Income Of Men Research Articles

Local People's View of Non-Benefiting from Murat River Projects: Examples of Bingöl, Elazığ and Muş Basins

In Bingöl, Elazığ, and Muş, micro-basin projects have been implemented, but not all local residents have benefited from these initiatives. This study aimed to understand the views and experiences of those locals who did not benefit from the projects, assessing the potential impact on productivity and income. The study was conducted in the provinces of Bingöl, Elazığ, and Muş. Data was gathered between 16-25 August 2021. The primary sources of information were interviews with 168 non-beneficiaries, complemented by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Findings showed that 75% of participants linked increased productivity to the projects, and all acknowledged an enlarged production area due to project activities. There was no significant difference in production area or income from agricultural sales based on gender or the presence of cash income. However, cash income holders reported higher earnings from both agriculture and livestock. Provincial disparities in income emerged: residents of Bingöl had 2.439 times the income of those in Muş, while Elazığ inhabitants earned 0.882 times less. Men's income surpassed women's by 1.209 times, and those with a history of cash income earned 4.037 times more than those without. Interestingly, owning land or cultivating high-value crops was associated with lesser income. Measures to counteract drought could enhance production areas and, consequently, local incomes. A significant barrier identified was the 20% contribution requirement, preventing some locals from project participation. Recommendations include adjusting project criteria to increase local engagement and benefits. The original value of this article is to reveal the impact of microcatchment projects implemented in Turkey.

Disentangling the within- and between-person effects of personality on income for men and women.

Understanding the relationship between personality and income is a topic of interest across multiple disciplines. Correlations between people's personalities and their incomes may arise because differences in stable personalities relate to income differences (between-person effects) or because changes in personality or income are later reflected in the other variable (within-person effects). The current research uses random-intercept cross-lagged panel models to disentangle the two sorts of effects to better understand the relationship between the six factors of personality and income. Using data from 6824 working-age adults in New Zealand across 4 years, we found between-person effects showing higher incomes were obtained by both men and women who were more extraverted, agreeable and open, and less neurotic. Within-person effects showed that earning a higher income was associated with higher neuroticism and lower extraversion over time, while higher extraversion was associated with a lower income over time.

Who receives most? Gendered consequences of divorce on public pension income in West Germany and Sweden

Abstract Sweden and West Germany have had persistently high divorce rates in recent decades, but these two welfare states were differently equipped to mitigate the economic consequences of divorce for individual security in old age: Sweden followed a gender-equal policy approach to enable women and men to achieve economic autonomy, while West Germany, following the male-breadwinner model, introduced the system of ‘divorce-splitting’ to account for differences in women's and men's income. Against this background, this study uses large-scale register data from the German Public Pension Fund and the Swedish population registers to examine how divorce is related to the monthly public old-age pension income of women and men. The main comparison groups are divorced and (re)married individuals who entered retirement between 2013 and 2018. We descriptively show annual income histories from ages 20 to 65, and calculate monthly public old-age pension income with respect to lifetime income and pension regulations, such as the supplements/deductions for ‘divorce-splitting’. Multiple ordinary least square regression models further examine how family status relates to monthly public old-age pension income by gender. The results reveal that women and men in Sweden experience similar working histories, although women's incomes are lower. This is also reflected in women still having lower pension incomes than men. However, divorced and married women show comparable pension incomes, while divorced men receive approximately 26 per cent less pension income than married men. In West Germany, divorced women have significantly higher pension incomes than married women. The system of ‘divorce-splitting’ increases women's and decreases men's pension incomes, which seems to equalise their pension incomes. However, both stay below a married man's pension income. The findings indicate economic inequality in public old-age pension income by family status in Sweden and West Germany.

Can hypergamy affect married women's entrepreneurship in China?

Women's entrepreneurship in China remains an under-researched topic from a marital angle, especially the significant effects of marital status in hypergamy, a type of marriage in which the socioeconomic status of the woman is lower than that of the man. This paper fills this research gap by investigating the relationship between marriage and women's entrepreneurship, particularly different effects of marital status based on the data from the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS), a nationwide survey in mainland China. The findings reveal that women in education-based hypergamy (men's education levels are higher than women's) are less likely to establish a business, whereas women in income-based hypergamy (men's incomes are higher than women's) are more likely to undertake entrepreneurship. In addition, raising more children would strengthen the negative impact of education-based hypergamy on women entrepreneurs. Moreover, we examine the mediation roles of decision-making power and social capital for the underlying mechanisms of education-based hypergamy and income-based hypergamy respectively. Our study contributes to existing literature on the correlation between marriage (hypergamy in particular) and female entrepreneurship in China, meanwhile applies the theories of power-dependence, opportunity cost and bargaining to better comprehend the martial influence on female entrepreneurship, and draws practical implications for developing countries.

The Gender Gap in Pensions: How Policies Continue to Fail Women

A large gender gap in UK pensions has been persistent, yet generally ignored by governments. The neoliberal preference since 1980 to reduce state spending on welfare has limited the redistributive potential of state pensions, to the detriment of the low paid and those whose lifecourse is characterised by discontinuous and part-time employment, mainly women. Claims of intergenerational conflict have repeatedly hit headlines over the last 50 years, providing an excuse for cutting state pensions, most recently suspending the Triple Lock. This article examines the gap between older women’s and men’s personal income, distinguishing state and private pensions and assessing change over time. It is concluded that suitably generous state pensions can reduce the gender gap, while an emphasis on expanding private pensions exacerbates it.

Impacts of agricultural capital subsidies for women in Burkina Faso: Lessons from a Computable General Equilibrium model

AbstractSub‐Saharan African countries have a strong involvement of women in the agricultural sector. However, women have limited access to productive resources. A better endowment of productive resources for women is seen as a crucial option for achieving noteworthy results in terms of agricultural production, income, and economic growth and for reducing income inequalities between men and women. This study aims to analyse the potential impacts of a subsidy policy on women's agricultural capital in Burkina Faso. It makes use of a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model and a gendered social accounting matrix. The results indicate that the subsidy policy contributes to increasing women's income more than men's income, helping to reduce income inequality between men and women. Moreover, unemployment for women decreases significantly. Finally, the policy is conducive to economic growth regardless of the funding source.

Men's income disadvantage and life satisfaction among Hungarian couples

In this paper, we examine the association between intra-household income distribution and subjective well-being. Specifically, we analyse how satisfaction differs according to whether or not an individual’s own income is higher than his/ her partner’s. The analysis is based on the 2015 wave of the Household Budget and Living Conditions Survey, conducted by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Our primary sample consists of mixed-gender couple households in which both the woman and the man have income from employment. Our results show that men whose partners earn more than they themselves do are significantly less satisfied than are men who earn more than their partners. Similarly, women who earn more than their partners are significantly less satisfied than are women who earn less. This satisfaction disadvantage is due not only to the fact that a higher female income share may be an indicator of poorer household financial status; it may also be related to the health status and labour-market opportunities of partners (especially men), as these aspects are controlled for by several variables. We interpret the results as an impact of the social norm that “the man should be the main breadwinner in the household”. We also show that the estimated coefficients are higher for the less-educated than for the higher-educated. Since the attitudes of the former are more traditional, these results support the interpretation regarding the importance of the man’s breadwinning role. Keywords: intra-household income distribution, intra-couple income inequality, satisfaction, gender norms

Understanding the effects of racial classification in Apartheid South Africa

The apartheid era began in 1948 in South Africa, and was implemented by passing several racially discriminatory laws. Most of the key legislative changes were introduced between 1949 and 1953. The cornerstone of this racially stratified legal system was the Population Registration Act of 1950, which required that all South Africans needed to be registered and assigned to an official racial category. We study the effect of racial classification in the context of these legislative reforms, by estimating the causal effect of being classified as White, relative to being classified as Coloured, on labour market outcomes. For identification we exploit a policy change that privileged ancestry over appearance in the process of racial classification for those born after 1951. Using census data from 1980, 1991, and 1996, we find a discontinuity in racial shares for cohorts born after 1951. Our preferred estimates indicate that being classified as White resulted in a more than fourfold increase in income for men. This corresponds to over 90% of the difference in mean incomes between men in the two population groups. Our findings for women are inconclusive.

Gender differences in youth savings and investment strategies

The article is devoted to analysis of gender characteristics when young people build their savings and investment strategies. The authors compare the results of two own sociological studies carried out jointly by: 1) scientists of the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS and the Financial University; 2) scientists of the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS and the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A number of data related to the choice of savings and investment behaviors of Russians are considered on the results of a study by the NAFI Analytical Center. In the gender context are considered such important issues for the study of financial strategies as: the need and availability of savings; ways to manage finances (first save, then spend, or vice versa); the share of income directed to savings; the goals of savings formation; the ability to build a horizon for planning one's own expenses; types and purposes of investing money. There are identified differences in the strategies of young men and women: when making savings (with constant share of savings) — a greater randomness in women, a longer planning horizon and ability to distribute their income in men; when making investments: more conservative risk-free strategies by women than by men, a much larger gender gap in choosing an investment strategy in regions compared to the capital region, as well as in the motives for investing in the stock market. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of understanding the needs of young women in formation of their savings and investment strategies for development (by financial institutions and educational organizations) of the goals to raise the level of financial literacy of this category of the population.

The impact of Klinefelter syndrome on socioeconomic status: a multicenter study.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is associated with an increased risk of neuropsychological morbidity, such as learning disabilities, which may have a significant impact on socioeconomic status (SES). The objective of this study was to investigate the SES in men with KS and to associate this outcome with social participation, age at diagnosis, testosterone therapy and physical and mental health status. Men with KS were recruited in 14 clinical study centers in six European countries which participated in the European dsd-LIFE study. Two hundred five men with KS were eligible for inclusion. Male normative data from the European Social Surveys (ESS) were used for comparison. Data related to education, occupation, satisfaction with income and householding were collected. Compared to the ESS reference population, fewer men with KS achieved a high level of education (13% vs 25%, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in having a paid job (55% vs 66%, P < 0.001), and the percentage of absence by sickness or disability was higher among men with KS (10% vs 3%, P < 0.001). Furthermore, satisfaction with current household’s income was lower (32% vs 42%, P < 0.01). Lower scores for subjective general health were associated with lower scores for these outcomes. Men with KS achieve on average lower levels of education, occupation and report less satisfaction with income compared to the ESS reference population. The presence of health problems and lower scores of subjective general health was related to lower levels of occupation and lower satisfaction with income in men with KS.

Husband’s income, wife’s income, and number of biological children in the U.S.

ABSTRACT Previous studies have found that the positive relationship between personal income and fertility for men in the United States is primarily due to childlessness among low-income men. Yet because of the opposite effects of income on fertility for men and women, it is important to examine the effects of income net of spouse’s income. An analysis of income from all sources and biological fertility data for husbands and wives from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (2014) shows that for men their own income is positively associated with the number of their biological children, while their spouse’s income is negatively associated with total children ever fathered. The reverse is true for women. These results are not because of childlessness among low-income men and high-income women, but also hold true among all those with children. For men and women aged 45–65, who likely have completed fertility, these results hold regardless of whether or not education is controlled. These findings suggest that if status is measured as personal income for men and husband’s income for women, the positive relationship between status and fertility persists in a postdemographic transition society.

Hepatitis-B-Virus-Infektionen und impfinduzierte Immunit\xe4t: die Rolle von soziodemografischen Determinanten

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZielTrotz niedriger Prävalenz der Hepatitis-B-Virus-(HBV-)Infektion in Deutschland ist es wichtig, vulnerable Gruppen und Ansatzpunkte für die Prävention zu identifizieren. In ersten Analysen der „Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland“ (DEGS1, 2008–2011) waren HBV-Infektion und -Impfung mit sozidemografischen Determinanten assoziiert. In dieser Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse im Detail untersucht.Material und MethodenIn DEGS1 lag für 7046 Teilnehmende (Alter: 18–79 Jahre) eine HBV-Serologie vor. Die stattgehabte HBV-Infektion war durch Antikörper gegen das Hepatitis-B-Core-Antigen (Anti-HBc) definiert, die impfinduzierte Immunität durch alleinigen Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen das Hepatitis-B-Surface-Antigen (Anti-HBs). Seroprävalenzen von HBV-Infektions- und -Impfstatus wurden geschlechtsstratifiziert geschätzt und Assoziationen mit Alter, Gemeindegröße, Einkommen, formaler Bildung, Krankenversicherung und Migrationsgeneration in logistischen Regressionen analysiert.ErgebnisseDie HBV-Infektion war bei Männern und Frauen unabhängig mit den Altersgruppen 34–64 und ≥ 65 Jahre, erster Migrationsgeneration und Leben in größeren Gemeinden assoziiert, zudem bei Männern mit niedrigem Einkommen und bei Frauen mit niedriger Bildung. Die impfinduzierte Immunität war bei Männern und Frauen unabhängig mit den Altersgruppen 18–33 und 34–64 Jahre, mittlerer und hoher Bildung und hohem Einkommen assoziiert, darüber hinaus bei Männern mit mittlerem Einkommen und privater Krankenversicherung und bei Frauen mit fehlendem Migrationshintergrund.DiskussionDie Berücksichtigung von Migrationsstatus, Einkommen und Bildung könnte zur zielgenauen Ausrichtung der HBV-Prävention beitragen.

The Gender Pay Gap: Income Inequality Over Life Course - A Multilevel Analysis.

The gender pay gap has been observed for decades, and still exists. Due to a life course perspective, gender differences in income are analyzed over a period of 24 years. Therefore, this study aims to investigate income trajectories and the differences regarding men and women. Moreover, the study examines how human capital determinants, occupational positions and factors that accumulate disadvantages over time contribute to the explanation of the GPG in Germany. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the GPG over the life course. The data are based on the German cohort study lidA (living at work), which links survey data individually with employment register data. Based on social security data, the income of men and women over time are analyzed using a multilevel analysis. The results show that the GPG exists in Germany over the life course: men have a higher daily average income per year than women. In addition, the income developments of men rise more sharply than those of women over time. Moreover, even after controlling for factors potentially explaining the GPG like education, work experience, occupational status or unemployment episodes the GPG persists. Concluding, further research is required that covers additional factors like individual behavior or information about the labor market structure for a better understanding of the GPG.

تمكين المرأة السعودية في ضوء رؤية 2030

The study aimed to clarify indicators of political and economic empowerment of Saudi women within a vision (2030) Which aimed to increase the levels of empowerment of Saudi women. The study sought to answer the main question, "What is the percentage of Saudi women economically and politically empowered?" and What are the most important obstacles that stand in the way of empowering Saudi women? To deal with the subject of the study, the case study approach and the descriptive approach were used. The two approaches in this study are used to show the actual empowerment indicators for Saudi women, whether on the political or economic side. The results of the study indicated that the percentage of seats held by Saudi women in the Saudi Shura Council increased to (20%). With regard to indicators of economic empowerment, the literacy rate for females in the Kingdom increased from (69.2%) in (2000) to (76.4%) in (2004), the percentage reached (93.6%) in 2013, then the percentage reached (93.3%) in (2019). The percentage of their economic participation increased from (16.9%) in 2000 to (19.2%) in 2015. Then the percentage increased to (24.3%) in 2016. This mainly reflects the increased participation of Saudi women in the workforce. The average income of Saudi women compared to men increased from (17%) of men's income in (2000), to (21%) in (2002). Then the percentage reached (28%) then the percentage decreased until it reached (23.7%) in 2019. Despite the enormity of the Saudi labor market, it still suffers from high unemployment, as it increased from approximately (9.5%) in 2000 to (17.1%) in 2010, and reached (22.9%) in 2019.

Convergence over time or not? U.S. wages by sexual orientation, 2000–2019

An extensive literature on labor-market outcomes by sexual orientation finds lower wages for men in same-sex couples and higher wages for women in same-sex couples compared to their counterparts in different-sex couples. Previous studies analyzing multiple time periods provide suggestive evidence that the wage penalty for men in same-sex couples is heading toward zero. Using data from the American Community Survey on individuals in couples from 2000 to 2019, we find no evidence that wages, earnings, or incomes of men in same-sex couples are improving relative to married men in different-sex couples. For women in same-sex couples, we see mixed evidence of convergence relative to married women in different-sex couples. The persistence of a wage penalty for men in same-sex couples is concerning in the face of anti-discrimination policies and rising overall tolerance by Americans with respect to sexual orientation.

Birth weight and adult income: An examination of mediation through adult height and body mass.

This paper examines the causal links between early human endowments and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood. We use a genotyped longitudinal survey (Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study) that is linked to the administrative registers of Statistics Finland. We focus on the effect of birth weight on income via two anthropometric mediators: body mass index (BMI) and height in adulthood. We find that (i) the genetic instruments for birth weight, adult height, and adult BMI are statistically powerful; (ii) there is a robust total effect of birth weight on income for men but not for women; (iii) the total effect of birth weight on income for men is partly mediated via height but not via BMI; and (iv) the share of the total effect mediated via height is substantial, of approximately 56%.

An analysis of predictors for heavy alcohol drinking using nationally representative survey data in Japan

BackgroundPredictors of heavy or moderate alcohol drinking behavior have not been investigated using recent nationally representative survey data in Japan. This study investigated the effects of the predictors of heavy and moderate alcohol drinking in Japan using nationally representative survey data.MethodsAnonymous data from the 2013 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan were used to compare the predictors of heavy and moderate drinkers with those who abstain. Anonymized data that are resampled from all the survey data from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare were obtained. Age group, marital status, living arrangements, educational level, household income, smoking status, and employment type were used as the explanatory variables. In addition, the drinking status (i.e., heavy drinker, moderate drinker, or abstainer) was used as the outcome variable. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, and an analysis comparing heavy drinkers and abstainers, as well as moderate drinkers and abstainers, was conducted.ResultsModerate drinking was positively associated with high educational level or high household income for men and women, as well as married status for men. In addition, unemployment was found to be negatively associated with heavy drinking for men and women, and an unmarried status was also found to be negatively associated with heavy drinking for men. Moreover, lower educational levels and smoking prevalence were found to be associated with heavy drinking for men and women. Furthermore, living alone for men and working in a large-scale company for women were also found to be predictors of heavy drinking.ConclusionsThe preventive measures for heavy drinking were suggested to be particularly needed for those with lower educational levels and smokers. A call for attention among men living alone and among female employees in large-scale workplaces is also needed.

Gender-Differentiated Impacts of Extreme Events at Selected Households in Coastal Areas, Philippines

Nowadays, the unpredictable circumstances which include the occurrence of natural disasters which can be categorized as extreme events in human life is significant for everybody to address since it poses great danger to all regardless of life status, age bracket and gender. The focus of the study is to determine the most recent and extreme hazard that affected the selected coastal areas and its impacts on asset/income, leisure time, and intra-household health. Three hundred household respondents were selected from the three study sites facing West Philippine Sea that were classified as vulnerable to coastal hazards. Said respondents were identified through stratified random sampling and structured household survey questionnaires for men and women were administered. Results revealed that typhoon was the most recent and extreme event that affected the sites wherein both typhoon and flooding brought the highest mean value level of damages to assets and income for men over women. After extreme events, men prioritize cleaning the surroundings while women spent higher number of hours on household activities over other identified activities. Further, it was recorded that men have lesser sleep time after such hazard. Intra-household health impacts include “dengue” and waterborne-diseases wherein higher expenses was computed in treating dengue patients, however; higher time spent for child-care who suffered from waterborne-diseases was observed.

KESENJANGAN PENGHASILAN MENURUT GENDER DI INDONESIA

Kesenjangan gender terjadi di berbagai negara di dunia seperti yang dijelaskan oleh World Economic Forum melalui Global Gap Gender Index (GGGI). Salah satu aspek GGGI adalah dari segi ekonomi yaitu participation and opportunity. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur seberapa besar kesenjangan penghasilan yang terjadi menurut gender di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data Sakernas 2019 dan metode dekomposisi Blinder-Oaxaca diperoleh hasil bahwa kesenjangan penghasilan antara laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia sebesar 0,4282 poin persentase, yang artinya secara rata-rata penghasilan laki-laki lebih tinggi 42,82 persen dibandingkan dengan perempuan. Kontribusi faktor diskriminasi lebih dominan dibandingkan faktor endowment terhadap total kesenjangan yang terjadi. Faktor endowment seperti umur, jam kerja, pendidikan, jenis dan lapangan pekerjaan hanya berkontribusi sebesar 3,55 persen dari total kesenjangan yang terjadi, sementara kontribusi faktor diskriminasi sebesar 96,45 persen.

Wage Penalties or Wage Premiums? A Socioeconomic Analysis of Gender Disparity in Obesity in Urban China.

Global obesity as a major public health problem has increased at pandemic rate, with men often outpacing women. Survey data show that the overall prevalence of obesity is higher among women than men, yet in high-income developed countries, the prevalence of overweight is higher among men than women. The differential impact of different economic stages has prompted research in transition economies such as China. Using an instrumental variable approach based on a sample of 13,574 individuals from nine provinces in the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP), we find a 7% excess-weight premium in wages for overweight men and a 4.6% penalty for overweight women, compared to their healthy-weight peers. We also find an inverse u-shaped association between the body mass index (BMI) and logarithm of monthly income for men, with an implied optimum above the threshold of obesity, while women are better off the slimmer they are. The excess-weight premium in wages for Chinese urban men might be associated with entrenched business practices of excessive dining and drinking associated with senior positions. Policies aimed at reducing obesity in China must be adapted to its unique sociocultural context in order to have gender-differentiated effects.