U.K. insurance market from 1996 to 2017, using stochastic frontier analysis to measure efficiency scores and productivity at the firm level. Results show the U.K. insurance industry could improve by about 40% in terms of cost efficiency and by 70% in terms of profit efficiency. In addition, our model reveals a higher cost efficiency score compared to profit efficiency, implying that there are higher inefficiencies on the income side of the insurance industry as measured by our profit function. In terms of total factor productivity (TFP) growth, we report a steady decline over time while on average is negative. By decomposing TFP growth into its underlying components, we reveal that the reported negative trend in TFP growth over time has mainly been driven by the enhanced competition that resulted in a drop in markup, while the scale and cost efficiency has also driven TFP growth down. However, from a positive point of view, we report evidence of both β‐convergence and σ‐convergence in cost and profit efficiency.

A collection of home remedies used in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Background: Home remedies were possibly used by human beings since their advent. Even in the modern era, home remedies may form the only recourse for people in rural and urban Bangladesh, who either cannot afford conventional treatment or live in remote areas from where transport to a modern hospital is practically not possible in time. As a result, from time immemorial, home remedies have formed a practical feature of the medical landscape in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to gather information from households in Dhaka city regarding their use of home remedies.Methods and findings: Information was collected from households comprising of friends, relatives, and household workers through snowball sampling. Together they formed a wide spectrum of people of varying income but mostly on the low income side, that is earning less than Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 30,000 per month (1 US$ = BDT107.24). All collected information were given voluntarily by the households surveyed and duplicate information was discarded. The main question asked was as to what home remedies (‘totka chikitsha’ in Bengali) were used, if any. As far as possible, detailed descriptions were taken about the formulations, diseases, and dosages. Plants named by the people were common plants and easily identified from their Bengali names. Conclusions: Interestingly, most plants used as home remedies were either cultivated plants and easily obtained in the kitchen markets of Dhaka city or could be found by roadsides and outskirts of the city on fallow lands. Despite their uses by the common people, a scientific perusal of the literature suggests that they can form a real remedial recourse for people when no better treatment modes are affordable or nearby. Furthermore, the plants used can be found all throughout Bangladesh making them readily available items for treatment.

The art of plucking the goose: Chinese urban residents' tax consciousness

AbstractPublic finance lies at the heart of politics. It shapes citizens' political attitudes and behaviors. While the expenditure side has been studied very extensively, the income side has been neglected, especially in authoritarian regimes. Taking China as an ideal case, we use a nation‐wide random sample of urban residents to study how citizens under strong authoritarian states perceive their tax burdens. We find that Chinese citizens have low tax consciousness, defined as the perception of fairness both in comparison to people they know and to the amount of public goods they receive. Citizens' income, the amount of public goods they receive, and media consumption have important effects on their tax perception. We argue that there are three mechanisms used by China's “half‐tax state” to reduce their citizens' tax perception: (1) reduce the salience of people's tax burden, conditional on their income level, (2) generate fiscal illusion effects while providing public services in return for taxes paid, and (3) use propaganda to shape the ideology of tax compliance.

Updated estimates of UK GDP from the income side, 1841–1920

AbstractThis article brings together some of the improvements to GDP estimates from the income side since the publication of Charles Feinstein's 1972 volume National income, expenditure and output of the United Kingdom, 1855–1965. Many of the improvements and refinements were made by Feinstein himself and this paper makes a start in bringing the different elements together, focusing chiefly on reconstructing the income‐based estimates for the period 1841–1920. The new data are then used to comment on several features of the late nineteenth‐century UK economy, considering both the trend and cyclical path of the economy. The new data, coupled with modern de‐trending methods, suggest that there was a long‐term slowing of the UK economy from the late nineteenth century, starting from the 1870s. To undertake the trend–cycle decomposition, we employ a wavelets methodology to describe the time–varying features of trends and cycles over this period.

Can a basic income help address homelessness? A Titmussian perspective

Homelessness is a worsening problem across the developed world and existing policy responses are failing to have an impact. This article considers whether a basic income (BI) can play a role in radically overhauling prevailing homelessness policy and interventions. Drawing on Richard Titmuss’ classical arguments about the value of universalist welfare, I argue that a BI can play a role, but only as part of a suite of universalist measures that includes large-scale social housing investment and rent controls. I highlight how a BI can help address the ‘income side’ of the housing affordability problem driving homelessness, but must be coupled with other measures that address housing cost and supply. I also consider how a BI can reduce stigma arising from targeted homelessness measures. I conclude by arguing that addressing homelessness requires us to transform the logic of welfare provision and that a BI can help do this.

Fiscal Decentralization and Per Capita Income Convergence between Regencies/Municipalities in Java Island

This study aims to analyze the existence of beta absolute convergence and beta conditional convergence, the impact of fiscal decentralization in terms of income and expenditure side on per capita income and the process of accelerating the per capita income convergence using 2015-2019 panel data of 113 regencies/municipalities obtained from Central Bureau of Statistics and the Directorate General for Fiscal Balance. Using fixed effect regression models, this study confirms that there are beta absolute convergence and beta conditional convergence in Java Island during 2015-2019. Other findings are Local Own Source Revenue and Fiscal Balance Fund have a significant positive effect on per capita income growth, while Personnel Expenditure and Capital Expenditure have a significant negative effect on per capita income growth. The results also show that all indicators of fiscal decentralization play significant role in accelerating the convergence of per capita income. Based on the results of estimates, Local Government Own Source Revenue should be optimized and quality of government spending have to be improved to foster income per capita convergence between regions in Java Island. Keywords: income per capita convergence, fiscal decentralization regional inequality, absolute beta convergence, conditional beta convergence

The Covid-19 impacts on the European Union aquaculture sector

There have been a number of indications of strong negative impacts of Covid-19 and the preventive measures associated with the pandemic for all food sectors. However, there is increasing evidence that the picture is quite nuanced where the Covid related measures are creating challenges for some and opportunities for others. In this paper we investigate the impacts of Covid-19 on the aquaculture sector in the European Union using two approaches; a survey where industry representatives and experts assess the impacts on key economic indicators allowing for positive as well as negative impacts, and recently published aquaculture production data for Denmark and Spain. Our findings show that surveys’ results indicate that, on average, the impact of Covid-19 is negative on the income side, increasing cost and therefore negative with respect to profit. However, in every category the average covers both positive and negative answers suggesting that what was a challenge for some was a window of an opportunity for others. The production data for Denmark and Spain also indicate moderate to no impacts of the Covid-19. The strongest impacts appear on the turbot prices, a species where highly dependent on higher end restaurants. The lower price is a clear indication that there was a significant opportunity cost associated with getting access to other supply chains, particularly as the quantity was also moderately down.

Multiple perspective accountings of cropland soil erosion in China reveal its complex connection with socioeconomic activities

Cropland soil erosion is a major threat to global agricultural sustainability. Compared with the well-studied natural factors of soil erosion, socioeconomic factors have just begun to be considered. The major obstacle is that the soil erosion of different crops has not been accounted for and connected to socioeconomic activities. This study adopted the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and the environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE-MRIO) model to account for soil erosion on cropland from the production, consumption, and income perspectives at the provincial and sectoral levels in China. The results showed the major responsible agents in a synthetic view. On the production side, the Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau and surrounding hills of the Sichuan Basin, the Chinese grain bases located in northeastern and central China, and the Loess Plateau were the major regions that caused the most cropland soil erosion. On the consumption side, the national final demand for Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, and other provinces with high production-based cropland soil erosion (PBE) values per se pulled remarkable cropland soil erosion. On the income side, the crucial provinces into which the national primary input enabled notable cropland soil erosion were still those areas with serious cropland soil erosion. From the industrial perspective, the direct effects of human primary inputs into agriculture and the demand for agricultural products played the dominant role. In addition, Cereal and BOP (beans, oil and potatoes) were the most important among the agricultural sectors. The effects of the nonagricultural sectors, especially the manufacture of foods and tobacco (MFT) and the chemical industry (CI), on cropland soil erosion also cannot be ignored. Our results indicated that accounting from multiple perspectives could inform the better management of cropland soil erosion from a more comprehensive perspective. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to consider the accounting of cropland soil erosion in China from multiple perspectives. Tailored packages of measures should be established based on different patterns of areas with serious cropland soil erosion.

RELASI HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTRI UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN KETAHANAN KELUARGA PADA MASA PANDEMI (Di Desa Bondolharjo Kecamatan Punggelan Kabupaten Banjarnegara)

The relationship of husband and wife rights and obligations is a mutually supportive relationship because of the love to continue their domestic life. One of the factors that affect family resilience is related to economic income. In normal times, resilience goes on as usual, but during a pandemic, the income side of the economy undergoes changes that can cause maintaining a family to shift. Families of casual daily workers in Bondolharjo village, Punggelan sub-district, Banjarnegara district during the pandemic are trying to focus on building their family's resilience during the pandemic. With the aim that his family is resilient and able to fight in facing the challenges that occur today. The analysis of the rights and obligations of husband and wife for families of casual daily workers in Bondolharjo village in an effort to realize family resilience during the pandemic has led to an equal direction, sharing work and one party does not govern or adapt to his desires and needs to win on his own. Married couples agree to share work and daily activities, take responsibility for their respective jobs and obligations, and fulfill responsibilities together.
 

The Performance of Snack MSMES in the Covid-19 Pandemic (A Review from the Income Side)

This study aims to find out how the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) snacks during the Covid-19 pandemic. Does the Covid-19 pandemic affect the continuity of the MSME Snack business? To see the performance of MSMEs is measured based on the Balance Score Card, however in this study, research is limited to only looking at the financial side (income). This study uses a qualitative method with two informants, namely dodol and snack MSMEs in Garut, West Java and kemplang (baked crackers) MSMEs in Palembang, South Sumatra. As a result, it turns out that the Covid-19 pandemic has not affected snack MSMEs. Turnover (gross income) of MSMEs snacks actually increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Anticipating the limited human travel during the Covid-19 pandemic, MSME entrepreneurs also sell through online stores and market places. However, the sales turnover is not as big as direct sales in stores. There are still more buyers who come to buy snacks at the shop.

Peasant Yard in European North of Russia during Civil War (1917—1921): Characteristics of Survival

The changes in the material well-being of the peasant household in the European North of Russia caused by the agrarian revolution of 1917–1921is examined in the article. The author proceeds from the definition of the European North of Russia as a homo-geneous space, which during the period under study included the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Severo-Dvinsk provinces, the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Autonomous Region of Komi. The factors that influenced the organizational foundations of peasant production are analyzed. The question is raised about the nature of tax withdrawals from the peasant economy during the Civil War and the transition to a system of in-kind withdrawals and duties. Particular attention is paid to changes in the constituent elements of the peasant budget. The level of needs of a peasant family is shown. The article reveals the dependence of the consumption of the peasant household on the size of the sowing, provision of workers with hands and means of production. Particular attention is paid to the constituent elements of the income and expenditure side of the budget of the peasant parcel. The structure of nutrition of a peasant family in farms of different social types is shown. The characteristics of the survival of the rural courtyard and the main directions of its evolution have been determined. An attempt has been made to compare the material wealth of the peasants and townspeople of the region in the specified period.

Productivity homogenisation trends of six advanced industrial economies: A vertically hyper-integrated approach

The present paper applies an Input-Output accounting framework, based on the logical device of vertical hyper-integration, to measure productivity trends across six advanced industrial economies (US, Germany, Japan, UK, France and Italy) during recent decades. Rather than measuring performance from the income side of the economy, as in traditional TFP growth analyses, disaggregated productivity changes are approximated from the expenditure side, i.e. the nominal counterpart to the system of physical quantities. Empirical findings suggest that the central tendency for convergence of hyper-integrated productivity levels across countries within each growing subsystem between 1995 and 2007 has been reversed between 2007 and 2015. And while service subsystems coincided in their direction of change, primary-cum-manufacturing sectors experienced more heterogeneous dynamics. Moreover, productivity gains accruing to wages were amongst the lowest in the three economies with highest overall hyper-integrated labour productivity growth.

Does Household Debt Matter to Financial Fragility?

ABSTRACT Minsky, the father of the financial instability hypothesis was concerned with how instability in business sector balance sheets could contribute to overall financial instability. Minsky did not consider the household balance to be important, and until 1990 taking that perspective was not problematic. However, as the level of household net wealth increased significantly through the 1990s, the household sector became an important player in the financial sector balances game. This article analyzes the role of household debt in economic growth from the post-Keynesian approach. We find that household debt does matter to financial stability. It influences the consumption levels of households, the rate of return on mortgage and other debt held by banks and other financial institutions, the rate of return on the production of goods and services, and the overall well-being of households in our economy. The issue of household debt can be tackled from two sides. From the income side, creating a work environment favorable to unions and a job guarantee program would help. From the expenditure side, providing Medicare, childcare, eldercare, higher education, and potentially housing, would remove the reasons why household acquire sometimes unsustainable debt.

Distributional impacts of taxing water pollution in the Olifants river basin of South Africa

ABSTRACT We study the distributional impacts of a water pollution tax in the Olifants river basin using a regional environmental computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The distributional impacts were evaluated considering both the household income and spending-side effects. We find that the water pollution tax is progressive on the income side as the poorest and vulnerable derive lower shares of their income from capital, which bears the biggest burden of the tax. However, the tax is regressive on the expenditure side due to the higher share of pollution-intensive goods in poor households’ expenditure. The net effect of the tax is, however, not pro-poor. Revenue recycling through a subsidy to pollution abatement sectors mitigates the adverse distributional impacts of the tax whereas uniform direct lump-sum transfers to households’ income reverse the adverse distributional impacts.

Perubahan Orientasi Keberfungsian Lahan dan Nilai Sosial Petani Pasca Gempa dan Likuifaksi di Sulawesi Tengah

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method using the case study method. Qualitative descriptive research aims to describe, summarize various conditions and phenomena of social reality that exist in society which are the object of research and draw these social realities to the surface. Data analysis includes descriptive analysis and economic analysis related to changes in recommended commodities according to land conditions after conversion of agricultural land functions and associated social values ​​analyzed. The results showed that 65 percent of farmers lost their agricultural land as a whole and the remaining 35 percent still owned their land intact. Farmers who lost their land changed jobs to become agricultural laborers, construction workers, breeders, traders and others who did not even work as much as 10 percent. Farmers who still cultivate agricultural crops choose to plant horticultural crops, namely eggplant, chilies, kale, string beans and green beans. Total revenue of farmers after the earthquake and liquefaction decreased by 35.46 percent. However, from the income side, there was an increase in post-earthquake income by 0.97 percent. The values ​​that change after a disaster are the value of rationality, economic value, the value of solidarity or mutual assistance and the value of education.

The Japanese Banks in the Lasting Low-, Zero- and Negative-Interest Rate Environment

The bursting of the Japanese bubble economy in the early 1990s put the stage for a lasting low-, zero-, and negative-interest rate environment, which fundamentally changed the business environment for the Japanese commercial banks. On the income side, with interest margins becoming increasingly depressed, net interest revenues declined, which forced the banks to expand revenues from fees and commissions. The banks had to cut costs by reducing the number of employees, closing branches and merging into larger banks. The gradual concentration process has most recently cumulated in the relaxation of the monopoly law. With the capital allocation function of banks being undermined, the Japanese economy has become zombified, suffering from anemic growth.