Income Growth Research Articles

Harnessing community participation tourism development in Himalayan region of Uttarakhand State, India

The article aims to evaluate the participation of below-poverty-line local community in tourism-related business activity in Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. Further, this article addressed for those who work in the tourism sector. The study employs a mix of methods, including survey data from 500 respondents with a random sampling approach, using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tools for analysis, other methods were interviews and observations at six tourism sites in Garhwal and four sites in Kumaun. Our findings showed that there has declined in community participation in tourism development, due to the lack of economic benefits obtained in the tourism sector, many believe that the tourism sector does not provide much income growth for them and does not make a significant contribution to the development of their region. Moreover, lack of understanding is considered the basis for community’s inability to play an active role, and lack of stakeholders’ involvement in encouraging them to improve their economy and culture through the tourism sector. Ultimately, this research also underlines the existence of some efforts by tourism travel to encourage public trust, which can help reduce poverty and increase community trust in tourism development in their region.

Changes in price, income and e-cigarette affordability for young people in the USA from 2015 to 2021

BackgroundE-cigarette products are the most popular tobacco/nicotine product used among youth and young adults in the USA. While emerging research has shown that e-cigarette taxes increase their price, no study to date has examined e-cigarette tax burdens nor their affordability for youth and young adults.MethodsUsing real (2021 US dollars) prices per mL of e-liquid data from NielsenIQ and annual real (2021 US dollars) personal income data from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, we calculate relative income prices and examine average annual percentage changes in affordability using Joinpoint trend analysis from 2015 to 2021. In addition, we use tax data to calculate e-cigarette tax burdens as a percentage of price per 1 mL of e-liquid.ResultsIn all states analysed, tax burdens increased from 2015 to 2021. E-cigarette prices decreased considerably from 2019 to 2021; in 2021 the real (2021 US dollars) average price of 1 mL of e-liquid was US$4.45. E-cigarettes on average became more affordable for all age groups and states; however, e-cigarettes tended to be less affordable in states with ad-valorem tax structures. On average, 16–17-year-olds needed 31% of their annual income to purchase 100 mL of e-liquid, whereas 18–19-year-olds, 20–24-year-olds and 25–34-year-olds needed 9%, 3% and 1%, respectively.ConclusionsE-cigarettes have become more affordable for young people, but less so in states with ad-valorem tax structures. Policy efforts should focus on reducing e-cigarette affordability, especially for youth, through tax-induced increases in e-cigarette prices to levels high enough to outpace income growth.

The Impact of Urban Industrial Structure on Citizen Income: Evidence from China

Technology advancements and the rise of new sectors have caused a steady shift in the urban industrial structure of cities. It is crucial to adopt effective policies to ensure that the industrial structure is conducive to economic development. This study aims to investigate the specific impact of urban industrial structure on residents’ income and how it promotes economic development from the individual level to the city level. Based on data from 5900 prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2022, the empirical results show the following: (1) Urban industrial structure can significantly benefit both urban and rural residents’ income positively, albeit with a larger marginal effect for urban residents. (2) Enhancing urban industrial structures, rationalizing industrial structures, and upgrading industrial structures can considerably close the economic disparity between urban and rural areas in the corresponding locations. In light of these findings, policymakers should prioritize optimizing urban industrial structures for broader income growth. Balancing industrial reforms between urban and rural areas is crucial for sustainable economic development.

Managerial ability and firm growth: intellectual capital components

PurposeThis study analyses the way various components of intellectual capital (IC), namely, human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), relational capital (RC) and innovation capital (INNC), act as mediators in the relationship between managerial ability (MA) and a firm’s ability to achieve growth.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs data envelopment analysis to quantify the MA of 825 Taiwanese listed electronics companies from 2017 to 2022. The proxies of firm growth are return on asset growth, operating income growth and total asset growth. This study then utilises a three-step mediation analysis methodology to examine the relationships between MA, IC and firm growth.FindingsFindings indicate that HC, SC, RC and INNC mediate the link between MA and firm growth. This suggests that competent managers can capitalise on the potential benefits of these investments to achieve firm growth.Practical implicationsCompetent managers can utilise different IC investments to grow the financial performance and strength of their businesses. Managers should continually scan, secure opportunities and adjust their investments in knowledge assets in accordance with the dynamic capabilities view. That is, managers, in general, and operations managers, in particular, can implement guidelines that prioritise IC investments in the future to expedite firms’ development.Originality/valueThis study extends the existing frameworks that study investment variables as mediators between MA and firm outcomes. Most particularly, this study adopts four components of IC for measurement. Moreover, firm performance is measured using dynamic growth indicators rather than static measures.

Impact of investments in mining on economic growth of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Aim. To evaluate the impact of investments in mineral extraction on the economic growth of Krasnoyarsk Krai using the dynamics of data for 2004–2021.Objectives. To prepare initial data for modeling in comparable prices; to build statistical models with a time lag; to determine the multiplier and gas pedal coefficients of investment; to demonstrate the possibilities of applying the obtained dependencies.Methods. The authors used the method of economic and mathematical modeling, in particular the calculation of socio-economic indicators using mathematical statistics. The regression model was built using the initial data that meet the requirements of comparability and homogeneity, are relevant and statistically reliable.Results. Dependencies reflecting the investment multiplier effect, i.e. the increase in the gross regional product (GRP) and the volume of shipped products in response to the increase in investment in mining were obtained. Dependencies reflecting the investment gas pedal effect are also obtained, showing how increased income affects the size of investment. The dependencies are applied to solve a number of practical problems.Conclusions. It has been established that investments in mining in Krasnoyarsk Krai have an impact on the growth of GRP and the volume of shipped products. The return on investment has a temporary character. The strongest impact of investments in the current year have on the growth of GRP and shipped products for the next year. The multiplier coefficient is 2.72. Increased income affects the size of investments: the growth of income from mining stimulates the growth of induced investments in the following year with the multiplier coefficient, which is equal to 0.14. The comparison of actual values of investments in mineral resources extraction and volume of shipped products with the target values laid down in the Strategy of socioeconomic development of the region until 2030 has been carried out. The target values, according to the Strategy, are determined with the help of the obtained dependencies. It was established that the actual volume of investments is sufficient to ensure the GRP growth in accordance with the Strategy at the first stage; to ensure growth at the second stage it is necessary to increase investments by 12–15 % annually; to ensure growth at the third stage it is necessary to increase investments by 9–13 % annually from the current state. In order to ensure the values of indicators on the volume of production provided for in the Strategy, it is necessary to increase output by 4–6 % annually compared to 2021.

RECONSTRUCTING INCOME STRATA IMPLICIT COALITIONS IN THE EU AND EFTA COUNTRIES

The article, which aims to conduct a multi-criteria cluster analysis to classify countries by income distribution, growth, and implicit income coalition composition, allowed us to reconstruct implicit income coalitions that have benefited relatively more from economic growth. It also provided methodological advances by calculating right-wing policy indices and a centrist policy index to assess the actual social and economic policy regimes in advanced European economies. The highest right-wing policy indices were recorded in Bulgaria, the Netherlands, Poland, and Romania. The most left-wing policies were in Hungary, Greece, and Lithuania. The most centrist policies were recorded in Belgium, Croatia, and Slovakia. The highest policy polarization in favor of the richest and the poorest strata was identified in Germany and Italy. The type of policy implemented was found to have no significant impact on overall economic growth. On average, the strata in the coalition had 8 percentage points higher income growth over the analyzed 4-year period (2015-2019). This difference was generally larger in fast-growing economies. But the high correlation between the growth of coalition members and outsiders showed that outsiders also benefited significantly from economic growth, albeit to a lesser extent. With the exception of four countries outside the eurozone (Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and Poland), economic growth was quite inclusive for outsiders and the poorest. A cluster analysis using several criteria allowed us to classify countries by income distribution, growth, and the implicit composition of the income coalition.

Unveiling the Welfare Puzzle: Exploring Fertilizer Subsidy Effects on Farmer's Earnings in Indonesia

This study investigates the unresolved issue of how fertilizer subsidies affect paddy production and farmer income, a critical aspect of Indonesia's agricultural policy that has not been fully understood. By analyzing panel data from 33 provinces between 2019 and 2022 using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method, the research explores both income dynamics and productivity. Results reveal that NPK and SP36 fertilizers boost paddy yields by 0.198% and 0.155%, respectively, while UREA and ZA have no significant impact on production. Additionally, rising wages reduce production by 1.343% but increase farmer income by 0.332%. These findings highlight the complexity of balancing productivity with farmer welfare, suggesting that while fertilizer subsidies can enhance yields, they are not a universal solution. Policymakers must consider multifaceted approaches that address both productivity and sustainable income growth to ensure long-term welfare improvements for Indonesian farmers.

Efforts to Increase Community Participation in Supporting The Continuity of Ecotourism Development Policies

This research aims to identify strategies that enhance community participation in supporting the sustainability of ecotourism development policies. The study specifically explores how local communities can be involved in decision-making, implementation, benefit-sharing, and evaluation activities within ecotourism projects. The methodology used is a qualitative literature review, drawing on secondary data from sources such as journal articles, theses, government reports, and books relevant to community engagement and ecotourism. The results indicate that active community participation significantly improves the sustainability and success of ecotourism projects. By engaging local communities, ecotourism not only promotes environmental and cultural conservation but also brings economic benefits, such as job creation and income growth for local populations. In particular, the involvement of communities in planning and policy evaluation is essential for aligning ecotourism initiatives with local needs. The conclusion emphasizes that fostering community involvement through education and training is critical for empowering communities and ensuring the long-term sustainability of ecotourism projects. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers to create more inclusive and sustainable ecotourism development strategies. Keywords: ecotourism, policy, community

Consumption and the permanent income of households

This study examines household consumption using data from the Israeli Consumer Expenditure (CE) Surveys and longitudinal administrative income records for 2004–16. The key findings challenge the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH): The propensity to consume out of income received after the CE survey is half that of income received before the survey. Households with higher income growth showed higher consumption growth. Households tend to consume a significant portion of transitory income straightaway. Finally, households without a pension plan show a marked decrease in consumption upon crossing the retirement age.

Perceptions of Beneficiaries of Informal Social Protection Initiatives in Uganda: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Approach

ABSTRACTInformal social protection interventions are instrumental in improving people's welfare through fostering income growth and enabling self‐sufficiency. Whereas the success of some informal social protection initiatives has been acknowledged and documented, there is limited knowledge of the factors influencing the performance of informal social protection initiatives, especially in developing countries like Uganda. In this study, we identify and isolate the perceived factors influencing the performance of informal social protection initiatives. We use exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 130 beneficiaries of two informal social protection interventions in the Alebtong and Kampala districts of Uganda. Findings reveal that the performance of informal social protection interventions is perceived to be influenced by three categories of factors, collectively accounting for 62.4% of the total dataset variance which is more than the threshold of 50%. The factors are beneficiary empowerment, welfare enhancement and coverage and equality. Each factor encompasses a cluster of variables that collectively capture the essential dimensions of individual perceptions concerning the effect of informal social protection initiatives. This research offers valuable insights into how the beneficiaries perceive informal social protection initiatives, shedding light on the nuanced factors contributing to their effectiveness in Uganda.

Are there lasting impacts of China’s anti-poverty program? A synthetic control analysis

ABSTRACT China’s National Poor Counties (NPCs) program represents one of the largest anti-poverty efforts ever undertaken in a developing country. In spite of this, no causal analysis has been undertaken to examine whether regions in poverty at the end of the program actually achieve sustainable growth after support is removed. This paper provides the first long-term analysis of China’s NPCs (National Poor Counties) program on local development, investigating whether poor regions continue to develop economically after exiting the anti-poverty program. Focusing on the period 1986 to 2010, I construct plausible counterfactuals for counties that participated and graduated from the NPCs registry using the synthetic control method. This exercise reveals several new insights. First, on average, graduates of China’s anti-poverty program exhibit roughly the same growth outcomes as those still receiving support from the program. Second, I show that focusing on the average impact masks sizable heterogeneity when disaggregating to a case by case analysis of counties. Importantly, for the subset of counties which graduated from the first wave of the poverty reduction program in 1993, there is a demonstrably faster expansion post-graduation. For more recent county’s graduating from the program, however, I find significantly lower income growth of NPCs program completion in the long run.

Income and inequality pathways consistent with eradicating poverty

Abstract To investigate concurrent climate action and poverty eradication, we present combined income growth (GDP/capita) and domestic income inequality (measured as Gini coefficients) pathways that pursue (absolute and relative) poverty eradication reflecting the three narratives of Sustainable Development Pathway (SDP). The GDP/capita pathways are modifications of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1 scenario, including one post-growth future for high-income countries and higher growth for all currently lower-income countries. Current inequality levels, together with the total national income from the GDP pathways, determine the inequality reductions required to eradicate poverty in individual countries; they are based on a methodology that specifies the relationship between poverty, inequality, and growth. Our pathways show rapid and sustained reductions in within-country inequality (Gini), even with high economic growth. The speed of redistribution is limited to the highest historically observed changes in inequality. We identify which countries face the greatest difficulties in meeting their poverty eradication targets and estimate the level of international transfers needed to fill the gap for those countries. Our findings reconfirm the importance of reducing within-country inequality in eradicating global poverty.

The Effects of Egg- and Substrate-Associated Microbiota on the Larval Performance of the Housefly, Musca domestica.

Increasing human population size and income growth are causing an increasing demand for food and feed. Insects are a more sustainable alternative to conventional animal source proteins, as they can convert waste and by-products from the agricultural industry into biomass for commercial feed for livestock and, potentially, serve as a food source for human consumption. Moreover, insects together with their microorganisms have been shown to play a pivotal role in the development of insects and in the breakdown of complex growth substrates, and are, therefore, closely tied to insect production. This study aims to determine if the removal of egg- and substrate-associated microorganisms impacts larval performance (growth, final biomass, and the survival rate) of M. domestica Linnaeus. Four treatments are tested: disinfected eggs and non-autoclaved substrate, non-disinfected eggs and autoclaved substrate, disinfected eggs and autoclaved substrate, and a control without any removal of microbiota. The results show a significant decrease in the final biomass of larvae subjected to the treatments with only disinfected eggs, only autoclaved substrate, and both compared to the control, and a significant decrease in survival rate for non-disinfected eggs and autoclaved substrate and disinfected eggs and autoclaved substrate compared to the control group. Moreover, larval growth shows a significant difference across days within all treatments. Together, this suggests that the microorganisms of housefly eggs and the growth substrate play an important role in biomass, which is critical in commercial insect production. Together this suggest, that more studies are needed to examine these parameters with respect to more commercially relevant substrates.

Assessing the eco-effectiveness of energy R&D technologies and environmental patents: A comparison between Portugal and Spain

The validity of environmental hypotheses is important for the implications of a sustainable future. In this context, this study investigates the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and the load capacity curve (LCC) for Portugal and Spain. Employing the Fourier-ADL approach from 1983 to 2020, the study concludes that the EKC and LCC hypotheses are valid for both countries, that environmental patents improve ecological quality, but that energy-related R&D expenditures have no significant impact. The findings underline the need to support environmental patents with income growth to ensure a sustainable future.

Modeling a Time Study of the United States Consumer Price Index from 2014 to 2023

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a ten-year period 2014 to 2023. The CPI, a critical measure of inflation, reflects the average change in prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of goods and services. This study will explore the intricate relationships between CPI and key economic variables, including unemployment levels, interest rates, and the sales index, using time series data and multiple regression analysis. The research identifies significant predictors of CPI and evaluates the extent to which these factors influence price levels in the U.S. economy. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between CPI and interest rates, indicating that as borrowing costs increase, the CPI tends to rise correspondingly. Conversely, a negative relationship is observed between CPI and unemployment levels, suggesting that higher unemployment rates are associated with a decrease in CPI, possibly due to reduced consumer spending. The study also examines the sales index, finding a weaker yet notable relationship with CPI, which underscores the complex dynamics of consumer behavior and price levels. The analysis highlights the limitations of CPI as a comprehensive measure of the cost of living, pointing out its lack of significant correlation with real income and population growth. The study concludes that while CPI is an essential tool for measuring inflation and informing monetary policy, it may not fully capture the economic realities faced by the population. These insights suggest the need for policymakers to consider additional factors when using CPI to make informed decisions about economic policy and social welfare programs among the U.S. population.

Analysis of the prospects for the development of organic pig farming in Russia

The paper is devoted to the study of factors that form the conditions for the development of organic pig production. The relevance of this topic is due to the growing interest of consumers both domestically and abroad in organic products as the basis for a healthy lifestyle and the resource potential available in Russia, which is sufficient to form a sector of producers — competitive participants in the world market. Based on the use of statistical methods for time series alignment, the authors have identified positive trends in traditional pig production, meat consumption and outpacing growth rates of demand for pig products. It has been determined that stable growth of real incomes of the population in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation can become the basis for the growth of effective demand for organic pig products. The paper summarizes the requirements for the organization of organic production in pig farming, taking into account internal regulatory documentation and foreign experience. Previous studies conducted by the authors showed that the existing soil and climatic conditions in the regions of the Russian Federation make it possible to produce organic feed for this industry, and the expansion of production is one of the target indicators of the Strategy for the Development of Organic Agriculture in the Russian Federation until 2030. The authors identified a number of risks in the work that must be taken into account when creating projects for the development of organic pig farming at the micro and macro levels.

Exploring the income impact of rural e-commerce comprehensive demonstration project and determinants of county selection

The development of rural e-commerce in China is viewed as an opportunity to increase rural income. Using panel data from 592 national-level key poverty-stricken (NLKPS) counties from 2014 to 2020, we confirm that the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project (NRECDP), launched by the Chinese government, delivers significant rural income growth for selected counties by providing financial support. Digital inclusive finance has facilitated rural e-commerce development, thereby promoting rural income. Our study uses the endogeneity switching regression (ESR) model to address self-selection bias and finds that NRECDP participation increases rural income by ~12.97%. The determinants of participation in the NRECDP include levels of economic development, e-commerce development, infrastructure development, industry structure, and digital inclusive finance. Additionally, the determinants of rural income include education levels and population density. Moreover, our heterogeneity analysis reveals that the rural income growth effect of NRECDP involvement is more significant for NLKPS counties in non-ethnic regions, central regions, higher industry structures, and the three regions and three prefectures. Additionally, entrepreneurship serves as a potential channel linking NRECDP implementation and rural income growth.

Addressing Rural Decline: China’s Practices in Rural Transformation and Farmers’ Income Growth

In the context of global rural decline, fostering endogenous momentum through rural transformation to increase farmers’ incomes is a challenge that nations worldwide must address. This study utilizes the 2022 “China Rural Micro-Economic Data” to construct a multidimensional rural transformation index system at the village level, encompassing demographic, land, industrial, social, digital, and ecological transformations. This study evaluates the levels of rural transformation across 15 surveyed provinces in China. Furthermore, it empirically examines the impact of rural transformation on farmers’ incomes, the underlying mechanisms, and the heterogeneity of different transformation models. The findings are as follows: (1) Coastal economically developed regions exhibit higher levels of rural transformation, while inland agricultural provinces show significant lag; (2) Rural transformation effectively promotes the upgrading of agricultural value chains, increases farmers’ market participation, and enhances their access to financial services, thereby boosting farmers’ incomes; and (3) The impact of different transformation models on farmers’ incomes varies significantly; industrial, social, and demographic transformations contribute most prominently to income growth. While digital transformation shows some positive effects, it remains relatively limited. Land and ecological transformations have yet to demonstrate a significant positive impact on farmers’ incomes.

Economic growth and sustainable development: evidence from OIC countries

Purpose This paper aims to examine the dynamic relationship between economic growth and sustainable development, integrating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in 22 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries across income groups. Design/methodology/approach Using annual data between 1990 and 2022, the authors apply the cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) approach of Narayan et al. (Economic Modeling, 2016, 53, 388–397) to examine the lead/lag relationship between GDP per capita and sustainable development. This study further validates the findings through a panel Granger causality test and a fixed panel regression model. Findings This research provides evidence of a U-shaped EKC for only 1 out of 22 (5%) OIC countries. For 13 out of the 22 (59%) OIC countries, increasing income growth is expected to enhance sustainable development in the future. The results show that as income levels rise, there will be a more significant decline in sustainable development for high-income OIC countries in the future than for both middle-income groups, contradicting the EKC hypothesis. The findings from the panel Granger causality and panel regression models also support the CCC results. Originality/value This study proposes a reverse version of the EKC hypothesis and contributes to the literature on economic growth and environmental sustainability. With increasing economic growth, the results can assist OIC member governments and policy-makers in designing tailored policies and practical measures for future sustainable development.

Analysis of the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government Using Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 Fiscal Year

This research aims to evaluate the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government through Variance Analysis for the 2020-2022 budget year. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by utilizing secondary data originating from the Jambi City Revenue and Expenditure Budget Realization Report for the same period. The findings show that the Financial Performance of the Jambi City Government as assessed through Income Variance Analysis is classified as Poor, Income Growth is identified as positive, the Degree of Decentralization is classified as Sufficient, the Regional Financial Dependency Ratio is classified as Very High, the Regional Financial Independence Ratio is classified as Low, the PAD Effectiveness Ratio is considered to be Fairly Effective. In terms of Performance Expenditure Variance Analysis, it is rated as Good, Operational Expenditure Analysis is rated as Fairly Good, Capital Expenditure Analysis is also rated as Fairly Good, and the Regional Expenditure Efficiency Ratio is classified as Efficient