Income Payments Research Articles

Analisis Besaran Tambahan Penghasilan Pegawai Bedasarkan Kelas Jabatan bagi PNS/CPNS Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

This research aims to analyze the amount of additional employee income based on position class for civil servants/CPNS in the South Sumatra Provincial Government. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with an inductive approach which focuses on observations or observations first, then continues with drawing conclusions. The results of the analysis show that the policy of providing additional employees in the Sumatra Province does not violate Law Number 1 of 2022, this is because it does not exceed the maximum limit of the provisions stipulated in this regulation, namely 30% of the total APBD expenditure. The percentage of government personnel expenditure is only 20.85%; which means that the policy on the amount of Additional Employee Income (TPP) within the South Sumatra Provincial Government should not interfere with other development budget allocations. However, this research found the fact that the payment of additional income towards the end of the year was delayed, and the productivity of the regional government of South Sumatra Province in regional development decreased, this was closely related to regional budget limitations caused by the regional expenditure ceiling being larger than the regional income ceiling.

On priority-proportional payments in financial networks

We study financial systems from a game-theoretic standpoint. A financial system is represented by a network, where nodes correspond to banks, and directed labeled edges correspond to debt contracts between them. The existence of cycles in the network indicates that a payment of a bank to one of its lenders might affect the bank's incoming payments. So, if a bank cannot fully repay its debt, then the exact payments it makes to each of its lenders can affect the cash inflow back to itself. We naturally assume that the banks are interested in their financial well-being (utility) which is aligned with the amount of incoming payments they receive from the network. This defines a game among the banks, that can be seen as utility-maximizing agents who strategize over their payments.We introduce a class of financial network games that arise under some natural payment strategies called priority-proportional payments. We compute valid payment profiles for fixed payment strategies and we investigate existence and (in)efficiency of equilibrium strategies, under different variations of the game that capture several financial aspects that commonly arise in practice. We conclude with examining the computational complexity of a variety of related problems.

Maximizing the net present value of a project under uncertainty: Activity delays and dynamic policies

We study a project with stochastic activity durations and cash flows; we model the uncertainty using discrete scenarios. The project entails precedence-related activities, each of which incurs a cash flow that may be positive (inflow) or negative (outflow). The problem is to find a scheduling policy that maximizes the expected net present value of the project. A scheduling policy decides the starting time of each activity under every possible realization of the unknown parameters. Ideally, one wants to expedite the inflows (e.g., incoming payments), while delaying the outflows (e.g., costs) as much as possible, without violating the project deadline. In this article, we devise an exact and a heuristic method to define policies within two new classes of scheduling policies. The first policy class generalizes all existing static policies in the literature and further illustrates the importance of intentional activity delays from both a theoretical as well as an empirical point of view. Whereas the literature on project scheduling has mainly focused on static policies, we also propose a second class of dynamic policies. We show that dynamic policies outperform static policies by means of extensive computational experiments.

Collaborative Action, Policy Support and Rural Sustainability Transitions in Advanced Western Economies: The Case of Scotland

Rural areas face profound challenges in transitioning towards sustainability. Intensive agriculture is deeply implicated in high greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity decline and water pollution. As a more socio-economically heterogenous rural Europe emerges with a greater non-farming component, changes such as in-migration and tourism in some areas can also be seen to compromise sustainability, as can an ageing and declining population in others. The dominant means of European rural policy support has been direct income payments to farmers, with modest but increasing expectations of environmental cross-compliance over time. Since the early 1990s, new policy means have been introduced, many based around collaborative actions to enhance sustainability. These include the European Union (EU) Leader scheme, environmental cooperatives, catchment management projects and support for community renewable energy. These changes mark a shift from sectoral support to a more territorial and place-based policy, often built around collaborative partnership models. Scotland has developed a wide and distinctive range of communitarian policies to support sustainable rural development which connect to this territorial approach. This paper reviews the contribution of communitarian and collaborative policies to sustainability transitions, drawing primarily on Scottish policy but referencing these policies against policies in other developed economies.

МІЖНАРОДНЕ ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ ДОХОДІВ, ЩО ВИПЛАЧУЮТЬСЯ НЕРЕЗИДЕНТАМ: ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТАВОК ПОДАТКУ ТА ОБЛІКОВІ АСПЕКТИ

The article examines the main aspects of international taxation of incomes paid with a source of origin in Ukraine by legal entities – residents for the benefit of legal entities – non-residents. Such income includes dividends, interest, freight, royalties, engineering income, etc. A legal entity – resident may be obliged to comply with the provisions of tax legislation to tax such income with corporate income tax, which is also called "non-resident income tax" or "repatriation tax". An analysis of the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which regulate the procedure for payment of non-resident income tax, was carried out. The composition of residents who must act as tax agents when paying income to non-residents and withholding non-resident income tax was studied. Attention is paid to the rates that should be applied by legal entities – residents when taxing incomes paid from Ukraine to legal entities – non-resident. The term is specified when legal entities – residents, which have withheld tax from the income of non-residents, must transfer this tax to the budget. An analysis of tax legislation was carried out in terms of the application of international treaties for the avoidance of double taxation. Cases were considered when legal entities – residents, when paying income to legal entities – non-residents, should not withhold non-resident income tax at the source of the payment. The conditions under which legal entities – residents can reduce the amount of non-resident income tax paid to the budget or avoid paying this tax have been studied. Attention is focused on the document that confirms that the non-resident is a tax resident of the relevant country, which means that he can claim tax benefits (for example, claim a reduced tax rate on his income). The conditions under which the controlling body can refuse to grant tax benefits regarding the exemption of income from taxation or the application of a reduced rate on non-resident income tax to these incomes are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of the reflection in the accounting of the legal entity – resident of the operation of payment of income from Ukraine in favor of the legal entity – non-resident and the accounting of withheld nonresident income tax.

The correlation between deferred taxes, tax accruals and cash fl ows of Russian companies

This paper confirms the informational value of deferred taxes for assessing tax accruals and their corresponding cash flows. Currently, many experts point out that recording tax effects distorts the perception of financial reality and does not lead to optimal business decisions, and modern research denies the connection of balance sheet deferred taxes with future cash flows at all. The above aspects are considered and tested for Russian organizations for the period of 2012–2018 using standard econometric analysis techniques. The inclusion of deferred tax factors leads to significant volatility in both tax accruals and tax cash flows, depending on which net deferred tax position is held by the economic entity. The findings show that with active positions, national organizations accrue almost 7.8–10.0% more and at the same time pay 8.1–8.7% less tax to the budget relative to other situations. Based on the confirmed hypotheses, the study develops a conceptual scheme to link tax accruals with deferred tax positions, which allows us to analyze the current corporate tax behavior of a company and its potential tax opportunities. The results show that the change in tax accruals in the structure of financial profit before tax on average increase tax cash flows 1.28–1.41 times, while tax accruals increase 0.46–0.54 times with a 1% increase in tax cash flows. The statistical significance of dividend (income payments to business owners) and investment policy (acquisition of non-current assets) factors for the evaluation of tax accruals and cash flows is also established. The findings provide a wide range of tools for further research in profit stability analysis, bankruptcy signs, and solvency of Russian organizations.

The public health insurance funds as drivers for integrated care

The public health insurance funds are a unique player in the healthcare landscape. Belgium has seven public health insurance funds that operate the reimbursement system of health care services covered by the compulsory health insurance for their members and the payment of a replacement income in case of long-term illness. Public health insurance funds are present throughout the lifespan of their members, from birth to death, they are companion and point of contact for crucial moments in life at all ages.They play a key role in the rollout and implementation of key aspects of integrated care. 
 Not only are they responsible for the health care reimbursement, they are the guardians of the health insurance finance as well as the administrator. They are in control of the recognition and follow up of patients in incapacity for work and guide those patient in return to work and rehabilitation and reintegration. They have lots of experience in finance mechanisms and regulation within health care. 
 Next to their responsibilities in reimbursement, there’s also an important social service. The social workers are there to familiarize people with care, the organization of home care and to facilitate all preconditions to make this possible, but also to determine the severity of care and to open up as many social benefits as possible for those who are entitled to it. The public health insurance funds also generate data which they can use to evaluate the health system, provide for scientific research but also use to enhance population management and to weigh on decision- or policy makers. 
 After a short, interactive part, we will explore these different roles and demonstrate how they contribute to integrated care. Not only from the perspective of the public health care insurance institutions, but also from the perspective of collaboration amongst formal care givers surrounding one patient and from the perspective of several informal care givers. By using various testimonials, we let informal care givers share their experience and needs about integrated care.
 Despite the long history, many actors in Belgium are insufficiently aware of what exactly these different roles are. It is the task of the public health insurance funds to continue to fully focus on this and to participate in initiatives that can realize integrated care. Therefore, at least one good practice will be discussed from one of the 12 integrated care pilot projects in which the funds, together with the other care actors and the government, are looking for innovative actions to make integrated care possible.

Optimizing Invoice Management: A Case Study of PT. Madina Mitra Teknik's Transition to a Laravel-Based Information System

One business that engages in trading goods and services is PT. Madina Mitra Teknik. During the observations, Microsoft Excel was still used for manual invoice recording, even though the collection division had access to computer tools that may facilitate collection efforts. The goal of this research is to design an invoice-recording information system that can help manage existing invoices at PT. Madina Mitra Teknik in the collection section with development using the Laravel framework. Currently, no information system helps record invoices and their progress as they are issued and incoming payments, so the process of making reports takes time. The research process includes analysis, design, coding, and testing. The waterfall development method is employed. The output of this study is an invoice recording system, and the results of the black box testing show that every function has operated as intended. To ensure that the invoice recording information system is appropriate for use and implemented to support the invoice management process in the PT collection section, Madina Mitra Teknik conducted a portability test using three different browsers and found that all aspects of the system could be accessed without any issues.

The Urgency of Determining the Post-Divorce Iddah Payment Period in Indonesian Religious Courts

<p>This study aims to provide legal justice for women after divorce. The determination of the period of payment of iddah income after divorce by the ex-husband to the ex-wife is very important because women who are carrying out the iddah period are not allowed to leave the house. For this reason, husbands are encouraged to provide iddah as stated in the word of Allah surah al-Thalaq:1. But, after divorce, the man disappears regardless of his ex-wife, besides that the policy on determining the period of payment of iddah income has not been regulated in the legislation or the compilation of Islamic law. So this research is important to be carried out as an effort to realize justice for women. This research is a literature research (Library research), which is a study that presents a variety of data by the research topic which includes primary data, namely the concept of iddah in the compilation of Islamic law which will be analyzed using Islamic legal theory. The results of the study that the determination of the period of payment of income is very important to be stated in the laws and regulations in Indonesia. Because the obligation to practice iddah will also be carried out if the ex-wife does not experience any deficiency Even the state can determine sanctions for ex-husbands who do not provide iddah to ex-wives. Sanctions provide a deterrent effect and encourage husbands to comply with their obligations fairly and responsibly.</p><p align="center"> </p>

Wealth heterogeneity in a closed pooled annuity fund

The stability of income payments in a pooled annuity fund is studied. In those funds, members receive a fluctuating income depending on their experienced mortality in exchange for their pension savings. The focus is on describing the influence of different initial savings on the ability of the fund to provide a stable income in retirement. Because of this, members coincide in their characteristics except for their initial savings. We identify a term, which we dub ‘implied number of homogeneous members’, that directly links the initial savings to the size of the income fluctuations. Our main contribution is the analysis of this term and the development of a criterion to answer the question of whether or not a given group of same-aged people should pool their funds together.

Preliminary outcomes of a financial navigation program among lower socioeconomic patients with cancer.

12071 Background: Cancer patients receiving treatment are at risk of experiencing financial hardship, especially among those from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households. Patients experiencing financial toxicity are more likely to report poorer physical-wellbeing, higher anxiety, housing or food insecurity, and treatment non-adherence. While financial navigation programs are present, there is a lack of standardized practice to mitigate financial hardship among cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of Family Reach’s oncology financial treatment program (FTP) on financial toxicity, quality of life, and anxiety in low SES patients. FTP consists of individualized resource navigation, financial education services, and a $1000 patient assistance grant that was used towards non-treatment related expenses. Methods: 152 cancer patients undergoing active treatment, with household incomes under the 400% poverty line were recruited from two NCI-designated cancer centers. 99 participants completed the baseline and 2-month follow-up survey, consisting of these measures: COST: A FACIT Measure of Financial Toxicity (COST), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), poverty exposers and treatment adherence items (secondary outcomes). Results: Participants were 69% female; roughly half (51%) were African American/Black, 34% were white, 4% were mixed, 3% were Asian and 8% reported ‘other’ or preferred not to answer. COST score at baseline (M=10.5, SD=6.4) significantly increased after 2 months (M=12.9, SD=7.9), t(176.2)= -2.3, p<.05. HADS-Anxiety score at baseline (M=11.1, SD=4.7) significantly decreased after 2 months (M=9.2, SD=4.4), t(186.0)= 2.88, p<.01. SF-36 Physical functioning score at baseline (M=34.0, SD=27.2) significantly increased after 2 months (M=43.9, SD=31.0), t(170.3)= -2.26, p<.05. See Table for secondary outcomes. Conclusions: Early evidence of FTP indicates promising results to increase financial and physical well-being, and in reducing anxiety among lower SES cancer patients. FTP showed improvements in COST scores and reduced non-medical cost concerns. However, COST scores reported in this study are still lower compared to other studies. A planned future study involving monthly guaranteed income payments will be carried out to examine if financial well-being and treatment adherence can be achieved. Supported by: One Family Foundation/Social Impact Fund Secondary outcomes. [Table: see text]

The COVID Retirement Boom and Personal Finance: How can we save and protect?

Granting periodic income payments to retirees, the Social Security system is undoubtedly an essential part of American retirement financing. Indeed, 90% of American retirees receive Social Security and 57% of its beneficiaries depend on it as the major source of income. While Social Security is indispensable to American retirement financing, retirees ought not to be unduly dependent on it, as current demographic changes imperil the institution’s regulation. Over the last decade, the United States retirement population increase rate has been 33.79%, approximately seven times that of the labor force population. This pattern jeopardizes the Social Security system by raising its cost disproportionately to its income. Thus, if such a demographic trend continues, the Social Security System will no longer be able to provide retirees with income. Confronting the possibility of systemic failure of the Social Security system, I will argue in this paper that retirees must take responsibility for their own finances and voluntarily produce income through investing in two asset classes – REITs and bond ladders. My research will discuss two advisable investment plans: REITs and bond ladders. Each method will be evaluated on its safety, periodicity of income, and consistency in the income quantity. Furthermore, for each method, I will examine its upsides and downsides. This research discusses the transfer of financial responsibility from the Social Security system to individual retirees. It proposes retirement plans that the members of our community can practice to produce income.

Holding company location: a Polish tax perspective

This paper aims to present the size and structure of passive income payments, such as dividends, interest, royalty payments, and fees for intangible services, made by companies domiciled in Poland belonging to a multinational enterprises (MNE) group. The authors formulate a hypothesis that tax jurisdictions offering extensive legal and tax incentives for holding structures, in particular concerning the tax treatment of dividends and other withholding tax payments, are the preferred location of holding companies. A review of the literature and legal sources precedes empirical research. The empirical analysis shows that passive income flows, including dividends, interest, royalties, and fees for intangible services, which constitute the dominant type of payments to holding companies, are directed from Poland primarily to countries with tax and regulatory solutions that are friendly to holding companies, including in particular the so-called intra-EU tax havens, namely Luxembourg, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Malta and Ireland. Real trade with these countries is neither significant nor proportional to the scale of passive income.

A merely national ‘universal’ basic income and global justice

A merely national ‘universal’ basic income and global justice

Assessment by specialists of the social protection sphere of the possibilities and problems of implementing the mechanism of unconditional basic income

The article is devoted to the results of a sociological interview with specialists of the social protection sphere on the problems of unconditional basic income. The modern practice of social protection of the population in Russia is characterized by increased efforts to find and implement new mechanisms that ensure an increase in the level of social protection of citizens in a situation of permanent socio-economic instability. The above explains the relevance of studying the mechanism of unconditional basic income as one of the social protection tools, including by conducting empirical research among various categories of subjects of the sphere of social protection, who can assess the possibilities and problems of implementing the mechanism in question. The survey of specialists and heads of social protection management bodies in the Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia was conducted by the authors in 2021–2022 using a semi-structured interview of 32 respondents. According to the number of informants and the content of the questions, the study can be described as intelligence. The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of specialists about the content of the mechanism of unconditional basic income and to identify their opinions about the possibilities and problems of introducing this social protection tool into Russian practice. The study revealed a low level of awareness of the interviewed specialists about the problems of unconditional basic income, while their professional experience in the field of social protection allowed us to assess the range of problems associated with the possible use of this tool. Among the main problems of its implementation, respondents attributed the lack of financial resources from the state in order to ensure the payment of unconditional basic income, as well as significant difficulties in the administration of this social protection tool. Among the most significant possible consequences of the introduction of an unconditional basic income were a decrease in the activity of the population in the field of employment and an increase in manifestations of social dependency. In general, the results of the study indicate the interest and readiness of specialists at the regional level to introduce new practices of social protection of the population when they are aware of the relevant risks and problems.

Association of Expanded Child Tax Credit Payments With Child Abuse and Neglect Emergency Department Visits

Poverty has long been associated with a higher risk for child maltreatment, and recent research suggests that income support policies are associated with reduced child abuse and neglect. However, income supports tied to employment cannot separate the associations of income from those of employment. To estimate the short-term association of universal and unconditional income payments to parents with child abuse and neglect. In this cross-sectional study, variation in the timing of the 2021 expanded child tax credit (CTC) advance payments was used to determine whether receiving unconditional income is associated with child abuse and neglect. A fixed-effects approach was used to compare child abuse and neglect before and after payments were made in 2021. The study compared 2021 trends with the same period in 2018 and 2019, during which no CTC payments were made. Participants were pediatric emergency department (ED) patients identified as experiencing child abuse or neglect at a level I pediatric hospital system in the Southeastern US from July through December 2021. Data were analyzed from July to August 2022. Timing in the disbursement of the expanded CTC advance payments. Daily child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. During the study period, there were 3169 ED visits related to child abuse or neglect. The 2021 advance payments of the expanded CTC were associated with fewer child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. There was a decrease in these ED visits in the 4 days following the advance CTC payments, although the reduction was not significant (point estimate, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.45 to 0.01; P = .06). There were significant reductions in such ED visits among male children (point estimate, -0.40; 95% CI, -0.75 to -0.06; P = .02) and non-Hispanic White children (point estimate, -0.69; 95% CI, -1.22 to -0.17; P = .01). These reductions did not persist, however. These findings suggest that federal income supports to parents are associated with immediate reductions in child abuse and neglect-related ED visits. These results are important for discussions of making the temporary expansion of the CTC permanent and are applicable to income support policies more broadly.

BFO Theory with Variable Profit in Case of Advance Payments of Tax on Profit

The Brusov–Filatova–Orekhova (BFO) theory is generalized for the simultaneous account of variable company profit and advance tax on income payments. The generalized BFO formula for the WACC, has been derived. The dependence of WACC, discount rate, WACC–g (here g is growth rate), company capitalization, V, the equity cost, ke, on leverage L at various values of g, on debt cost, kd, and on age of the company, n, is studied. It is shown, that WACC, is no longer a discount rate. This role passes to WACC–g, which decreases with g, while the company's value increases with g. The tilt of curve k(L) growths with g. It is found that at the growth rate g < g* the tilt of the curve ke(L) is negative. This changes significantly the company's dividend policy principles. WACC(L) as well as the discount rate, WACC–g, decrease with the increase of debt cost kd. V (L) at all values of kd increases with leverage L, as well V(L) increases with kd. This means that tax shield advantages the decrease of the cost of raising capital. Examining the main financial parameters of the company at the positive (g=0.2) and negative (g=–0.2) growth rates, we found a huge difference in their behavior. This allows you to explore companies with growing profits and companies with decreasing profits, as well investigate the financial state of the companies whose profits rise and fall in different periods.

WEB-BASED SPP PAYMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM WITH MIDTRANS PAYMENT GATEWAY

ABSTRACT- The tuition payment system at Taufiq Islamic Middle School is still manually using ledger media in transaction activities and data recap. The system still needs to be revised and is prone to errors in calculating incoming payments and reporting payment data. This research was conducted to facilitate the school in the payment management process so that the recording error rate no longer occurs. The system development method used in this study is the Waterfall model and uses the Midtrans payment gateway in the online payment process. The results of this study are in the form of a tuition payment website that can facilitate all parties, both the school and students. This system makes the payment and recording process better and more efficient. Keywords: information system, waterfall, payment gateway, Midtrans.

The applicability of machine learning algorithms in accounts receivables management

PurposeThe accurate prediction of incoming cash flows enables more effective cash management and allows firms to shape firms' planning based on forward-looking information. Although most firms are aware of the benefits of these forecasts, many still have difficulties identifying and implementing an appropriate prediction model. With the rise of machine learning algorithms, numerous new forecasting techniques have emerged. These new forecasting techniques are theoretically applicable for predicting customer payment behavior but have not yet been adequately investigated. This study aims to close this research gap by examining which machine learning algorithm is the most appropriate for predicting customer payment dates.Design/methodology/approachBy using various machine learning algorithms, the authors evaluate whether customer payment behavior patterns can be identified and predicted. The study is based on real-world transaction data from a DAX-40 firm with over 1,000,000 invoices in the dataset, with the data covering the period 2017–2019.FindingsThe authors' results show that neural networks in particular are suitable for predicting customers' payment dates. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that contextual and logical prediction models can provide more accurate forecasts than conventional baseline models, such as linear and multivariate regression.Research limitations/implicationsFuture cash flow forecasting studies should incorporate naïve prediction models, as the authors demonstrate that these models can compete with conventional baseline models used in existing machine learning research. However, the authors expect that with more in-depth information about the customer (creditworthiness, accounting structure) the results can be even further improved.Practical implicationsThe knowledge of customers' future payment dates enables firms to change their perspective and move from reactive to proactive cash management. This shift leads to a more targeted dunning process.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, no study has yet been conducted that interprets the prediction of incoming payments as a daily rolling forecast by comparing naïve forecasts with forecasts based on machine learning and deep learning models.

The macroeconomic effects of basic income funded by a land-holding tax in Korea

We examine the macroeconomic effects of the introduction of a scheme to pay a basic income of approximately $900 per year to each citizen through a land-holding tax. Unlike other studies, we address the issue of whether a sharp increase in the land-holding tax rate intended to raise funds for a basic income scheme causes landowners to sell their land. We also use the relationship between holding assets and reservation wages to determine whether household members supply their labor in accordance with the payment of basic income. Our simulation results obtained using data for Korea show that the introduction of the basic income scheme decreases real gross domestic product, total labor demand, and social welfare by 1.3%, 0.3%, and 0.4%, respectively.