Income Effects Research Articles

Effects of Income on Family Care Organization in Mexico: An Analysis Based on Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH) from 2010 to 2020

This article examines the impact of income level on family care organizations in Mexico to elucidate how families apportion care responsibilities according to their economic standing. The study design employed a quantitative approach, utilizing two distinct methodologies to construct two indices: one representing the time devoted to care and the other representing care transferred to the market. Factor analysis converts minutes and hours into a time index and transforms the number of domestic workers and health and hospital expenses into a market index. A regression model estimates the effect of income on these indices, aiming to analyze the relationship between income and spending on health and services and between income and time spent on home care. The results are based on data from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2010–2020, using a nationally representative sample of 81 thousand dwellings. The data analysis concluded that households with higher incomes spend a more significant proportion of their expenditure on domestic care-paid services and have greater access to professional care. In contrast, lower-income households face significant challenges due to their limited financial resources and the higher demands for unpaid care.

The relationship between insurance development, population, economic growth, and health expenditures in OECD countries: a panel causality analysis

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between insurance development, population, economic growth, and health expenditures for a panel of 31 OECD countries over the period 1995–2021. A dynamic panel data analysis based on cointegration, FMOLS, DOLS, VECM, and Granger causality tests is employed to suggest for the existence of a long-run relationship among variables. The long-run results show that insurance development, national income, and population exhibit positive impacts on health expenditures. The results reveal that insurance factor has larger income effects than substitution effects on health expenditures. Regarding the short-run causal relationship between the variables, the empirical results suggest that economic growth strengthens health expenditure growth, while insurance growth reduces it. In the short-run, insurance development has a crowding-out effect since it produces larger substitution effects than income effects. The results provide political implications that governments need to concern the short-run crowding-out effect of private insurance sections on health expenditures when making fiscal policies on public health expenditures.

How do socioeconomic indicators and fiscal decentralization affect stunting? Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose Stunting has emerged as a prominent concern on a global scale. Over the past seven years, the average prevalence has consistently exceeded the World Health Organization standards. This study aims to investigate the roots and model of stunting. Design/methodology/approach The samples were collected from 406 regencies (counties) and municipalities across 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2017 to 2022 and used the dynamic panel data analysis. Findings The findings showed that the food security index, poverty line, women’s years of schooling, the specific allocation of funds and hopeful family program negatively influenced stunting. Otherwise, village funds and fiscal decentralisation positively affect stunting. The results also confirmed that stunting had a dynamic impact. In addition, the effect of income per capita, the poverty severity index and government funds for education and health on stunting rates were inconclusive. Practical implications The policy implication of the study suggests that the government must consider the budgetary concerns of each region and focus on the regions that exhibit different needs. Originality/value This paper will contribute to the literature about the modelling of determinants of Stunting in Indonesia.

The economic burden of diagnostic uncertainty on rare disease patients.

It often takes a long time before a rare disease is diagnosed. Without a diagnosis, the right therapy often cannot be carried out and without the right therapy, the patients are denied the opportunity for a cure or relief from their symptoms. In addition, rare diseases can also have economic consequences for those affected. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which a rare disease affects the income and work performance of the patients concerned and whether the use of AI in diagnostics would have the potential to reduce economic losses. The work performance and income of 71 patients of the outpatient clinic for rare inflammatory systemic diseases with renal involvement at Hannover Medical School were analyzed during the course of the disease. The WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ) was used to collect data. During the patient interviews, the questionnaire was completed four times: at the onset of the first symptoms, when a diagnostic decision support system (DDSS) would have suggested the correct diagnosis, at the time of diagnosis and at the current status. With the onset of the diagnostic odyssey, the monthly net income of the patients under study dropped by an average of 5.32% due to lower work performance or work absenteeism. With the correct diagnosis, the original or even a better income of 11.92% could be achieved. Loss of income due to illness was more massive in patients with a rare disease with joint, muscle and connective tissue involvement than in patients with rare vasculitides. If a DDSS had been used, the loss of income would have been 2.66% instead of the actual 5.32%. Rare diseases resulted in temporary or existing income losses in 28.17% of the patients. Losses in work performance and income were related to the type of disease and were more pronounced in patients with joint, muscle or connective tissue disease than in patients with rare vasculitides. The use of a DDSS may have the potential to reduce the negative income effects of patients through earlier correct diagnosis. Retrospectively registered.

Employment Shift in Response to a Technology Shock: An Analysis of Two Rigidities and Two Agents

This paper examines the relationship between a technology shock and employment, considering price, wage rigidities, and heterogeneous agents. To explore this relationship, we utilized a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, incorporating households with varying savings rates. For empirical validation, we conducted a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) analysis using data from two economies with distinct savings patterns—the United States and China. This approach allowed us to assess the impact of technology shocks on employment dynamics across different savings environments. Under these conditions, we observe that the effect of technology on aggregate employment is initially positive. Still, it gradually decreases in the mid-term, eventually switching to a negative impact before slowly recovering to equilibrium. The reason for this phenomenon depends on (i) the magnitude of fluctuations in price and wage, precisely, which variable’s fluctuations have a greater magnitude, and (ii) which effect, between income effect and substitute effect, is preferred by restricted and unrestricted households. Due to (i), real wages change, and because of (ii), households make different labor supply decisions, leading to fluctuations in employment in response to technology shocks.

Financial Performance Analysis of East Lombok District Government in Fiscal Year 2020-2022

East Lombok Regency is one of the regencies affected by the establishment of various policies from the central government, one of which is the restriction on the use of transfer funds which were previously the main source of funds for various local governments. This requires the East Lombok Regency Government to make optimal efforts to achieve independence to finance government and development activities. This study aims to analyze the financial performance of the East Lombok Regency Government as seen from the degree of independence, dependence, fiscal decentralization, and effectiveness of Regional Original Income. The data used is the realization of the East Lombok Regency Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget for the 2020-2022 fiscal year. The study was conducted using a quantitative approach through calculations of several financial ratios, namely independence, dependence, fiscal decentralization, and effectiveness. The results show that the independence of the East Lombok Regency Government is still in the extremely low category which is supported by extremely high dependence on the central government and provincial government, as well as fiscal decentralization which is still in the less-than-ideal criteria. This is also indicated by the Regional Original Income as the main factor in supporting its independence, which has not been optimally realized.

The effect of median household income on the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma: A SEER analysis.

Lung cancer is the main cause of death related to malignant tumors. Since cause-specific mortality can guide clinical decision-making, this study employed the Fine-Gray model based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify significantly how socio-economic status influences initial treatment decisions and survival outcomes in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of lung adenocarcinoma. The U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2018. Seventeen thousand four hundred forty-one patients with lung adenocarcinoma were subdivided in four socio-economic tertiles, based on median household income. Cox regression modeling explored the relationship between race, surgery, grading, and median household income on survival outcomes. The study also assessed patient demographic characteristics, age at diagnosis, and surgical interventions. Among 17441 patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma, the age distribution was as follows: less than 45 years (n=202, 1.16%), between 45 and 54 years (n=1121, 6.43%), 55 and 64 years (n=4252, 24.38%), 65 and 74 years (n=6357, 36.45%), 75 and 84 years (n=4426, 25.38%), and more than 84 years (n=1083, 6.2%). The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with 95% CI for ages 65-74 years, 75-84 years, and older than or equal to 85 years were 0.25 (0.11,1.29), 0.40 (0.11,1.50), and 0.72 (0.11,2.05), respectively. Multifactorial Cox regression indicated that the aHR for tumor metastasis was 0.93 (0.03, 2.54), and for patients who did not undergo surgery, it was 1.46 (0.03, 4.31). Grade IV patients exhibited the lowest survival rate [0.66(0.11, 1.93)]. A notable correlation existed between median household income and survival, with distinctly lower survival rates observed in low-income groups. Older patients, especially those who did not undergo surgery and had a higher tumor grade, had significantly reduced survival. Moreover, survival rates for black patients in lower-income brackets were worse than those for white patients in the same financial category. The quality of life of lung cancer patients is affected by low-income family.

Work Flexibility and Income as Determinants of Performance of Online Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Medan City

This study aims to analyse the effect of work flexibility and income on the performance of online motorcycle taxi drivers in Medan City. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that work flexibility has a significant influence on employee performance, with a t-count value of 2.789 greater than the t-table of 1.984 and a significance value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. Income or salary also shows a positive and significant influence on driver performance, with a t-count value of 3.768 greater than the t-table 1.984 and a significance value of 0.012 which is smaller than 0.05. In addition, simultaneous hypothesis testing shows that work flexibility and income together have a significant effect on employee performance, with an F-count value of 3.675 which is greater than the F-table of 3.090 and a significance value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. These results indicate that work flexibility and income have a significant influence on improving the performance of online motorcycle taxi drivers in Medan City.

Associations between neighbourhood-level median household income and outpatients' risk of antibiotic non-susceptible uropathogens in a major urban centre, USA.

Resistance to first-line antibiotics among urinary tract infections continues to rise, but how neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status impacts this risk remains unclear. We examined the effect of neighbourhood-level income on a patient's risk of having a uropathogen non-susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) or nitrofurantoin. We used electronic health record data and antibiotic susceptibility test results for urinary Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected at Emory Healthcare outpatient facilities in greater Atlanta between October 2022 and September 2023. We determined patients' block group median household income (MHI) using their residential addresses and 2017-21 US census data. We performed a logistic regression with a priori risk factors using a generalized estimating equation, with subgroup analysis by organism and for patients with diabetes mellitus. We included 9325 urine E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from 3867 outpatients. Compared to uropathogenic E. coli, K. pneumoniae were more likely to be non-susceptible to nitrofurantoin (P < 0.001) and less likely to be non-susceptible to TMP/SMX (P < 0.001). Compared to the lowest MHI quintile, patients in the highest MHI quintile neighbourhoods had 0.78 odds of harbouring a non-susceptible uropathogen (95% CI: 0.64, 0.95) after controlling for patient age, sex and race/ethnicity, along with neighbourhood-level characteristics. This association was stronger for K. pneumoniae infections and non-significant among people with diabetes. Higher neighbourhood-level MHI was associated with lower individual risk of harbouring a first-line antibiotic-non-susceptible uropathogen.

Financial Performance Analysis Of Uluway Village In Mengkendek Sub-District, Tana Toraja Regency For The 2018-2022 Period

The aim of this research is a descriptive quantitative type of research with the aim of analyzing the financial performance of Uluway Village, Kec. Mentengkan District. Tana Toraja. The sample used is financial report data for the Uluway village, subdistrict. Mengkedek District, Tana Toraja in 2018-2022. Data collection is carried out by observation and requesting financial reports. In this research, the data source used in data collection is secondary data. Research result The performance of the Uluway Village Government when viewed from the Regional Financial Independence Ratio during 2018-2022, can generally be said to be very low and includes an instructive relationship pattern. Based on the Regional Original Income Effectiveness Ratio during 2018-2022, in general, it can be said to be effective. Based on the Shopping Efficiency Ratio during 2018-2022, generally, it can be considered inefficient. If we look at the PADes Growth Ratio and Total Income Growth Ratio during 2018-2022, in general, it can be said that the PADes growth ratio and total income of Uluway Village is low. If we look at the Operating Expenditure Ratio, it is classified as quite good and the average value of the capital expenditure ratio is in the good category. This means that the Uluway Village Government in allocating its funds for capital expenditure is relatively good. This shows that the village government has paid attention to the use of its funds for village development

Balance or Quality: Impact of Part-Time Farming on the Nutrition and Health of Rural Residents

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between part-time farming and the nutrition and health of rural residents, test the possible effects through two potential pathways—income effect and time effect—and further analyze the family heterogeneity characteristic of downward intergenerational support. Using the ordered probit model and cross-sectional data from the China Rural Revitalization Comprehensive Survey (CRRS), which provide information on household income, health conditions, and nutritional caloric intake, this study estimates the relationship between part-time farming and the nutritional health of rural residents. The effects are decomposed into income (measured by dietary diversity scores and food consumption expenditures) and time effects (measured by excess caloric intake), with additional analysis on family heterogeneity concerning downward intergenerational support. Part-time farming positively correlates with rural residents’ nutritional health through two pathways: income effect (improved dietary diversity and increased food consumption) and time effect (negative impact of excessive caloric intake). Downward intergenerational support mitigates the negative time effect. This paper highlights the often-overlooked impact of part-time farming on rural nutrition and health, emphasizing non-linear effects and the significant role of downward intergenerational support, thus filling a gap in existing research.

A study on the impact of high-speed rail on the consumption structure of urban and rural residents in China.

Consumption is crucial to individual well-being and national economic development. This study investigates whether high-speed rail (HSR) influences consumption expenditure (CE) and consumption structure (CS) of urban and rural Chinese citizens. Using panel data from 2003 to 2019 and econometric models, this study finds that: (1) HSR significantly increases CE for both urban and rural residents, promotes CS upgrades in rural areas, but inhibits CS upgrades in urban areas. These results remain robust after extensive testing. (2) HSR's impact on urban consumption is relatively focused and singular, whereas its effect on rural consumption is dispersed and extensive. Additionally, the impact of HSR on consumption exhibited significant delays and regional characteristics. (3) Mediation analysis reveals that HSR significantly enhances urban and rural CE and facilitates rural CS upgrades through market, price, and income effects. However, it also triggers housing price increases, impeding urban CS upgrades. This study provides important references for the government to optimize transportation infrastructure investments, promote balanced economic development between urban and rural areas, and enhance residents' well-being.

The impact of green finance on labor income share: Evidence from green finance reform and innovation pilot zone

Enhancing the labor income share (LIS) is essential for optimizing the income distribution structure and achieving the goals of Chinese modernization. Through the panel data of Chinese A-share listed enterprises from 2013 to 2022, we construct a multi-period difference-in-differences model to evaluate the effect of the green finance reform and innovation pilot zones (GFRIPZ) on the enterprises’ LIS and its underlying mechanisms. The research results show that: (1) The GFRIPZ significantly increased the LIS of enterprises. And this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness checks. (2) Mechanism analyses indicates that the GFRIPZ primarily enhances the LIS by alleviating enterprises’ financing constraints and increasing operating income. (3) Heterogeneity analyses reveal that, compared to the eastern China and state-owned enterprises, the income effect of GFRIPZ is stronger in the central-western China and non-state-owned enterprises.

Relationship between socioeconomic status and stroke: An observational and network Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundThe relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and stroke remains controversial, and the underlying mediator is unclear. This study aimed to assess the causal relationship of SES with stroke and its subtypes and to identify potential modifiable risk factors responsible for this relationship. MethodsThe study included 372,437 participants from the UK Biobank. Over an average period of 12.13 years, 6,457 individuals (2.7 %) were recorded as having experienced a stroke. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the relationship between SES (average annual household income before tax and age at the end of full-time education) and stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to assess the causal relationship between SES and stroke and its subtypes. Furthermore, network MR was utilized to evaluate the potential mediating role of modifiable risk factors for stroke in this causal relationship. ResultsAfter adjusting for factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, health status, and past medical history, participants in the second highest income group showed the lowest risk of stroke, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.780 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.702–0.866), and for ischemic stroke, the HR was 0.701 (95 % CI: 0.618–0.795). Those who completed full-time education at the latest age group(>18 years) had the lowest risk of stroke (HR: 0.906, 95 % CI: 0.830–0.988) and ischemic stroke (HR: 0.897, 95% CI: 0.811–0.992). MR analysis showed that higher income and education were both associated with a lower risk of stroke (income: inverse-variance-weighted odds ratio [ORIVW] =0.796, 95 % CI: 0.675–0.940, education: ORIVW = 0.631, 95 % CI: 0.557–0.716) and ischemic stroke (income: ORIVW = 0.813, 95 % CI: 0.684–0.966, education: ORIVW = 0.641, 95 % CI: 0.559–0.735). Additionally, hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this relationship. It accounted for 57.12 % of the effect of income on stroke, 51.24 % on ischemic stroke, and 27 % and 24 % for education. ConclusionHigher SES was associated with a lower risk of stroke and ischemic stroke, and hypertension had the highest mediating effect on this causal relationship. The results have significant public health implications, emphasizing the importance of early intervention to reduce the risk of stroke in low SES populations.

A caution on sibling comparisons in studying effects of the rearing environment

Abstract Recent studies use sibling fixed effects to estimate the influence of the family environment on children, a practice we call the ‘discordant family design’. These studies suffer from a disconnect between the use of within-family variation, on the one hand, and relevant theories which mostly refer to variation between families on the other. In addition, reverse causality, within-family confounding, selection into identification, and measurement error complicate their interpretation further. We discuss three applied examples—the effects of parenting, family income, and neighbourhood context—and provide some general guidance. To avoid misinterpretation, researchers should have a strong grasp of the variance that enters into estimation, and not just the potential confounders a given strategy is designed to deal with.

Eradicating Poverty and Unshackling from Illness Expense: The Impact of Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policy on Medical Burden

Health poverty alleviation is a crucial aspect of targeted poverty alleviation policy, with easing the medical burden being its primary goal. This study evaluates China's targeted poverty alleviation policy's impact on reducing the medical burden of impoverished households, using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) for the years 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018. Employing Difference-in-Differences (DID) methodology, this paper finds significant reductions in both the out-of-pocket to income ratio and catastrophic medical expenditure among targeted households. The policy's success is attributed to the "income effect", raising household income levels, and the "safety-net effect" increasing the reimbursement ratio for inpatient expenses. These results are valid across several robustness tests including propensity score matching (PSM-DID) and placebo test. The findings have implications for global health policy, suggesting that targeted poverty alleviation interventions can effectively alleviate medical burden and prevent poverty due to health expenses, offering a viable model for other developing countries facing similar challenges.

Has the Digital Economy Enhanced the Income Distribution Effect Among Industries? Evidence from China

A powerful correlation exists among the advancement of the economy of digital, sustainable economic advancement, and income distribution. The advancement of the digital economy provides a significant motivating factor for sustainable economic development, while sustainable economic development provides a strong guarantee for income distribution, and the improvement of income distribution is also conducive to sustainable economic development. What is the connection between the digital economy and income distribution? This is the focus of this paper and also an important way to clarify the association between the advancement of the digital economy, sustainable economic development, and income distribution. This paper aims to explore whether the advancement of the digital economy has enhanced the effect of income distribution among industries and examine the role of production efficiency and human capital. Through the use of the multidimensional fixed-effect model, this study finds that the development of the digital economy is favorable to enhancing the income distribution effect among industries, and this income distribution enhancement effect is more prominent in large-scale non-state-owned enterprises. In addition, we also find that digital transformation can dramatically improve the total factor productivity of enterprises, thus enhancing the income distribution impact among industries. The promotion of digital transformation can also improve the quality of human capital in enterprises, strengthen the income distribution impact between industries, and reduce the income disparity among industries. The industry income gap measurement method and the industry perspective of income distribution adopted in this paper contribute to the existing literature and will contribute to the development of income distribution equity in the era of the digital economy and also provide a new vision for sustainable economic development from the perspective of income distribution.

Wealth Taxation and Household Saving: Evidence from Assessment Discontinuities in Norway

Abstract Neither theory nor existing empirical evidence support the notion that wealth taxation reduces saving. Theoretically, the effect is ambiguous due to opposing income and substitution effects, and empirically, the effect may be masked by misreporting responses. Using geographic discontinuities in the Norwegian annual net-wealth tax and third-party-reported data on savings, I find that wealth taxation causes households to save more. Each additional NOK of wealth tax increases annual net financial saving by 3.76, implying that households increase saving enough to offset both current and future wealth taxes. This positive effect on saving is primarily financed by increases in labor earnings. These responses are the combination of small negative effects of increasing the marginal tax rates and larger positive effects of increasing average rates. My findings imply that income effects may dominate substitution effects in household responses to rate-of-return shocks, which has implications for both optimal taxation and macroeconomic modeling.

The drivers and income effect of big data use by e-commerce farmers: evidence from China

The drivers and income effect of big data use by e-commerce farmers: evidence from China

The roles of employment status and income in the mental health of informal caregivers in Germany

BackgroundInformal caregivers often experience multiple negative consequences as a result of the informal care they provide. Among other factors, employment status, financial resources, and mental health are related to informal caregiving. This analysis examined the association between informal caregivers’ employment status and their mental health, as well as the moderating effect of net household income on this relationship.MethodsThe research question was addressed with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) survey, comprising 3,053 informal caregivers (1,007 male; 2,046 female). Data were obtained through self-reports, and mental health was measured with the Summary Scale Mental Score. Stepwise adjusted multiple linear regression models were used to examine the association between employment status and mental health. The moderating effects were tested with interaction terms. All analyses were also stratified for gender.ResultsInformal caregivers with full-time jobs reported better mental health than unemployed or marginally employed caregivers (β = 0.077, p < 0.001). The significant interaction term for full-time (β=-0.066, p = 0.001) and part-time workers (β=-0.066, p = 0.003) indicated a moderating effect of net household income on the association between employment status and mental health. This finding was especially evident in women.ConclusionsEmployment appears to be a relevant protective factor for informal caregivers’ mental health. However, if informal caregivers are not employed, a low net household income might additionally restrict their mental health. Therefore, welfare policy structures must be created to reduce the negative financial consequences for informal caregivers and enable them to achieve work-life-care balance.