Income Provision Research Articles

Exogenous Increases in Basic Income Provisions Increase Preventive Health-Seeking Behavior: A Quasi-Experimental Study

IntroductionUniversal Basic Income (UBI) policies have the potential to promote a wide range of public health objectives by providing those who qualify with direct cash payments. One overlooked mechanism of particular importance to health researchers is the possibility that guaranteed income might increase consultation of primary and preventive care (e.g., annual doctors’ visits; regular vaccination against infectious disease) by providing people with both the time and monetary resources to do so, thereby improving general health. MethodsThis study assesses the effects of an exogenous shock to Alaska's UBI payments to all state residents: a 2022 decision to reclassify dividend “energy relief” provisions as non-taxable (thereby increasing payments by approximately $2,000 inflation-adjusted dollars). It estimates quasi- experimental treatment effects (in 2022 vs. 2021) via mixed linear probability models that compare pre/post policy change in primary care seeking behavior in Alaska vs. the US adult population; controlling for respondent-level fixed effects and state-level random effects. Data were collected in 2021-2022, and analyzed in 2024. ResultsThe likelihood that Alaskans sought primary care post-reform (relative to beforehand) increased by 6pp, which was significantly greater than the same difference (2pp) observed across all other (non- UBI) US States (∆ = 4pp, p < 0.01). The study provides suggestive evidence that comparatively fewer Alaskans had difficulty affording primary care during this period, with less-consistent evidence of increased flu vaccine uptake. ConclusionsEnhanced UBI payments ought to be thought about as a form of health policy, as they have the potential to advance a wide range of health objectives related to preventive care.

The United States’ Record-Low Child Poverty Rate in International and Historical Perspective: A Research Note

In 2021, the federal government of the United States expanded a set of income transfers that led to strong reductions in child poverty. This research note uses microdata from more than 50 countries and U.S. data spanning more than 50 years to place the 2021 child poverty rate in historical and international perspective. We demonstrate that whether using the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM), relative poverty measures, or an absolute poverty measure, the U.S. child poverty rate in 2021 was at its lowest level since at least 1967. The U.S. tax and transfer system reduced the 2021 SPM child poverty rate by more than 75% relative to the pre-tax/transfer child poverty rate; this reduction was three times the mean reduction effect between 1967 and 2019. These policy changes improved the country's standing from having a relative poverty rate twice that of Germany's in 2019 to the same as Germany's in 2021. Moreover, the U.S. progressed from reducing child poverty at less than half the rate of Norway in 2019 to a rate comparable to Norway in 2021. However, the U.S. success was temporary: after the expiration of the 2021 income provisions, the child poverty rate doubled and returned to being higher than in most other high-income countries.

Assessing Different Ways of Calculating Income Zakat by Zakat Institution in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the different methods for calculating income zakat in Indonesia, examine the causes and impacts, and find the most applicable method based on the Al-Quran and hadith. This study uses a qualitative approach. The population in this study includes all zakat institutions in Indonesia. This study uses 33 zakat institutions. Research data were collected from the internet (i.e., the websites of zakat institutions in Indonesia). The data analysis compares the methods and procedures for calculating zakat based on income applied by different zakat institutions. Based on the results of the study, Indonesia's 33 zakat institutions only 23 institutions that collect and distribute zakat on income, this is because there are differences in Islamic scholars' opinions on calculating zakat on income provisions. The differences are mainly based on the type of nisab used, basic needs, and debt-free status, but not the zakat rate.

Cash Transfers, Income Generation, and Livelihoods of Persons with Disabilities in Kathmandu: An Anthropological Perspective

Grounded in an interpretive philosophical perspective, the study seeks to understand the experiences of persons with disabilities (PwDs), who face extensive and severe poverty and deprivation compared to those without disabilities. For them, cash transfer and individual income provisions consider better livelihood options. This article explores to what extend cash transfer and money making through different means contributes to promote livelihood of PwDs. This exploratory study considers ethnographic data—coupled with qualitative and quantitative data collected within the timeframe of January to April 2022 in Tarakeshwor and Dakshinkali, Municipality of Kathmandu Nepal. The study assesses the contribution of social security cash transfer and other means of income and livelihood management. Key findings reveal that a notable concentration of individuals with higher socio-economic status among the surveyed cohort, with the majority positioned in the second highest equity quintile. Family structure also plays a crucial role, as 67% of disabilities are found in joint families, compared to 33% in nuclear families. Additionally, 65% of disabilities were acquired later in life, primarily due to diseases (86%) and accidents (13%). The analysis of socio-economic conditions shows no significant association between the type of identity card (red or blue) and factors such as house ownership, equity quintile, or main source of income. This suggests that the issuance of these identity cards is not influenced by these socio-economic factors. This concludes PwDs have encountered structural barriers and bitter experience in public space while fulfilling requirement for cash transfers access and money making. Money received either from the cash transfer or own generation is likely to limited requirement. The experiences of PwDs highlight challenges related to denial and discrimination, both in public spaces and personal interactions.

How fathers’ values matter for work–family decisions and partner support: a capability approach

ABSTRACT This qualitative study identified the values of 26 Dutch dual-earner fathers underlying their actual division of paid and unpaid work, and the role work decisions favoring their family, referred to as Family Relatedness of Work Decisions (FRWD), and received partner support played in realizing these values. We used the capability approach as theoretical framework to compare individuals on the kind of lives they value, and what constrains or enables them herein. Results showed different patterns in what is valued related to fathers’ paid workhours. Work-oriented fathers primarily valued income provision and received substantial partner support in caregiving and housework. Work–family fathers valued gender-equality in the division of labor with support from their partners both in earning and caregiving. Family–work fathers’ lack of substantially paid work hampered them in realizing their valued equal division of labor. Our results illustrated that fathers’ values shaped their time-allocation in paid and unpaid work, in synergy with FRWD and received partner support. Moreover, FRWD were more closely related to fathers’ values than to their employment type. We conclude that partner support needs to be incorporated into the FRWD framework.

Mobility Intersections: Gender, Family, Culture and Location in the Gauteng City-Region

Abstract The morphology of many South African cities has changed little over the last 25 years: with some of the poorest communities still living on the peripheries in informal settlements and old townships. The resulting spatial mismatch, with difficulties of access and mobility, has been recorded and engaged with elsewhere; the day-to-day implications for households and families have been less well-considered. In work that was undertaken between March 2019 and February 2020 using a mixed-method approach that included focus groups, a smartphone mobility app, mapping and qualitative interviews, as well as, the use of other on-line communication platforms such as WhatsApp to gather data, the team looked at the intersection between mobility, access and household dynamics. Results surface and highlight how old spatial planning logics have direct impact on contemporary spatial footprints, mobility patterns and transit choices. Former ‘White’ neighbourhoods, designed to be relatively self-contained and meet the needs of the suburban population, still ensure relatively small spatial footprints that are car-reliant. While those living in older informal settlements and townships still have the burden of long distances to access economic and often educational advancement. Similarly, the historical layout of transport modes continues to affect the day-to-day decisions of modal choice. However, these spatial patterns and historical transit planning are overlaid with gender expectations and gendered divisions of labour—as women continue to carry most of the childcare and domestic responsibilities and men continue to feel the necessity for household income provision. Thus, historical and continued segregation in the city-region intersects with diverse dimensions of race, class and culture to perpetuate widespread gendered mobility patterns in the Gauteng City-Region.

Income Support Policies for Single Parents in Europe and the United States: What Works Best?

Poverty rates among single parents vary considerably across countries, in part reflecting differences in the generosity and design of minimum income protections. We ask what the optimal ways are to target income support to single parents, if the prime objective of policy is to shelter those households from poverty. We map minimum income provisions for working and nonworking single-parent households across Europe and the United States, showing that three things matter for adequate minimum income protection. First, minimum wage levels matter, obviously for working single parents, but also for jobless ones since they effectively set the ‘glass ceiling’ for out-of-work benefits. Second, the overall generosity of the child benefit package is crucial to shelter both working and jobless single parents from poverty. Third, countries that employ a strategy of “targeting within universalism” (that is directing extra support to vulnerable groups such as single parents within the context of a universal benefit program) tend to do best.

Public perceptions of the effectiveness of income provision on reducing psychological distress

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand public perceptions of the role of income for improving mental health, since public perceptions shape political decision-making. Socioeconomic determinants such as poverty cause a great deal of mental ill-health, yet it is not clear whether the general public believes this to be true. Lay understandings of health often overemphasize the roles of individual habits and medical treatments and underappreciate the importance of socioeconomic determinants.Design/methodology/approachUK adults (n = 622) rated effectiveness of three interventions for reducing psychological distress: medication, psychotherapy, and providing sufficient income to cover necessities via a basic income. We manipulated whether participants rated effectiveness for an identified individual vs. the population in general. Participants also indicated their support for the introduction of the basic income scheme.FindingsIncreasing income was rated highly effective for reducing psychological distress. Effectiveness ratings for income provision were as high as those for psychotherapy, and higher than those for medication. There was also an interaction with framing: in the population framing, income provision was rated more effective than either of the other two interventions. There were high levels of support for introducing a universal basic income scheme in this population.Originality/valueUK adults anticipate that income provision would be highly effective at reducing psychological distress, as or more effective than increasing access to psychotherapy or medication. Policymakers can assume that the public will be receptive to arguments for mental health interventions that tackle broader socioeconomic determinants, especially when these are framed in population terms.

Current Knowledge on the Lagune Cattle Breed in Benin: A State of the Art Review

This paper summarizes the information on the Lagune cattle breed and its production systems in Benin available in peer-reviewed journals, conference papers and research reports covering the period from 1970 to 2020. Lagune cattle are kept in two production systems in Benin: the improved ranching system established at the Governmental farm of Samiondji, where most of the published studies on this breed have been achieved, and the village traditional production system. This breed has a small size with short horns. Reported adult weight varied from 140 to 180 kg for male and from 100 to 140 kg for female. Lagune cows are bad dairy. The breed plays an important role in the livelihoods of the rural people and has many functions, including cultural, ecological, socio-economic, savings and income provision roles. Most of the reports emphasizes its low productivity, which might rather be more related to its poor management conditions than to its genetic potential. The Lagune breed is reported to have adaptive traits such as tolerance to drought and heat, and resistance to ticks and diseases. In 1975, the Government of Benin, having realized the risk of the disappearance of this breed, devoted the Samiondji Farm to its ex situ conservation and set up a purebred multiplication herd. Since then, there have been very few efforts to comprehensively characterize this breed and its productivity under smallholder production systems. Consequently, the opportunities for its in situ conservation, management and sustainable use by the rural communities are not sufficiently explored.

Basic income: a 50-state economic impact analysis

Purpose This paper aims to estimate the economic impact of a basic income for each state in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Building on existing pilot studies of basic income in the USA, this paper presumes a $500 per month basic income for individuals earning less than $25,000 in annual income. Using impact analysis for planning (IMPLAN) input–output modeling software, estimated increase in gross state product and employment are provided on a state-by-state basis. Findings A $6,000 annual basic income ($500 per month) to adult persons earning less than $25,000 annually results in an increase in gross state product (e.g. gross “regional” product in IMPLAN terminology) ranging from 0.7% (District of Columbia) to 5.7% (Florida). Likewise, this increase in household spending will create demand for employment across these states, resulting in an increase in employment from 0.9% (District of Columbia) to 5.8% (Florida). Originality/value To date, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first state-by-state analysis of the economic impact of a basic income provision to lower-income individuals.

2021: A year of transition for social security and welfare policies in Italy?

ABSTRACT The key question addressed by this article is whether the pandemic might represent one of those ‘critical conjunctures’ capable of altering the direction of development of the Italian welfare state. Having reviewed the main explanations found in the literature for the difficulties in modernizing the Italian welfare state, we provide an answer by analysing what happened in 2021 in three policy areas: that concerning families with children, and early childhood education and care (ECEC); that concerning the support of dependent old people, and that concerning minimum income policies, looking at the role played by party competition as well as by civil society. We find that while in the field of family policy and ECEC there has been a clear shift towards greater investment, in the area of care for dependent old people, developments have been more hesitant and more ambivalent. With regard to minimum income provision, political conflict has for the time being impeded any attempt at reform. The answer to the research question therefore is only partially positive

Growing cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata) under low cover Agronets prevents pest infestation and increases yields in Kenya

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an important vegetable crop in Kenya both in production and income provision to smallholder farmers. Pests are serious hindrance to its production and most farmers rely on synthetic insecticides. Such reliance has negative effects on non-target organisms, environment, animal and human health. This study was carried out from May to October 2011 to determine impact of low cover nets of different mesh size and cover duration on reducing cabbage pest infestation and yields. The study was conducted at Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Kabete and Practical Training Centre Thika based on a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Treatments included Agronets of fine (0.4mm) and large (0.9mm) mesh covered over the crop permanently (season-long) or temporarily (opened three times a week from 9am to 3pm) and control where no Agronet was used. The results show that the number and damage by diamondback moth (DBM) was significantly lower on cabbages grown under the Agronets compared with control. Infestation by thrips was lower on cabbages grown under permanent cover compared with those under temporal cover and without cover. However, there was no significant difference of aphids infestation. The marketable yield was significantly higher on cabbages grown under the Agronets, recording about 17% yield loss compared with control that recorded about 90% yield loss. The study concludes that Agronets provide an important component of integrated pest management strategy for cabbage production in Kenya with high crop yields benefit and highly recommended for application by growers. Key words: Agronet, Aphids, Cabbage, Diamondback moth, Thrips

Monetary Policy Shifts, Dividends and REIT Momentum

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) provide a unique setting to study the impact of aggregate funding on momentum. REITs provide many of the same features of common stocks, but also include a dividend provision mandate, which may mitigate the illiquidity concerns that drive momentum patterns in common stocks. Overall, we found that REIT momentum was associated only with restrictive funding conditions. However, unlike in common stock, this effect can be explained by particularly strong performance of winner REITs during restrictive periods. Furthermore, we found that the strong performance of winner REITs in restrictive states was related to strong dividend performance. These results suggest that the unique income provision feature of REITs generates momentum patterns as aggregate funding availability is diminished.

Reconstruction the Major’s Policy in Order to Economic and Poverty Recovery in Pandemic at Pasuruan City East Java, Indonesia

The Covid-19 pandemic not only has an impact on the health aspect of the community, but also has an impact on the declining level of the economy and community welfare. Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Pasuruan City, since the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, poverty in Pasuruan City has increased by 0.20 percentage points. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the economy of the community in Pasuruan City, as well as solutions or policies that can be implemented by the Pasuruan City Government. The method used in this research is normative legal research using the approach of applying the law, conceptual, and case. The results of the study show that the Covid-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on various sectors, one of which is the economy of the people of Pasuruan City. So that the situation and conditions need responsive efforts from the Regional Government of Pasuruan City in where the steps from the demand side themselves, could be in the form of (1) tax incentives, loan interest subsidies, and credit restructuring to the firms (including micro, small, and medium enterprises) to jumpstart their activities; (2) employment and income provision for the furloughed (unpaid leave) workers to make sure that the workers have a decent livelihood and to prevent them from falling into poverty; and (3) inclusive protection for the workers, both in terms of social protection and employment agreement. As for the supply side, efforts can be made by (1) increasing access to secondary and tertiary education; (2) enhance the quality of education; and (3) provide training and education for workers and everyone over the lifecycle. So that through this idea it is hoped that it can be a solution for the economic recovery of the community in Pasuruan City due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.

The Material Well-being of Russians: Intergenerational Differentiation

The article is devoted to the problems of the material well-being of the Russian population. It presents the research results that continues the author's developments on the assessment of inequality in the distribution of the population by monetary income and housing provision. This study aimed to identify and analyse the inequality of material well-being in the aspect of intergenerational differentiation. The authors relied on the normative methodology for identifying material well-being based on the original system of social standards of monetary income and housing provision. The assessments based on data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) (28th round, 2019). Data on the existing inequality in material well-being identified by social standards under three distribution models — one-criterion (monetary income, housing provision) and two-criterion (joint distribution according to the criteria of material well-being) — for three generations: youth, middle, and older generation. According to the results of the study, those who live in households with dependents (children, nonworking members of households) are the most vulnerable in terms of material well-being characteristics, and, on the contrary, those who live alone or from small households (2 people) are in the best position. At different “poles” of the material well-being are the young people living separately with children and the older generation — living alone or married couples. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to increase the validity of social policy and develop targeted measures differentiated relative to different generations of Russians and their socio-demographic groups based on indicators of the actual distribution of material well-being — monetary income and/or housing provision.

COVID-19 and the Pivotal role of Grandparents: Childcare and income Support in the UK and South Africa

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 global crisis and the “stay-home” response taken by most governments has starkly exposed the dependence of formal economies on the invisible and unpaid care labor of women – a dependence that has intensified during the pandemic as public childcare provision and schools are shut and parents work from home. This article focuses specifically on the childcare and income support provided by grandparents in the United Kingdom and South Africa. In undertaking this comparative analysis the study demonstrates the universality of intergenerational interdependence and the contextual specificity of grandparental childcare and income provision, as well as the differential impacts of suspending, or risking, such supports during the pandemic. Grandparents within and across households make substantial contributions to economic, social, and affective lives, and the study argues for greater recognition of these crucial contributions and the development of a more intersectional understanding of the provision of care work. HIGHLIGHTS COVID-19 has highlighted grandparents’ key contributions to society as part of intergenerational support. In the UK, suspension of grandparents’ informal childcare exposed gaps in formal childcare provision. In South Africa, grandparents maintained caregiving roles in multigenerational households, despite health risks. Grandparents’ contributions must be recognized, reevaluated, and reprioritized in government recovery planning.

Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: The double‐edged income effect of pension systems

AbstractWhile the sustainability of pension systems facing demographic ageing has been widely discussed, the adequacy of retirement income has often been neglected in current debate. However, considerable poverty and income inequality in old age exists across Europe. Using recent EU‐SILC data (2017/18), the comparative analysis of poverty rates and income inequality in old age shows important cross‐national variations that need to be seen in context of market‐related inequalities but also the specific pension system. Beveridge basic security is not always capable of effectively reducing poverty despite the explicit goal to do so. In addition, private funded pensions may generate social inequality. Some contributory Bismarckian systems are better suited to reduce poverty, but given their focus on status maintenance also reproduce inequality. Poverty rates are low due to encompassing basic pensions in Dutch and some Nordic multipillar systems and in core Central and Eastern European countries. Bismarckian pensions such as in Germany are generating some inequality and medium level of poverty, while France and some Southern European countries perform better on poverty but reproduce larger inequalities. Beveridge systems such as in the United Kingdom and Switzerland with rather meagre basic multipillar systems have relatively medium to high poverty risks. In addition, the Baltic countries and new EU member states in the periphery have the highest poverty rates across Europe. The analysis shows that the minimum income provision of public pension systems matters most for poverty risks, while the overall pension architecture has an impact on reproducing inequality in old age acquired during working life.

Elevating Human Development in Muslim Countries: Need Fulfillment versus Basic Income Provision

Elevating Human Development in Muslim Countries: Need Fulfillment versus Basic Income Provision

Systemic Reformulation of Labour Arrangements Between Demand and Pressure Concerning Income towards Welfare in Indonesia

AbstractsThe abstract of this article authors several points, among others:Firstly, Purpose of Article; to analyze labour regulation concerning income provision towards welfare for employers in Indonesia. Secondly, Scope of Work; that the legal implementation focuses on Indonesian labor law arrangements, and then concerning pressures relevant to income as international standard for laborers, and demand for wage acceptance as facility for labor welfare, and also labor law dispute settlement in Indonesian welfare system. Thirdly, Legal Methodology; refers to qualitative research with secondary materials from normative and empirical sources, also by conducting legal comparison from other countries outside of Indonesia. Fourthly, Result Summary; pertaining to systemic implementation of Indonesian labour regulation as stipulated in written constitution, that ”Each citizen shall reserve the rights for adequate employment and income based on sustainable standards (Article 27 paragraph (2), 1945 Indonesian Constitution). The income pressure for International labour standards via ILO has created a standard system to protect the rights of labourers binding themselves in an agreement, based on ILO Convention No.89 Year 1949 which instigated the birth of Law Number 18 Year 1956 concerning Ratification of ILO Convention No. 80 Year 1957. Demands for income to be accepted as labour welfare has yet to reiterate the importance of wage component in applicable labor law (Law Number 13 Year 2003 concerning Employment) since it allows Governor in each province to regulate the measurement of labour’s wage on annual basis. Similarly with labor trial pattern which only allows Industrial Relations Court and not solely referring to labour arbitration institution as expected from ILO and WTO as international organizations. Fifthly, Conclusion; that systemic reformulation of labour regulation in order to achive welfare in Indonesia still requires the participation or internal demand from labourers and pressure from international labour institution. Keywords: Income Regulation, Indonesian Labour Welfare.

The Impact of U.S. Tax Reform on U.S. Firm Acquisitions of Domestic and Foreign Targets

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) eliminated disincentives for U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) to repatriate foreign subsidiaries’ earnings, but the TCJA included additional provisions that will impact U.S. firms’ acquisition decisions. We find that both the likelihood and number of domestic and foreign acquisition announcements made by U.S. firms decreased on average after the TCJA but increased with repatriation taxes that U.S. MNCs faced prior to the TCJA. This effect is stronger for those MNCs that held larger amounts of foreign cash prior to the TCJA. The post-TCJA increase in foreign target acquisitions is driven by MNCs that are more likely to be subject to the global intangible low-tax income (GILTI) provisions after the TCJA. Our results suggest that the GILTI provisions introduced a contradictory incentive for U.S. MNCs with higher returns from intangible assets to investment in foreign target firms with lower returns on tangible property.