Income Events Research Articles

Income-Based Disparities in Outcomes Following Pediatric Appendectomy: A National Analysis.

Appendectomy remains a common pediatric surgical procedure with an estimated 80,000 operations performed each year. While prior work has reported the existence of racial disparities in postoperative outcomes, we sought to characterize potential income-based inequalities using a national cohort. All non-elective pediatric (<18years) hospitalizations for appendectomy were tabulated in the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample. Only those in the highest (HI) and lowest income (LI) quartiles were considered for analysis. Multivariable regression models were developed to assess the independent association of income and postoperative major adverse events (MAE). Of an estimated 87,830 patients, 36,845 (42.0%) were HI and 50,985 (58.0%) were LI. On average, LI patients were younger (11 [7-14] vs 12 [8-15] years, P < .001), more frequently insured by Medicaid (70.7 vs 27.3%, P < .05), and more commonly of Hispanic ethnicity (50.8 vs 23.4%, P < .001). Following risk adjustment, the LI cohort was associated with greater odds of MAE (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.30 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.64). Specifically, low-income status was linked with increased odds of infectious (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12-2.42) and respiratory (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.06-2.62) complications. Further, LI was associated with a $1670 decrement in costs ([2220-$1120]) and a +.32-day increase in duration of stay (95% CI [.21-.44]). Pediatric patients of the lowest income quartile faced increased risk of major adverse events following appendectomy compared to those of highest income. Novel risk stratification methods and standardized care pathways are needed to ameliorate socioeconomic disparities in postoperative outcomes.

Sex-Specific Effects of Early Life Unpredictability on Hippocampal and Amygdala Responses to Novelty in Adolescents.

Unpredictable childhood experiences are an understudied form of early life adversity that impacts neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. The neurobiological processes by which exposure to early-life unpredictability impacts development and vulnerability to psychopathology remain poorly understood. The present study investigates the sex-specific consequences of early-life unpredictability on the limbic network, focusing on the hippocampus and the amygdala. Participants included 150 youth (54% female). Early life unpredictability was assessed using the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC). Participants engaged in a task-fMRI scan between the ages of 8 and 17 (223 total observations) measuring BOLD responses to novel and familiar scenes. Exposure to early-life unpredictability associated with BOLD contrast (novel vs. familiar) in a sex-specific manner. For males, but not females, higher QUIC scores were associated with lower BOLD activation in response to novel vs. familiar stimuli in the hippocampal head and amygdala. Secondary psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses revealed complementary sex-specific associations between QUIC and condition-specific functional connectivity between the right and left amygdala, as well as between the right amygdala and hippocampus bilaterally. Exposure to unpredictability in early life has persistent implications for the functional operations of limbic circuits. Importantly, consistent with emerging experimental animal and human studies, the consequences of early life unpredictability differ for males and females. Further, impacts of early-life unpredictability were independent of other risk factors including lower household income and negative life events, indicating distinct consequences of early-life unpredictability over and above more commonly studied types of early life adversity.

Examining the non-linear association between ambient temperature and mental health of elderly adults in the community: evidence from Guangzhou, China

The association between ambient temperature and mental health has been explored previously. However, research on the psychological effect of temperature in vulnerable groups and neighborhood scales have been scarce. Based on the survey and temperature data collected from 20 neighborhoods in Guangzhou, China, this study estimated the association between ambient temperature and community mental health among the elderly, adopting a fixed-effects methodology. According to this empirical analysis, compared to a comfortable temperature range of 20℃–25℃, measures of worse mental health among elderly were significant in high and low temperatures with increases in negative outcomes observable at both ends of the temperature range, leading to the U-shaped relationship. Second, the association between ambient temperature and worse mental health was found in the subcategories of gender, income, and symptom events. Specifically, from the hot temperature aspect, elderly males were more sensitive than elderly females. The effect on the low was far more than on the middle-high income group, and the probability of each symptom of the elderly’s mental health significantly increased. From the cool temperature aspect, the temperature in the range of 5ºC–10ºC was significantly associated with the probability of some symptoms (feeling down, not calm, downheartedness, and unhappiness) and the middle-high income group. Our research enriches the empirical research on ambient temperature and mental health from a multidisciplinary perspective and suggests the need for healthy aging and age-friendly planning in Chinese settings.

Behavioral and psychosocial correlates of hope among youth

IntroductionHope plays a crucial role in the well-being of youth, impacting various aspects of their lives. However, less is known about the role of hope in pre-adolescents. This study aims to explore the psychosocial and behavioral correlates of hope in 9–10-year-old pre-youth transitioning into adolescence. MethodsUsing data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, 4631 youth entered our study. The investigation follows these individuals for up to 36 months, specifically observing the initiation of marijuana and tobacco use. The methods employed include bivariate correlations. ResultsBaseline high hope offered protection against marijuana and tobacco use over the following 36 months. Elevated levels of hope could be seen in pre-youth with higher family income and those experienced lower levels of stressful life events and financial difficulties. High hope was also linked to lower behavioral problems, improved emotional function, lower impulsivity, lower sensation seeking, and higher cognitive function. Notably, hope was not correlated with parental education, neighborhood income, family conflict, blood pressure, body mass index, grade point average, prosocial behaviors, or puberty. ConclusionIn conclusion, the findings suggest a close interplay between hope and various dimensions of resilience including lower tobacco and marijuana use. Higher levels of hope, influenced by factors such as family income and life events, may be a mechanism that connects hope to enhanced emotional and cognitive functioning and acts as a protective factor against early initiation of substance use. These findings underscore the potential utility of fostering hope as a strategy to promote positive development and reduce tobacco and marijuana use.

Food insecurity in children and young people in Scotland.

The aim of this review is to highlight the key issues in relation to food insecurity among children and young people living in Scotland. It provides an overview of the current context of food insecurity more generally within the UK and specifically in Scotland. Food insecurity has risen in Scotland evidenced through responses to national surveys and the dramatic increase in households relying on emergency food provision. Food insecurity is highest among young people, single parent families and single men. The key drivers of food insecurity include insufficient income, welfare reform, food inflation and geo-political events. Evidence suggests that food insecurity is negatively related to sufficient nutritional intake, and the implications for physical and mental health are profound. Policy actions implemented to mitigate the impact of food insecurity on children and young people include the introduction of the Scottish Child Payment, food voucher schemes, free school meals, and holiday food provision. Further evidence is required to evaluate the success of these policies in reducing or mitigating food insecurity. The review concludes by considering the ways in which a rights-based approach to food might benefit children and young people living in Scotland, and argues that wider systemic change is required.

DISSECTING RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION OF DOMAIN-SPECIFIC LIFE SATISFACTION

Abstract This study examines factors contributing to racial differences in domain-specific life satisfaction. Our study offers a major contribution to prior research that has tended to pay greater attention to psychological well-being outcomes such as life satisfaction which do not directly pertain to material circumstances of older adults. Those studies generally report better life satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms among Black older adults than their White counterparts. Our study is based on 409 randomly selected older adults from Cleveland (mean age 79 and 25% African American). We considered socioeconomic status, stressors such as recent negative life events and coping resources such as religiosity to understand their impact on domain specific life- satisfaction (e.g., satisfaction with neighborhood, housing, and standard of living). Our ordinary least squares regression estimates suggest that, on average, Black older adults reported lower levels of domain-specific life satisfaction (b=-0.81, p&amp;lt; 0.01) compared to their White counterparts, despite having stronger social support and being more religious. Even though social support and religiosity did not contribute to racial differences in domain specific life satisfaction, the inclusion of education, income, and recent negative life events fully explain such differences. Findings indicate that interrelated factors such as socioeconomic disadvantage and greater life adversities such as negative life events contribute to lower domain life satisfaction among Black older adults. This finding highlights the need for further exploration of factors shaping material-related well-being outcomes for Black older adults. Our study informs future policies addressing racial well-being inequities.

Understanding the illicit drug distribution in England: a data-centric approach to the County Lines Model.

The County Lines Model (CLM) is a relatively new illicit drugs distribution method found in Great Britain. The CLM has brought modern slavery and public health issues, while challenging the law-enforcement capacity to act, as coordination between different local police forces is necessary. Our objective is to understand the territorial logic behind the line operators when establishing a connection between two places. We use three different spatial models (gravity, radiation and retail models), as each one of them understands flow from place i to j in a different way. Using public data from the Metropolitan Police of London, we train and cross-validate the models to understand which of the different physical and socio-demographic variables are considered when establishing a connection. We analyse hospital admissions by drugs, disposable household income, police presence and knife crime events, in addition to the population of a particular place and the distance and travel times between two different locations. Our results show that knife crime events and hospital admissions by misuse of drugs are the most important variables. We also find that London operators distribute to the territory known as the 'south' of England, as negligible presence of them is observed outside of it.

Depressive symptoms and physical activity among community-dwelling perimenopausal women: a prospective longitudinal study

BackgroundWomen in perimenopause are vulnerable to depressive symptoms, and physical activity was reported to be a potential protective factor. The trajectories of physical activity and depressive symptoms over time and their longitudinal relationships in Chinese perimenopausal women have not been explored yet, leaving a research gap hindering us from better understanding and managing perimenopause depressive symptoms.MethodsA multi-center prospective longitudinal study was conducted in four cities in Sichuan Province, China. Depressive symptoms and physical activity in perimenopausal women were collected in March 2019, June 2019, September 2019, and December 2019, respectively. Multivariable linear regression by generalized estimation equation was used to identify the relevant factors associated with depressive symptoms and physical activity. A four-wave autoregressive and cross-lagged panel model was performed to explore their longitudinal relationships.ResultsA total of 1875 women who completed the four-wave data collection were included in the data analysis. Depressive symptoms exacerbated over time and were associated with women’s age, monthly income, marital status, chronic disease, and negative life events. Physical activity decreased over time and was associated with educational background and monthly income. According to the cross-lagged panel model, perimenopausal women with more severe depressive symptoms tended to be less physically active, and similarly, perimenopausal women with less physical activity were more prone to report more severe depressive symptoms.ConclusionThe cross-lagged panel model disclosed longitudinal bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and physical activity in perimenopausal women. Appropriate physical activity should be recommended for perimenopausal women to improve their mental well-being. Tailored physical activity duration and maintenance measures should be proposed based on different sociodemographic statuses.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING DI DESA PASIELUAH KABUPATEN NAGAN RAYA

Stunting is a problem of malnutrition caused by a lack of intake for a long time. The problem of stunting in Indonesia not only negatively affects physical health but also has a bad effect on optimal cognitive achievement. The causative factors include knowledge, income and culture of the local community. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between knowledge, income and culture of madeueng with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Pasie Luah Village, Tadu Raya District, Nagan Raya Regency. This research method is quantitative with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in Pasie Luah Village, Tadu Raya District, Nagan Raya Regency. The study population was 53 people and the sample used a total sampling of 53 people. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Chi Square test at a confidence level of 95% (0.05). The results showed that there was a relationship between the knowledge variable (p = 0.048) and the madeueng cultural variable (p = 0.030) with the incidence of stunting in toddlers, while in the income variable it was known that there was no relationship between parental income and stunting events in toddlers in Pasie Luah Village, Tadu Raya District, Nagan Raya Regency. It is hoped that the puskesmas can increase public knowledge by carrying out health promotion activities and efforts to reduce the number of applications of madeung culture. If public knowledge increases, it is hoped that madeueng culture can be avoided so that the prevention of stunting in toddlers can be prevented.

The impact of COVID-19 on rural treatment-seeking families with children with overweight or obesity

ABSTRACT To examine the early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural parental stress and family behaviors, parents who participated in a 2nd-4th grade pediatric obesity intervention completed a survey in May 2020. Parents (N = 77) experienced 7.8 ± 2.7 events on the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales (CEFIS) with an average impact of 2.5 ± 0.5, with many parents reporting moderate stress (73%). Parental stress was predictive of personal well-being getting “worse” while loss of income events were predictive of family routines getting “better.” Professionals working with rural families may want to assess for these factors when promoting positive changes in family health behaviors.

Household income is associated with return to surgery following discectomy for far lateral disc herniation.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that household income is independently predictive of postsurgical morbidity and mortality, but few studies have elucidated this relationship in a purely spine surgery population. This study aims to correlate household income with adverse events after discectomy for far lateral disc herniation (FLDH). All adult patients (N.=144) who underwent FLDH surgery at a single, multihospital, 1659-bed university health system (2013-2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between household income and adverse postsurgical events, including unplanned hospital readmissions, ED visits, and reoperations. Mean age of the population was 61.72±11.55 years. Mean household income was $78,283±26,996; 69 (47.9%) were female; and 126 (87.5%) were non-Hispanic white. Ninety-two patients underwent open and fifty-two underwent endoscopic FLDH surgery. Each additional dollar decrease in household income was significantly associated with increased risk of reoperation of any kind within 90-days, but not 30-days, after the index admission. However, household income did not predict risk of readmission or ED visit within either 30-days or 30-90-days postsurgery. These findings suggest that household income may predict reoperation following FLDH surgery. Additional research is warranted into the relationship between household income and adverse neurosurgical outcomes.

Assessment of Prevalence and Correlates of Depression in a Tertiary CareTeaching Hospital

Objective: Patients visiting the hospital are at a greater risk of developing depression owing to different correlates such as health issues, stress etc; which is mostly under-diagnosed or under-treated. Our primary goal is to determine the depression severity, evaluate its prevalence and correlates. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study, that was conducted over a period of six months on patients visiting the tertiary care teaching hospital. Data were gathered from 1380 subjects using DSM-V, Kuppuswamy SES scale, PSLE Scale. Results: A total of 1380 subjects were included, of all the subjects 28.15% had slight depression, 34.56% had mild, 30.54% moderate and 6.74% had severe depression respectively. The prevalence of depression among females [51.8%] was greater than males. Depression was significantly observed in rural residents, subjects belonging to lower middle class and those with health issues. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among the study population was found to be high. Out of 1380 subjects, 920 (66.67%) of them were found to be with depression. Patients with Neurological, Reproductive and Psychiatric disorders were found to have the major contribution for Depression. The novel correlate of depression in our study is that the subjects who experience 1-15 negative/s tr essful life events in the past 6 months were found to have significant association with depression. In the comprehensive analysis education level, locality, monthly income, underlying disorders and stressful life events accounted for a significant amount of the variance in depression scores.

Double Consciousness: Explaining Racial Paradox in Later Life Psychological Well-Being

A substantial number of studies have documented paradoxical findings when examining race differences in later life psychological well-being. Despite experiencing significant structural disadvantages, Black older adults have been found to report significantly higher overall life satisfaction and lower depressive symptoms than White adults. This study relies on double consciousness framework which allows us to understand why satisfaction with material conditions (e.g., domain-specific life satisfaction) among Black older adults could differ from their evaluation of overall well-being (e.g., overall life satisfaction). Based on a survey of successful aging (n=409 aged 60 years or older) conducted by the Elderly Care Research Center (ECRC) in Cleveland, Ohio, we examined race differences in coping resources, and their role in shaping overall life satisfaction, domain-specific life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Findings show that Blacks on average have a higher likelihood of experiencing recent negative life events than their White counterparts. Despite adverse life circumstances, Blacks older adults expressed significantly higher overall life satisfaction than Whites. They, however, reported significantly lower domain-specific life satisfaction than their White counterparts. The differences in depressive symptoms between Black and White older adults was not statistically significant. The race differences in overall life satisfaction was explained by religiosity, religious coping, and social support. Education, income, and adverse life events were found to contribute to such differences in domain-specific life satisfaction. Our findings underscore the need to consider the unique role of racialized life course circumstances and coping resources in shaping disparities in later life psychological well-being.

Severe hypertension in China: results from the China PEACE million persons project.

Introduction:People with severe hypertension have high risk of target organ damage, yet few studies focus specifically on this population. We sought to assess the characteristics, prevalence, awareness, and treatment patterns of severe hypertension among middle-aged adults in China.Methods:We enrolled 2 660 666 participants aged 35–75 years from 31 provinces between 2014 and 2018 in the cross-sectional China Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project. Severe hypertension was defined as SBP of at least 160 mmHg or DBP of at least 100 mmHg. Awareness and treatment were defined as self-reported diagnosis of hypertension and current use of antihypertensive medication, respectively. Analyses were completed in 2019.Results:Our sample included 2 618 757 adults with a mean age of 55.6 years (SD 9.8), 59.6% of whom were women. A total of 378 457 (14.5%) participants had severe hypertension, of whom 222 533 (58.8%) were untreated. The age--sex-standardized rate of severe hypertension was 11.6% based on the 2010 Chinese Census data. Advanced age, female sex, current drinking, obesity, lower income, diabetes, and prior cardiovascular events were associated with higher risk of severe hypertension (all P < 0.01). Of untreated participants with severe hypertension, only 60 484 (27.1%) were aware of their conditions. Among participants with severe hypertension despite treatment, 84.7% reported taking one class of antihypertensive medication; only 15% reported taking guideline-recommended combination therapy.Conclusion:Many millions of people in China have severe hypertension and the vast majority are unaware of their condition and undertreated. There are immense opportunities to improve outcomes in this high-risk group.

Key antecedents to the shopping behaviours and preferences of aging consumers

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of how income, cognitive age, physiological change and life-changing events may affect older consumers’ shopping behaviours and preferences.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth semi-structured interview was employed for this study. In total, 13 informants were recruited in Toronto, including 11 females and 2 males aged between 51 and 80 years. Content analysis and holistic interpretation were employed for data analysis.FindingsAccording to the findings, price was a major concern to many informants regardless of their income level. The relationship between “feel age”, “look age”, or even “health age”, are not always positively correlated. The vast majority of the informants preferred shopping at the brick-and-mortar stores over online shopping. Some informants experienced difficulties or challenges in finding clothing that fit well due to the change of their body shapes. In addition, many informants needed to adjust their personal needs and buying priorities to cope with their changing personal situations and social roles.Practical implicationsOther than the price and mobility issues, older consumers encounter different challenges when they shop for different products. It is imperative for retailers, service providers and product developers to understand the older consumers’ changing needs, aspirations and challenges through diverse perspectives – the transition of social roles, physiological change and life-changing events.Originality/valueMany prior studies are merely focused on one topic (e.g. cognitive age) or product category (e.g. clothing). Through this multidimensional and mixed categorical approach, new knowledge and insights can be generated and added to the current body of research.

Urban bus ridership, income, and extreme weather events

Climate change is projected to worsen weather extremes, such as heat waves and days of heavy precipitation, which could pose serious health and economic risks to U.S. cities. These extreme weather events could also affect urban mobility, since people who walk or bike may shift to public transit or avoid travel if they cannot afford a vehicle. To address these concerns, this study examines the effects of extreme weather events on bus ridership and the extent to which this relationship varies by income and destination. This study analyzes highly detailed micro-level bus data between 2012 and 2017 for a county in the Pacific Northwest using a negative binomial regression model. Results suggest modest reductions in bus ridership on very hot and cold days, as well as on days with heavy rainfall, with impacts differing between weekdays and weekends. Findings also show that bus ridership is more sensitive to extreme weather events in lower-income areas relative to the wealthiest neighborhoods, which may be partly driven by a large university student population who can ride the bus for free. Finally, results show that bus ridership around commercial areas and parks increases on very cold days and days with heavy precipitation, reinforcing the importance of public transit during these weather events. These results suggest extreme weather events affect urban mobility, with greater impacts in lower-income neighborhoods, parks and commercial areas. Transit agencies and policymakers should consider ways to increase accessibility and mobility during these weather events, especially for lower-income households.

The effect of exposure to war-traumatic events, stressful life events, and other variables on mental health of Palestinian children and adolescents in the 2012 Gaza War

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exposure to war-traumatic events on mental health in children and adolescents in the presence of other stressors such as stressful life events, exposure to traumatic events (not related to war trauma; eg, being in a car accident or having a serious illness), and poverty. MethodsParticipants were chosen from the Gaza Strip using a stratified random sampling method. The data were collected in October, 2013, 1 year after the Gaza War on Nov 14–26, 2012. War-traumatic events were measured using the War-Traumatic Events Checklist (W-TECh), which includes three categories: personal trauma; witnessing trauma to others; and seeing demolition of property. Stressful life events were measured using the Stressful Life Events Scale. Exposure to traumatic events (not related to war-trauma) was measured using the University of California at Los Angeles post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reaction index for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV (child version). PTSD was measured using the PTSD Symptoms Scale. Finally, depression was measured using the Child Depression Inventory. FindingsThe sample consisted of 1029 students aged 11–17 years. 496 (48%) participants were boys, and 533 (52%) participants were girls. 909 (88%) students had experienced personal trauma, 861 (84%) had witnessed trauma to others, and 908 (88%) had seen demolition of property during the war. Boys reported more exposure to personal trauma, witnessing trauma to others, seeing demolition of property, and overall traumatic events compared to girls. Girls reported more exposure to stressful life events, exposure to trauma (not related to war-trauma), PTSD, and depression. 549 (54%) students had a diagnosis of PTSD diagnosis. We found a positive correlation between the age and exposure to war-traumatic events and stressful life events and between family size and exposure to war-traumatic events and PTSD. By contrast, we found a negative correlation between family income and stressful life events, exposure to traumatic events not related to war trauma, PTSD, and depression. Finally, exposure to war-traumatic events, experience of stressful life events, and exposure to traumatic events not related to war-trauma were positively correlated with PTSD and depression. InterpretationSocioeconomic status such as big family size and low family income increased the severity of effects of stressful life events, exposure to war-traumatic events, and exposure to traumatic events not related to war-trauma. Consequently, the possibility of PTSD and depression was high. The findings also show that stressful life events, exposure to war-trauma, and exposure to traumatic events not related to war-trauma could be considered as risk factors for PTSD and depression. FundingQatar National Research Fund (QNRF), a member of Qatar Foundation Doha, Qatar, National Priority Research Programs under grant NPRP 7-154-3-034 to MS.

Depressive Symptom Prevalence and Predictors in the First Half of Pregnancy.

Major depression during the peripartum (MDP) period carries significant public health impact due to the potential adverse effects on maternal, infant, and family outcomes. As part of a larger longitudinal study, this cross-sectional observational study sought to build upon the current literature on the prevalence and predictors of depression in the early second trimester of pregnancy, as related to generally accepted risk factors and other less explored risk factors. The findings from this study suggest that in this sample of 230 black and white women at ∼14 weeks gestation, ∼19% endorsed depressive symptoms and that the most important predictors of depression in pregnancy were a preconception history of a mental health issue (e.g., lifetime depressive episode) and perceived stress. Other relevant predictors were pregnancy-related anxiety, income, and stressful life events. It is important for clinicians not only to screen for MDP during prenatal visits by asking about current depressive, stress, and anxiety symptoms but also to identify patients at risk for MDP by asking simple questions about history of preconception/lifetime episodes of depression and stressful life events. Given the variance accounted for by lifetime depression, additional research into how clinicians may approach this important topic is warranted. For example, checklists given in the waiting room may be less likely to elicit endorsement compared with conversations aimed to normalize the range of depressive histories that may have relevance to obstetric health.

Analysis on the quality of life and influencing factors in different family life cycle residents

Objective To compare the quality of life (QOL) in different family life cycle residents and analyze its influencing factors. Methods Based on the stratified cluster sampling, 517 married residents from three communities of Dongguan city were chosen to be investigated by a questionnaire on the general status and the MOS health survey (SF-36). The One-Way ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. Result There were significant differences on the seven domains of the SF-36 except of physical pain in different family life cycle residents (P<0.05). The scores of different domains at the retirement or senior years were the lowest (ranging from 37.10-59.81), and the scores of different domains at the child-bearing period were highest (ranging from 37.10-59.81). The results of Multiple Linear Stepwise Regression showed that the QOL of different family life cycle residents were influenced by some factors. The influencing factors on PCS at the child-bearing period were income (β=1.51) and life events (β=-6.13), while that at the period of families with adolescents were economic income (β=1.81) and age (β=-0.65); that at the period of empty nest were economic income (β=-3.64) and age (β=-0.65); and that at the retirement or senior years were unhealthy living habit (β=-15.06), age (β=-0.56) and income (β=3.06). The influencing factors on MCS at the child-bearing period was medical insurance (β=5.86), while that at the period of families with adolescents were medical insurance (β=6.28), education (β=2.32), life events (β=-4.68) and occupation (β=-5.53); that at the period of the empty nest were age (β=-0.61), gender (β=-10.35) and chronic disease (β=-8.35); that at the retirement or senior years were age (β=-0.27), economic income (β=2.55) and unhealthy living habit (β=-6.95). Conclusion The influencing factors of QOL for different family cycle residents are not conformity with each other. It suggested that in order to improve the QOL of residents, the community health service including health education and health promotion should be based on different family life cycle. Key words: Family life cycle; Quality of Life; Influence factors

Mobility Into and Out of Poverty in Europe in the 1990s and the Pre‐Crisis Period: The Role of Income, Demographic and Labour Market Events

In this paper, we analyze poverty dynamics in Europe for the period 1994-2001 using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) and for the period 2005-2008 using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The study first focuses on poverty profiles which depict the poverty duration, recurrence and persistence and then on the trigger events (income, demographic, labour market) associated with movements into and out of poverty, using a modified version of the Bane and Ellwood (1986) framework of event analysis. Multivariate logit analysis is employed at a second step in order to identify the socioeconomic factors that affect the transitions into and out of poverty. Cross-country differences, as well as differences in poverty dynamic trends between the two periods, are examined. Poverty profiles show a consistency with the welfare regime typology during the period 1994-2001, but the results are not entirely clear in the pre-crisis period. Moreover, the results show that new Member-States cannot be clustered into one group. The results differ significantly across countries when the events associated with poverty exits and entries are examined in detail with the event and multivariate logit analysis, reflecting the different importance of the various household income components, as well as the different effect that the 2 demographic changes have to transitions into and out of poverty in each country. The general patterns that can be observed are five: a) In both periods, income events and especially changes in head’s labour earnings seem to be highly associated with poverty transitions in all countries, but more so in the Mediterranean countries, while demographic events seem to be relatively more important in Northern countries; b) Employment events are more important for ending a poverty spell than unemployment events for starting a poverty spell; c) The importance of second income earners (finding a job or increasing earnings) for bringing the household out of poverty was established in both periods; d) The demographic events have a stronger effect in the EU-SILC than the ECHP for poverty entries and weaker for poverty exits; e) The socioeconomic characteristics of the household and the household head present a rather similar patterns across countries in both periods examined.