Income In Favour Research Articles

Bamboo Forests: Unleashing the Potential for Carbon Abatement and Local Income Improvements

Bamboo forests exhibit a unique efficient growth pattern that makes them invaluable in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Additionally, bamboo forests offer a diverse range of products, thus holding the potential to bolster local income. Despite these benefits, the comprehensive assessment of bamboo forests’ potential in both carbon abatement and improving local income enhancement has been hindered by the absence of a detailed bamboo biomass map. In this study, we address this gap by amalgamating a bamboo aboveground biomass (AGB) map covering three prominent producing provinces in southern China, utilizing multi-source remote sensing datasets. The results not only demonstrate a satisfactory consistency with China’s Ninth National Forest Inventory but also provide a more detailed spatial distribution. Based on this AGB estimation, we project an approximately threefold potential increase in annual bamboo culm harvest from existing bamboo forests. This represents a significant opportunity for expanding carbon abatement efforts, elevating local income levels, and facilitating the production of bamboo-derived biofuels. Furthermore, the adoption of an optimized management strategy has the potential to further enhance bamboo production. This study generates the first high-resolution bamboo AGB map and underscores the substantial potential of China’s bamboo forests in contributing to carbon sequestration and improving local income. The favorable income generated for local residents can serve as a compelling incentive for the implementation of sustainable forest management practices, offering a promising pathway toward achieving carbon-related objectives within the forestry sector and providing necessary support for forestry designation projects.

Monetary Policy and Income Distribution in a Multisectoral AB-SFC Model

ABSTRACT Restrictive monetary policy can not only fail to achieve the conventional macroeconomic goal of controlling inflation but also be seen as responsible for the increasing income inequality that has occurred in recent decades. This result is not clear, however, if one remains bounded to the traditional monetary policy transmission mechanisms and conventional models. In this article, we create an agent-based, stock-flow consistent, heterodox disequilibrium model to analyse and evaluate the effects of different basic interest rate levels, especially its distributive effects. Using computer simulations, we show that the basic interest rate plays a key role when firms compete in oligopolistic markets and face financial constraints and costs. In such circumstances, increases in the interest rate can be responsible for price increases, creating the price puzzle problem. In addition, it forces redistribution of income in favour of the financial system and pressures the profit rate of industrial firms, which will raise prices and lower the wage share. The final distributive effect of an interest rate policy will ultimately depend on the power of these agents: the bargaining power of the workers to claim higher wages and the market power of the firms to raise prices.

Energy use and carbon footprint in response to the transition from indica rice to japonica rice cropping systems in China

Energy flow and environmental impacts are crucial factors in sustainable agriculture. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the energy consumption, economic benefits and carbon footprint (CF) of Japonica rice (JR) and indica rice (IR) cropping systems. The results showed that the JR system could provide favourable income combined with improved yields compared to those of the IR system, with growth rates of 47.0 % and 9.8 %, respectively. Fertilizer application, diesel fuel, and machinery were the major contributors to energy consumption regardless of the system. Compared to those of the IR system, the JR system attained a higher energy consumption, mainly resulting from seeds and fertilizers, reducing the average energy use efficiency by 5.6 %. There was no significant difference in the average eco-efficiency between the two cropping systems. Although the JR system exhibited a greater carbon input (941.2 kg CO2-eq ha−1) than that of the IR system (828.7 kg CO2-eq ha−1), it exhibited a comparable CF per unit of rice production due to its greater output. These results suggest that adopting the JR system could be a promising alternative for increasing grain production without increasing environmental costs in China. Applying innovative fertilization methods or products, efficient machinery will help achieve high productivity and environmental friendliness.

DETERMINANTS OF YAM FARMERS’ ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES DELIVERY AND PRODUCTION IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the determinants of yam farmers’ access to ICT tools in agricultural services delivery and production in Delta State, Nigeria. It identifies the agricultural services and the ICT tools available to yam farmers, determined the roles of ICT tools in improving yam farmers’ access to agricultural services and examined the determinants of yam farmers’ access to ICT tools, among others. The sample size was 176 respondents made up of 88 farmer adopters and 88 non-adopters of ICT tools in yam production. Data was analyzed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that services on: transportation/distribution of farm products (93.18%), marketing (92.05%), crop production (87.50%), advisory (80.68%), farm management (71.59%) and finance (70.46%) were services offered to the farmers by the extension agents. Common available ICT tools to the farmers are mobile phones (95.45%), television (85.23%) and radio (80.68%). Farm size (mean = 3.42), level of farm income (mean = 3.41), farmers educational level (mean = 3.12) and area where farmers stay (mean = 2.98), were found to be major determinants of farmers access to ICT tools. Farmers’ high level of access to ICT tools have played significant roles in improving their access to agricultural services, production and farm income. There was significant difference in farm income (N105,113.63) in favour of adopters over non-adopters of ICT tools in yam production. The study thus recommended that government should make the ICT tools more available to the farmers so that their income can be boosted.

Nursing in Brazil: socioeconomic analysis with a focus on the racial composition.

to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of nurses and nursing technicians living in Brazil according to color/race. based on the 2010 Demographic Census sample, 62,451 nursing professionals (nurses and technicians) living in Brazil were selected. Differences in monthly income were estimated by multivariate models, stratified by color or race groups (white, brown, and black). the majority were technicians (61.9%) of white color (54.3%). The income of white nurses exceeded that of brown and black nurses by more than a quarter; among technicians, white professionals had an income approximately 11% higher than brown and black nurses. differences between incomes of nursing workers were associated with ethnic/racial background, revealing situations in which white professionals systematically presented more favorable job and income conditions than black and brown professionals.

Financial globalization and income inequality nexus: panel quantile regression approach

PurposeThe general purpose of the paper is to examine the effect of financial globalization on income inequality. The specific purposes are: 1) To examine the effect of overall financial globalization on income inequality. 2) To analyze whether de facto and de jure financial globalization have differential effects on income inequality. 3) To scrutinize whether the effect of financial globalization on income inequality varies across countries of different income groups and quantiles of income inequality.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employed panel quantile regression using 73 countries over 2000–2016 to examine the effect of financial globalization on income inequality. The authors employed fixed effect and panel quantile regressions and classified the countries into income groups to compare differential effects of financial globalization across different income groups. Further, the authors unbundled financial globalization into de facto and de jure financial globalizations to investigate whether their effects on income inequality vary.FindingsOverall financial globalization raises income inequality more at lower quantiles of inequality. De jure financial globalization reduces income inequality in high-income countries. In high-income countries, de jure financial globalization has more favorable income distribution at lower quantiles of inequality. In contrast, de facto financial globalization raises inequality regardless of income classification of the countries.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the authors for the first time employed panel quantile regression to analyze whether financial globalization affects income inequality across different quantiles. In addition to de facto globalization, the authors used the newly developed de jure financial globalization index to examine its impact on income inequality. The de jure dimension is largely neglected in the literature. The authors provide empirical evidence on how the different dimensions of financial globalization, de facto and de jure, impact inequality in high-income, middle-income and low-income countries.

Receipts and income of households in Poland

This article aims to assess the income situation of households in Poland, considering the level of receipts and in[1]come as well as their dynamics and structure. An analysis was also carried out with respect to differences between particular socio-economic groups and between households depending on the number of persons in a household. The Gini coefficient was used for analytical purposes. Moreover, an attempt was made to identify the causes of income diversification. The analysis was carried out based on data derived from household budget surveys conducted by Statistics Poland. The research covered the period from 2000 to 2019 (individual years). The study showed a real increase in the average monthly net receipts and available income in all households. The most favour[1]able financial situation was observed in white-collar workers, self-employed persons and one-person households. The least favourable income situation was found in households of blue[1]collar workers and pensioners and households of six or more persons. However, attention should also be paid to changes taking place in the structure of sources of income generated by household members. There is an increase in income from hired work and social assistance benefits. The highest variations in receipts and available income were observed in households of farmers and those of six or more persons. In contrast, the smallest variations were recorded with respect to households of old-age pensioners and one-person households.

Reinventing a Better and Effective Institutional Framework for Efficient Watershed Management, Agriculture Development and Progress of Village Communities in Rural India: VDMO

The development of grass root level institutions is central to sustainable agricultural development, inclusive of healthy natural resource base and redistribution of income in favour of resources poor farmers to enable the local communities to be part of the whole in the matters of planning and execution. Various watershed management programmes have shown varying level of success based on the procedure of field implementation of such project and level of people’s participation. Many projects have drastically failed despite the water availability during the active rainfall periods whereas some project were quite successful despite continuous monsoon failures in a row. Scenario analysis of some successful watershed management programme and lessons learnt from the past experiences based on the field surveys, interviews of individuals, farmers, village leaders, development officials of the government etc. have been analyzed and inferences have been drawn. Results from the study of some of the famous watershed development programs implemented in the past in India, lead by dedicated grass root workers; revealed that the process and the manner in which activities were implemented are as important as the activities of the people. It was observed that the successes and the pitfalls in the development of peoples centered/farmers led participatory watershed management in India depend on mainly four factors namely; whole hearted people’s participation, the most sincere and dedicated contribution of an honest leader of people and a thorough and comprehensive analytical frame work for project planning and implementation either by any individual or by the government. An institutional framework incorporating general trend of decentralization and peoples participation is proposed for effective implementation of such program. In the present study a new model for the overall development and management of resources of the rural agrarian economy of India has been envisaged. Such grass root level institution, called Village Development and Management Organization (VDMO), will be working in close association with rural masses and will have responsibility to protect their interests. It is a three tier developmental model for local self government based on the decentralized developmental principles. This also is a closed chain business model for earning profits using local resources with sustainability by all beneficiaries. It will create strong and transparent processes in local resources management, conceiving and field implementation of developmental projects, employment generation ventures, capacity building and bringing in enormous happiness without and socio-cultural or economic biases.

Idoso e condições de vida: análise da pesquisa de orçamento familiar de Viçosa (MG), 2019-2020

Abstract Objective The study aimed to identify the socioeconomic profile of the older population in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, and their living condition and verify the influence of the age, sex and education factors on the income of family members and the older people in particula Methods This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study, based on data from the Household Budget Survey (POF) (2019-2020), from the Department of Economics at the Federal University of Viçosa (DEE-UFV). Three hundred and seven households participated in the study and the sample was composed by 167 older people. Results Most of the older people were female, with an average age of 69.8 (±8.07) years old, education level referring to complete high school and retired (74.90%). As to their income, most of them had R$2,914.10 on average, which is above the range considered low by the Brazilian Government Registry named “Cadastro Único”. They also had the retirement as their exclusive income. The older people were satisfied with their living conditions, especially in regard to housing. The variables gender, age, and education influenced the family members’ income. But the age factor did not influence the older people’s income when it was singularly analyzed. Conclusions The studied sample had more satisfactory and favorable income, schooling and living conditions than the older population in the country when compared to studies that used data from the national POF. However, this reality could be linked to the existence of the UFV in the city where great part of the population studies and/or works therefore achieving better educational levels and earning higher incomes once education has a positive impact on the access to better jobs and wages.

Activities of Social Studies Teachers in Non-governmental Organizations and Perception of Volunteering

Volunteering can be stated as activities performed for the benefit of the society regardless of the interests of the people. Such activities are of great importance for the strengthening of the social structure. In this study, the activities of social studies teachers in non-governmental organizations and the perception of volunteering were tried to be determined. In this context, the research was carried out in the phenomenology pattern, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the study consisted of 38 social studies teachers determined by purposeful sampling method. In the study, the data were collected by structured interview form and analyzed by descriptive analysis method. The results of the research: In the definition of volunteering in the study, the most repeated result is the benefit of society, benevolence, and favorable income without waiting for a financial response. It was concluded that volunteering increases solidarity and empathy and improves unity-togetherness and solidarity. In the study, the reasons for the low rate of volunteerism in Turkey unconsciousness, educational shortcoming is that prejudice and politics intertwined. It was concluded that the most needed volunteering activities should be in the fields of education, environment, children and health.

Class, Power and the Structural Dependence Thesis: Distributive Conflict in the UK, 1892–2018

Can political parties, social movements and governments influence market outcomes and shape the functioning of a capitalist economy? Is it possible for social democratic parties, and the labour movement in general, to promote a significant redistribution of income in favour of labour? According to proponents of the structural dependence thesis, the answer to both questions is negative, because the structural dependence of labour upon capital severely constrains feasible income distributions. This article provides a long-run analysis of the UK, which casts doubts on the structural dependence thesis. There is some evidence of a short-run profit-squeeze mechanism, but income shares are much more variable in the long-run than the structural dependence argument suggests, and the power resources available to social classes are among the key determinants of distributive outcomes.

AN INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF KLEPTOCRATIC ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEANIZATION

Relevance. Kleptocratic economy, as an institutional system, is oriented towards a key function that involves gaining wealth by the ruling elite through the introduction of non-market transaction costs for companies and households, which is based on administrative, bureaucratic, and political violence. For this purpose, the kleptocratic states create such systems of state institutional management that give the authorities the possibility of rent-oriented behaviour, which impedes the functioning of the real sector of the economy and encourages the shadow one. Under such circumstances, transaction costs are redirected to administrative intervention into the market mechanism, rather than aimed at increasing its efficiency; property rights are not clearly specified; the level of uncertainty about rules and norms of economic behaviour increases, and the motivational system of business activity is distorted. As a result, on the one hand, inefficient allocation of resources and slow economic growth (decline) are observed, and on the other hand, there is the redistribution of income in favour of the ruling elite and its excessive enrichment, that is detrimental to the welfare of the majority of the population. The aim of the article is to analyse the political-economic formation of a kleptocratic basis, which in the future transforms the state and its economy into kleptocratic formations; defining ways of counteraction and institutional capacity for transformations in the direction of Ukraine’s aspirations for European integration. Methodological basis. The methodological basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of institutionalism and kleptocratic economy. The models of the development of a kleptocratic state and the influence of kleptocratic factors on the socio-economic processes in the country have been studied with the application of the method of analysis, systematization, and generalization. Results. It is determined that in order to liquidate the grounds of kleptocratic economy, it is of primary necessity to eliminate institutional obstacles that interfere with the unification of the legal and shadow sectors of the economy and ensure their institutional formalization. This requires the introduction of effective ways of restraining the ruling elite in order to restrict corruption abuses of the government and its close reigning coalition with special privileges and bureaucracies and form an institutional structure, in which firms and households have clearly defined property rights and also have the possibility to protect contractual rights provided by formal institutes. Particular attention should be paid to the ways of civil society’s monitoring the state information policy and methods of adopting laws, which is, the institutional foundation that guarantees the openness of information as to the actions of government institutions. According to the results of the study, definite measures are proposed, the implementation of which will ensure the opportunities for Europeanization, particularly in Ukraine. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the important factors of counteracting the kleptocratic economy are the wage reform and the “transparent” selection of employees in the public administration sector on the basis of their professional qualities only.

Immigrants’ relative income and life satisfaction: Comparison groups from a multi-generational perspective

With a focus on the immigrant population, this study examines how the association between a relative income position and life satisfaction varies when the comparison group changes. Drawing data from Understanding Society in the UK between 2009 and 2015, this study first shows that after migration, income comparisons with the mainstream and co-ethnic groups in the host country matter more than that with the source-country population for one’s life satisfaction. Furthermore, the relevance of comparison groups to life satisfaction varies across immigrant generations. Income comparison with the source-country population is more relevant to life satisfaction of the 1st generation, whereas 1.5 and 2nd generations consider income comparisons within the host country more relevant. In particular, favourable income comparison with the mainstream group in the host country is the most relevant to life satisfaction of the 2nd-generation, followed by the 1.5-generation, and last by the 1st-generation immigrants.

Income security in Nordic welfare states for men and women who died when aged 55–69 years old

AbstractIncome security when health impairment or other social risks occur is a major objective of welfare states. This comparative study uses register data from four Nordic welfare states for examining equivalized disposable income during the last 12 years alive among men and women who died when aged 55–69 years old. The analysed outcome indicates the aggregate result of a varied set of income maintenance mechanisms. Median income increased in the Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish samples, but decreased somewhat in Denmark, probably due to relatively frequent transitions to retirement and larger income drops after retirement than in the other Nordic countries. Analyses of comparison samples weighted by propensity scores indicated a better income development among those who lived beyond the observation period than among those who died. The higher educated had a more favourable income development during the years prior to death than those with low education.

Decisions under uncertainty in social contexts

This paper theoretically and experimentally studies decision-making in risky and social environments. We explore the interdependence of two decisive behavioral determinants in such environments: risk attitudes and social preferences in the form of inequality aversion. Our model and the data demonstrate that individual risk aversion is attenuated when lagging behind peers, whereas it is amplified under favorable income inequality. Moreover, people's choices are not only context-dependent, but they are sensitive to their degree of inequality aversion. The majority of our experimental findings cannot be rationalized by rank-dependent utility models or cumulative prospect theory. Our results contribute to the basic understanding of the underlying motives of social incentives in firms, private households' saving decisions, employees' career-track choices or charitable giving under uncertainty.

Management of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) in a rural part of North Norway with a scattered population: does living near the department of oncology translate into a different pattern of care and survival?

ABSTRACT The goal of the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services is to offer an equal health-care service with the same outcomes wherever people are living within the country. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this was true for patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) and living in Nordland County, a region with a challenging geography and climate and having, several small and remote communities and only 1 department of oncology. The latter is located in the main city, Bodø. We also compared a subgroup living in communities having lower average annual income (less than NOK 240,000 (equivalent to USD 28,600)) with patients living in Bodø (NOK 285,000 (USD 33,900)). Overall 288 patients were included and stratified into 3 subgroups (favourable distance and income, unfavourable distance and income, and unfavourable distance and favourable income). No statistically significant differences were observed regarding patient characteristics. There was no indication towards under-treatment among patients from the distant regions or the lower income region. Given that disparities were not observed, it was not surprising to see comparable survival outcomes (p=0.35). In conclusion, these results suggest that the health-care system in Nordland County successfully delivers state-of-the-art oncology care to patients with mPC.

Sick of family responsibilities?

This study estimates the effect of parenthood on the within-couple gender gap in paid sick leave. We find that as a result of parenthood, mothers more than double their sick leave compared with fathers. However, there is no corresponding effect on health measured by hospital stays. We also find that mothers’ income trajectory is strongly related to the magnitude of the effect: A less favorable income trajectory is associated with a larger effect of parenthood on the sick leave gap. Since mothers’ labor supply is measured 1 year prior to sick leave, this result suggests that the lower labor supply induces an increase in sick leave rather than the other way round.

Island-mainland nexus: the case of the coastal livelihood of Tingloy Island and the southwestern portion of Batangas, Philippines

This research explored the natural resources available to the island municipality of Tingloy, Batangas. It looks at fisheries as the economic resource of an island and how this activity is linked in with the larger economic context of the mainland. Tingloy is a rural settlement the livelihood of which is dependent on fishing and its spatio-economic links with the mainland through fisheries. Fishing is the subsistence economy of Tingloy, with the surplus exported to the mainland. However, a fishery product flow analyses showed that the fishermen of Tingloy are marginalized by the disproportionate distribution of the income in favour of middlemen and fish dealers. Support facilities (such as ports, cold storage, processing units, trading posts, etc.) to further improve the local economy of the island is limited and must be upgraded. Also, transport facilities and other infrastructures to assure the integration of the local-regional economic function of the island municipality must be carefully crafted. Interventions to further improve the local economic condition of the island and its integration with that of the mainland are directed towards improved institutional arrangements, stricter implementation of existing local ordinances, and regional development planning that would take a holistic view and consider the vast resource base of the local government units.

Why Are Australian Wages Lagging and What Can Be Done About It?

AbstractWages in Australia have lagged behind the growth in labour productivity in recent years. This has been associated with a significant change in the distribution of income in favour of high‐income earners. Although a number of factors appear to have been involved in this development, an important explanation is also to be found in the change in the balance of power in favour of employers and against workers and unions. As changes in industrial relations laws have contributed substantially to this imbalance, a return to the earlier laws may be necessary to restore the institutional mechanism for wages growth.

Revisiting the finance-inequality nexus in a panel of African countries

The study assesses the role of financial development on income inequality in a panel of 48 African countries for the period 1996–2014. Financial development is defined in terms of depth (money supply and liquid liabilities), efficiency (from banking and financial system perspectives), activity (at banking and financial system levels) and stability while, three indicators of inequality are used, namely, the: Gini coefficient, Atkinson index and Palma ratio. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments. When financial sector development indicators are used exclusively as strictly exogenous variables in the identification process, it is broadly established that with the exception of financial stability, access to credit (or financial activity) and intermediation efficiency have favourable income redistributive effects. The findings are robust to the: control for unobserved heterogeneity in terms of time effects and inclusion of time invariant variables as strictly exogenous variables in the identification process. The findings are also robust to the Kuznets hypothesis: an inverted humped shaped nexus between increasing GDP per capita and inequality. Policy implications are discussed.