Analysis Of Income Distribution Research Articles

A consistent dataset for the net income distribution for 190 countries and aggregated to 32 geographical regions from 1958 to 2015

Abstract. Data on income distributions within and across countries are becoming increasingly important for informing analysis of income inequality and understanding the distributional consequences of climate change. While datasets on income distribution collected from household surveys are available for multiple countries, these datasets often do not represent the same concept of inequality (or income concept) and therefore make comparisons across countries, over time and across datasets difficult. Here, we present a consistent dataset of income distributions across 190 countries from 1958 to 2015 measured in terms of net income. We complement the observed values in this dataset with values imputed from a summary measure of the income distribution, specifically the Gini coefficient. For the imputation, we use a recently developed nonparametric principal-component-based approach that shows an excellent fit to data on income distributions compared to other approaches. We also present another version of this dataset aggregated from the country level to 32 geographical regions. Our dataset is developed for the purpose of calibrating models such as integrated human–Earth system models with detailed data on income distributions. This dataset will enable more robust analysis of income distribution at multiple scales. The latest version of our data are available on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7093997 (Narayan et al., 2022b).

Who paid for COVID-19? Income distribution analysis on Finnish seaports

The COVID-19 pandemic hit the Finnish ports in 2020. This research analyses how the effects of the pandemic were distributed between the stakeholders: owners, employees, suppliers, taxman and creditors. The analysed data covered 18 seaports that represented the majority share of the country’s seaborne transport volumes. The ports differ from each other with regards to their size, type of business and ownership, among other things. The analysis is based on official financial statement data that was translated into value added statements distinguishing the income streams to stakeholders. The results showed that there were no substantial differences between the stakeholders’ income change due to the pandemic. From the societal, the seaport companies’ responses to the pandemic adversities were socially balanced in terms of income distribution, and not prioritising owners’ income.

Cultivating Prosperity: Analyzing Marketing Challenges Encountered by Pomegranate Farmers in Tumkur District

This study presents an overview of the demographic characteristics and marketing practices of pomegranate farmers in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India. Data was collected through surveys and interviews conducted among male and female farmers, with a focus on age, landholding, education, income, and marketing practices. The findings reveal a predominantly young farming population, with the majority falling within the 31-45 years age group. The data also shows that both male and female farmers mainly possess small landholdings, typically between 2-5 acres. This suggests a prevalence of smallholder farming in the region. Regarding education, while primary education is the most common level of education among both genders, there is a significant portion of female farmers with no formal education, indicating potential disparities in educational opportunities between genders. Income distribution analysis indicates that the majority of farmers earn between INR 20,000 - 30,000 per month, with male farmers slightly earning more than their female counterparts. Analysis of marketing practices reveals a preference among both male and female farmers to sell their produce locally, with direct selling to consumers being more common among female farmers. Meanwhile, male farmers tend to engage more with wholesalers. The study also highlights a relatively low usage of online platforms for sales among both genders, suggesting an area for potential improvement in leveraging technology for marketing. This study provides valuable insights into the demographic profile and marketing practices of pomegranate farmers in Tumkur District, which can inform policy interventions and agricultural development programs.

Panel Analysis of Female Labor Force Participation and Income Distribution in 136 Countries

Panel Analysis of Female Labor Force Participation and Income Distribution in 136 Countries

Income Distribution Analysis of Livestock Farmer Households in Karst Area of Girisubo Sub-District, Gunungkidul District

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution of household income of livestock farmers in Girisubo District, Gunungkidul Regency. The basic method of research is descriptive. The method of determining the location in the study was purposive on the consideration that Girisubo District has a large number of cattle population with a small population compared to other districts. The data sample used was 100 respondents. The data analysis method used was The Gini ratio and Lorenz curve. The characteristics of livestock farmer households in Girisubo sub-district are majority male, aged < 30 to ≥ 60 years, have 3-4 household members, cultivate 4 agricultural commodities (rice, corn, beans, cassava), and have 1-5 livestock. The highest contribution of farm household income is in livestock income of 48.68%. The resulting Gini ratio value is 0.496, which means the inequality level is moderate.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ У РОЗПОДІЛІ ДОХОДІВ НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ РИЗИКІВ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article examines current trends in the distribution of incomes of the Ukraine’s population under the conditions of the risks of martial law. The article includes an analysis of the latest research and publications on the issue, and also considers the practical aspects of the analysis of income distribution by key indicators: Gini index and Lorenz curve. The purpose of the article is to justify the current trends in the formation of the population's income in Ukraine in the conditions of combating the risks of wartime. The article examines the historical aspects of population income formation by representatives of various scientific schools, as well as analyzed statistical data on the aggregate resources of Ukrainian households, the differentiation of the population’s standard of living and its distribution by the level of average per capita income. The article provides an analysis of the existing parameters of the population’s income under the conditions of the introduction of martial law in Ukraine. In general, the real situation with economic inequality and poverty in Ukraine requires decisive actions from the government – from revising state social guarantees to reforms in the field of labor protection, encouraging retraining, mastering innovative (digital) products, comprehensive measures in the field of education, medicine, health care etc.

The colonial gap: An analysis of income distribution in the Port of Dakar, 1911–1940

ABSTRACT This study presents new empirical evidence on the structure of income of African workers in the Port of Dakar between 1911 and 1940. It provides a systematic series of public wages earned by the African and European workforce in a colonial seaport. This series includes income structure by skill tier of public employees and labourers employed at the port. Did wage structure evolve according to relative increases in human capital accumulation in this major colonial seaport? In this investigation, I use data collected from the annual budgets of the port to seek explanations for the structural differences in income in three consecutive decades between 1911 and 1940. I found that the skill premium between highly skilled and unskilled African workers was 3.8 on average during the period analysed. Moreover, the skill premium between mid-skilled and unskilled workers is estimated to be 2.7. Furthermore, top and senior European staff (less than 10% of the staff) accounted for 36% of the overall income. I provide quantitative evidence on how colonial allowances were the key element that contributed to the increasing income gap between European and African workers in similar job categories.

Measuring long-run housing affordability for Malaysian millennial households: a geospatial and income distribution analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to use a lifetime income measure to evaluate the long-run housing affordability for an understudied cohort of households in the literature – the millennials. The authors do this in the context of Malaysia, measuring long-run affordability for four housing types across geographic locations and income distributions. Design/methodology/approach This study calculates a long-run housing affordability index (HAI) using data on house prices and household incomes. Essentially a ratio of predicted lifetime incomes to house prices, the HAI is computed for four common housing types in Malaysia from 2005 to 2016 and for six states in the country. The HAI is also compared across four income percentiles. Findings The analysis reveals varying patterns of housing affordability among different states in Malaysia. Housing affordability has declined since 2010, with most housing types being unaffordable for millennial-led households with the lowest income. Housing is most affordable for those in the highest income bracket, although even here, there are pockets of unaffordable housing as well. Practical implications Based on the findings, this study proposes three targeted interventions to improve housing affordability for Malaysian millennials. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature by examining the long-run housing affordability of Malaysian millennial-led households based on both geographic location and income distribution. The millennial population is understudied in the housing affordability literature, making this study a valuable contribution to the field.

Assessment of goodness of fit of income distribution in France and Germany based on the Zenga distribution

The aim of this paper is to apply the Zenga distribution for equivalent disposable income from the last two waves of European Quality of Life Surveys for Germany and France (both for total society and selected socio-economic groups) and to assess the goodness of fit to empirical data. The Zenga distribution has not been used to describe the income distribution in these countries yet. The obtained parameters were assessed for fitting to empirical data using two measures—the Wasserstein-Kantorovich and the Wasserstein-Kantorovich standardized measure. The analysis of the results received allows for the conclusion that the Zenga distribution can fit the income distributions both for small as well as large values. It was also shown that the Zenga distribution fits the data well even with small and very small samples. The article uses a new measure to assess the fit of the distribution to empirical data, based on the Wasserstein-Kantorovich measure assessing the distance between the empirical and theoretical cumulative distribution function. The modification consisted in standardizing the Wasserstein-Kantorovich measure by dividing the field between distributors by the rectangle area, where length is maximum income and width is maximum value of the cumulative distribution function. The proposed measure is not sensitive to extreme values, often found in the analysis of income distribution, and can be applied even in very small samples.

DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN PETANI CENGKEH DI DESA OTVAI KECAMATAN ALOR BARAT LAUT

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of even distribution and the level of equity of clove farmers' income in Otvai Village, Northwest Alor District, based on the Gini Ratio. Collecting data using survey methods and questionnaires. The focus of the data is on mapping the total income and household income of clove farmers. Data were analyzed by income distribution analysis. The results showed that clove farmers in Otvai village spent a total cost of Rp. 925,939 per harvest, with a total revenue Rp. 5,327,727 per farmer from a total production of 115.71 kg. Thus, the income of each clove farmer reaches Rp. 4,401,788. Based on the mapping and distribution analysis, the income of clove farmers in Otvai village is classified as low evenness level (GC 0.5), where 40% of farm households have clove income &lt; Rp. 1,320,536. Keywords: Evenness level, Clove, Otvai

Divergent Inequality Trajectories in Intermediate Cities: The Role of Income From Pensions and Transfers in Reducing Inequality

In the last 18 years, Colombia has seen a modest reduction in income inequality compared to other Latin American countries as measured by the Gini index. However, when the scale is reduced and cities are observed, remarkably diverse trajectories are evident: some cities have had a notable reduction, while others have stagnated. This article focuses on four Colombian cities with divergent trajectories in the evolution of inequality. Through an analysis of income distribution using data from the Continuous Household Survey (2002-2005) and the Extensive Integrated Household Survey – GEIH by its Spanish acronym (2008-2018), and following the decomposition methodology suggested by Azevedo et al. (2013), this article focuses on the role of income from pensions and transfers in the variation of the Gini. Administrative records are used to mark the proposed analyses more robust. The results highlight the differentiated role of transfers in reducing inequality and that of pensions in increasing it.

Equivalised household income inequality in Łódzkie Voivodship

The analysis of income distribution in the regional perspective is an important issue in the context of the cohesion policy implemented in the EU countries, one of the postulates of which is smoothing differences in the standard of living and liquidation of poverty The aim of the study presented in the paper is to determine changes in the distribution of equivalent household incomes, and in particular the changes in the degree of inequality and the level of poverty and richness in Łódzkie Voivodship. This voivodship is an interesting object for research, as in the period of the political transformation it underwent many changes which influenced the economic situation of households. The main variable of interest was household equivalent income which was determined using three power equivalence scales. To estimate the inequalities, the study applied measures sensitive to income disparities in different parts of the distribution, namely the Gini coefficient in the central part of the distribution, the index of disparity in the extreme parts of the distribution, and the Zenga index, sensitive to inequalities at each point of the distribution. The levels of poverty and richness, i.e. phenomena related to income inequality, were analysed in the same way. Income distribution in Łódzkie Voivodship was next compared with the same indicator for the whole Poland. All the calculations were based on data for the years 2016–2020 drawn from the Household Budget Survey conducted annually by Statistics Poland. The obtained results indicate increasing income inequality in the period under consideration, with the visible discrepancy between the extremal decile groups. In 2020, the inequlities became wider; moreover, the share of households experiencing poverty increased, while the share of relatively affluent households decreased. Overally, the poverty level was higher, and the richness level was lower in the studied period in Łódzkie Voivodship than in the whole country. The analysis of the sensitivity of the indices of inequality, poverty and richness to the change in the equivalence scale demonstrates that the choice of the scale flexibility parameter affects the level of the analysed measures, but does not significantly affect the assessment of the changes in these parameters over time.

Class and relative wealth accumulation in five European countries: Sociological Lessons from the Household Financial and Consumption Survey (European Central Bank, 2014 Wave)

AbstractRecent sociological research tends to move beyond the divide between economics and sociology in the study of socioeconomic inequality. It focuses primarily on the relationship between social class and work-related income. Yet, it has been shown that wealth, rather than income, was the decisive feature of contemporary inequality and that wealth and income increasingly tend to be captured through the same households. To bridge the gap between the two disciplines and provide a comprehensive understanding of socioeconomic inequality, this article developed an integrated analysis of wealth and income distribution among occupational groups at different ages in five major European countries. To that end, we used the Household Financial and Consumption Survey [2014 wave] of the European Central Bank network.

The Dilemmas of Spatializing Social Issues

Cities have established official neighborhood boundaries for targeted social policy in recent decades. The authors propose that a sociological conception of neighborhoods sensitizes us to the potential consequences of imposing categorical divisions onto a largely continuous urban space. The authors specify this idea in three steps. First, they argue that designations affect people’s behavior toward target neighborhoods. Second, the heterogeneity within official boundaries may lead to informational distortion; disadvantaged areas are denied benefits solely because of location. Third, designations may generate negative reputations for targeted areas or extend existing stigma to new areas. To examine these processes, the authors study Toronto’s Priority Area Program (2006–2013). Difference-in-difference models show significant negative effects of the designation on rent, home value, and building permits. The authors provide evidence of informational distortion through income distribution analysis. An analysis of policy documents, newspaper reports, and secondary literature illustrates the stigmatizing aspects that local community members and observers interpreted about the designation.

The double burden of maldistribution: a descriptive analysis of corporate wealth and income distribution in four unhealthy commodity industries

ABSTRACT The health and ecological harms created and spread by firms active in many unhealthy commodity industries (UCIs) have received considerable attention from the public health community. However, less focus has been paid to analysing the distribution of wealth and income – important social and economic determinants of health – by these industries. This study aimed to examine long-term trends in wealth and income distribution by publicly listed corporations active in four UCIs: fossil fuels; tobacco; ultra-processed foods; and alcohol. Quantitative analysis of a range of data was conducted for firms listed on stock exchanges in the United States (US). Wealth and income distribution metrics were analysed at the industry level, including effective corporate tax rates and shareholder value ratios. The equity ownership structures and investor location of 20 of the largest firms were also explored. Since the 1980s, US-listed firms in the examined UCIs have distributed much less of their wealth and income to governments and much more to shareholders and investors mostly based in high-income countries. The study provides evidence that firms active in UCIs create a ‘double burden of maldistribution’: their externalised social and ecological harms disproportionately affect disadvantaged population groups and governments in low- and middle-income countries; whilst, simultaneously, they are increasingly transferring wealth and income to a group over-represented by a small and privileged elite. The identified distributive injustice warrants increased policy attention.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF RED CHILLI FARMER, AT MEREMBU VILLAGE, LABUAPI DISTRICT, WEST LOMBOK REGENCY 2021

Red chili is an agricultural commodity planted by farmers on the sidelines of rice planting as the main agricultural commodity, especially in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. This study aims to determine the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. The sample respondent as many as 35 red chili farmers in the research area. The analysis technique uses income distribution analysis with three approaches, namely Gini Coefficient approach, Lorenz Curve and World Bank Criteria Approach. The results of the Gini Ratio calculation for the 35 respondents studied, obtained a Gini Index or Gini Coefficient of 0.143, this shows the income inequality of red chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District in the mild or low category. This statement is reinforced by the Lorenz Curve approach and the World Bank Criteria Approach, namely the results of calculations based on the World Bank approach obtained that 40% of the population with low incomes receive an income of 29.6% or greater than 17% (Low Category) of the total existing income. This indicates that the category of the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District is relatively low

Post-Keynesian Macroeconomic Foundations for Comparative Political Economy

The global financial crisis and ensuing weak growth have increased interest in macroeconomic issues within comparative political economy (CPE). CPE, particularly the dominant Varieties of Capitalism approach, has based its analyses on mainstream economics, which limits analysis of the relation between distribution and growth and neglects the role finance plays in modern economies. It overstates the stability of the capitalist growth process and understates the potential effectiveness of government interventions. Baccaro and Pontusson have suggested a post-Keynesian (PK) theory of distribution and growth as an alternative. This article generalizes their point. PK theory highlights the instability of the growth process and lends itself to an analysis of income distribution and power relations. The article identifies the analysis of financialization and financial cycles, the understanding of neoliberal growth models, and the political economy of central banks as areas where PK economics provides specific insights for CPE. It also highlights that these arguments have important implications for government policy in an era of secular stagnation with ongoing social, distributional, and economic crises.

Analysis of Income Distribution with Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient of Skopje / Kocana District According to the 19th Century Temettuat Books

Bu çalışma, 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti Üsküp Eyaleti, Köstendil Sancağı, Koçana kazasının kent merkezi ve Koçana köylerindeki gelir dağılımı ve mesleki dağılıma ait bulguların değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda çalışma, Koçana’da kent ve köylerdeki gelir dağılımındaki farklılaşmaların nicelendirilmesini de belirtmektedir. Bu çalışmada, temel kaynak olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde yer alan temettuat defterleri kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan veriler, 1844-45 yıllarında Koçana’daki 64 köy ve Koçana kent merkezinden toplanan 3249 hanenin servet ve vergi verileridir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarının analizinde, Lorenz eğrisi ve Gini katsayısı gibi iktisat teorisi metodolojisi ve araçları da kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlarda, Koçana‘da orta düzeyde gelir eşitsizliğinin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

New Tests for Richness and Poorness: A Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Income Distributions in Hong Kong

This paper applies stochastic dominance techniques for income distribution analysis and develops tests of richness and poorness to achieve more accurate characterizations of relative welfare in populations than was previously possible. Results from our empirical application, using Hong Kong data, are consistent with predictions of the life-cycle theory of income and savings. Among other things, we find high concentrations of poor individuals among the younger cohorts, and at the same time, there are high concentrations of rich individuals amongst the oldest cohorts. Our results help to explain Hong Kong’s persistently high levels of income inequality in the population.

STRUKTUR DAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN SERTA TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI UBI KAYU DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

This research aimed to analyze the difference of the income structure, the income distribution, and the welfare level of cassava farmer households based on factory location distance from location of cassava farm in Lampung Tengah Regency. The research sample consisted of 42 cassava farmers in Terusan Nunyai Subdistrict and 31 cassava farmers in Bandar Mataram Subdistrict. The data were analyzed using income structure, income distribution, and welfare level analysis based on BPS criteria. The results of this research showed that there was difference in the income structure between cassava farmers in Terusan Nunyai Subdistrict and Bandar Mataram Subdistrict. The income structure of cassava farmers had the highest contribution of the household income from main on-farm income which was 65.75 percent and 78.88 percent. There was also difference in the income distribution between cassava farmer households in Terusan Nunyai Subdistrict and Bandar Mataram Subdistrict. The income distribution of cassava farmer households in Terusan Nunyai Subdistrict was categorized as moderate inequality, welfare in Bandar Mataram Subdistrict was categorized as high inequality. There was no significant difference of the welfare level of cassava farmer households between the two locations. Based on BPS criteria, the welfare level of cassava farmer households in Terusan Nunyai and Bandar Mataram Subdistrict were categorized as prosperous farmer households.Key words: cassava, farmers, income, welfare