Income Differences Research Articles

Economic Impact of Land Use Change on Rice Paddy Farmers in Palembang City Indonesia

Agricultural land conversion has the potential to have complex economic impacts on communities and related sectors. This change can alter income patterns and cause a decrease in welfare for farmers and business actors related to agriculture. This study aims to analyze the economic impact of land conversion on rice farmers in lebak rice fields in Palembang City. The research location was purposively chosen, by taking a sample of 250 respondents who were divided into two, namely farmers who changed land use and those who did not change land use. Economic impact analysis is looking at farmers' income before and after land conversion in the last 5 years interval, 2019-2023. The results showed that there was a difference in farmers' rice farming income before and after land conversion obtaining a tcount value of -5,450, significant at the 0.01 confidence level (0.000 <0.01). The economic impact of land conversion on rice farmers is in the form of a decrease in rice farming income.

Pendapatan dalam Hubungannya dengan Perencanaan Ekonomi Kabupaten Muaro Jambi dilihat dari Sisi Perkembangan Indeks Gini Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Analysis of the Gini index based on education level shows significant inequality in the distribution of education in society. Higher levels of education tend to be accessed by groups with higher incomes, while groups with lower incomes often face barriers to obtaining quality education. This is reflected in the Gini index, which shows that the gap between groups with good and limited access to education is widening. This inequality has an impact on economic opportunities and social mobility, suggesting that improvements in a more inclusive education system and equal access to education across all levels of society are essential to reducing inequality and achieving greater social justice. The secondary sector in Muaro Jambi also shows significant levels of inequality. In the manufacturing and processing industries, large companies that produce goods on a large scale often make substantial profits, while small and medium enterprises struggle to compete. Inequality is also reflected in the construction sector, where the income gap between skilled and unskilled construction workers, and between large and small contractors, is quite striking. This contributes to the high Gini index in this sector, reflecting income inequality among workers and employers. In the tertiary sector, which includes services, retail, finance, and insurance, income inequality tends to be higher. In the service sector, the difference in income between workers in customer service and managers or professionals is very large. In the finance and insurance sector, income inequality is also significant because wages in this sector are often very high compared to other sectors, creating a large gap between workers in these fields and those in lower-wage sectors. This unequal distribution of income leads to a high Gini index in the tertiary sector. The quaternary sector in Muaro Jambi, which includes technology, information, and research and development, shows high levels of inequality. This inequality is caused by the large differences in wages between technology professionals and workers in non-technology sectors, as well as between workers in large technology companies and small businesses. Specialized skills and high levels of education in this sector are often directly related to high incomes, while those in less skilled or educated positions earn much lower wages. This creates a clear inequality in the distribution of income in this sector.

Differences in Pediatricians' Income by Sex Over Time.

Previous Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study (PLACES) 2016 data revealed that female pediatricians reported earning ∼94% of what male pediatricians reported, after adjusting for factors that might impact income. Has this disparity persisted? Data from PLACES, a national longitudinal study, was used to examine pediatrician-reported income from 2017 to 2022. A regression analysis estimated the adjusted differences in female and male pediatricians' annual income for each survey year. Models included sex and other key personal and practice characteristics for which female and male pediatricians' careers might differ. A mixed effects regression for longitudinal analysis examined income across years for female and male pediatricians and if time-variant characteristics are associated with increased or decreased income. PLACES participation ranged from 83.6% in 2017% to 75.5% in 2022 (analytic n = 1251 in 2017 and 1077 in 2022). The unadjusted mean annual income in 2022 was $237 168, $220 374 for female pediatricians and $284 286 for male pediatricians. Adjusting for key characteristics, female pediatrician income was ∼93% of male pediatrician income, a gap of ∼$ 11 000 annually. Income increased across years (coefficient = 0.03, P < .001). The year-sex interaction was not significant, indicating that the female-male disparity did not change over time. Three time-variant characteristics associated with increased income over time included increased portion of continuous full-time work, work hours, and time in administrative work. A national longitudinal study revealed that female pediatricians reported earning ∼93% of what their male colleagues reported, with a consistent gap from 2017 to 2022.

Use of specialist health care among Norwegian-born children with one immigrant parent

Abstract Background An increasing number of children grow up with one immigrant and one native born parent. We know little about health in this group. Our aim was to compare the risk of receiving diagnoses of physical health conditions in specialist health care among Norwegian-born children with one immigrant parent compared to Norwegian background children. Methods Data from Medical Birth Registry of Norway were linked to data from the Norwegian Patient Registry (diagnoses in specialist health care), and Statistics Norway (parental country of origin, education, and household income). We estimated hazard ratios (HR) with Cox proportional hazard regressions, with Norwegian background children as reference category, adjusted for sex, birth year, parental education, and household income. Results Children with an immigrant parent had lower hazards than Norwegian background children of diagnoses of most types of infections, but higher hazards of some, including tuberculosis, and skin infections. They also had higher hazards than Norwegian background children of receiving diagnoses of obesity and other nutritional deficiencies, and skin diseases, but lower hazards for other conditions, including chronic lower respiratory disease, disease of the digestive system, and visual or hearing impairment. The hazards of diagnoses of any neurological condition, sleeping disorders and epilepsy were lower among children with an immigrant mother, but higher among those with an immigrant father. Differences between children with one immigrant parent and Norwegian background could not be explained by differences in parental education or household income. Conclusions Children of one immigrant parent do not overall use specialist health care for physical health issues more than other children. Key messages • Awareness of diagnoses given most frequently to children of one immigrant parent can help promote timely diagnoses and adequate use of services, which is important for prevention of later illness. • Barriers to health care use among children of immigrants should be further researched.

Impact of compliance with project requirements on projects value outcomes: Evaluation from TASAF-III beneficiaries’ perspectives in Tanzania

The study sought to evaluate the impact of compliance with projects requirements on projects value outcomes from Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF)-III beneficiaries’ perspectives in Tanzania. Specifically, the study evaluated the impact of compliance with project requirements on households’ relief from transitional income poverty (as a measure of projects value outcomes) in Tanzania. The study was a cross sectional design with multiple cases approach undertaken in twelve TASAF-III supported community economic development (CED) projects. Under multistage sampling procedure, the said CED projects, their six hosting districts and regions (Kilosa–Morogoro; Handeni–Tanga; Misungwi–Mwanza; Uyui–Tabora; Kibondo–Kigoma; and, Rungwe–Mbeya) were identified using stratified sampling. Simple random sampling enhanced to determine a sample of 480 households. Data were collected using research schedules and were descriptively and inferentially analyzed using STATA software. Propensity score matching (PSM), coupled with logistic model was considered the apt test statistic. The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) observation results shown that, the mean differences in incomes [TZS. 7 794.30; t=0.61(t&lt;2.00)] and spending [TZS 11 388.50; t=0.96 (t&lt;2.00)] between the treated and control households’ are non-significant at t&lt;2.00. This implied that, compliance with TASAF-III project requirements has no significant impact on households’ income poverty relief in Tanzania. Moreover, compliance with requirements does not necessarily lead to desired projects value outcomes—if requirements are not well defined. The study stresses on the selection of right projects’ requirements with positive outcomes rather than having a set of requirements which are non-predictive to the desired targets’ felt needs—when in compliance with.

Difference in household income: The case of An Giang province

Difference in household income: The case of An Giang province

Innis Lecture: The time of your life: The mortality and longevity of Canadians

AbstractI develop and implement a methodology for cohort life expectancy using a panel of administrative tax data on a large sample born between 1930 and 1964. Over these 35 years, cohort life expectancy after age 54 grew by five years for women and seven years for men. The income–longevity gradient for the top 5% vs. bottom 5% of incomes is nine years of post‐54 life for men and seven years for women. The life expectancy improvements arise across the income distribution in Canada, unlike the United States. Large differences across neighbourhoods emerge that cannot be explained by income differences alone.

Assessing the impacts of fertility and retirement policies on China’s carbon emissions

AbstractThe gradual adjustment of fertility and retirement policies in China has social benefits in terms of coping with population aging. However, the environmental consequences of these policies remain ambiguous. Here we compile environmentally extended multiregional input–output tables to estimate household carbon footprints for different population age groups in China. Subsequently, we estimate the age-sex-specific population under different fertility policies up to 2060 and assess the impacts of fertility and retirement policies on household carbon footprints. We find that Chinese young people have relatively higher household carbon footprints than their older counterparts due to differences in income by age group. Relaxing fertility policies and delaying retirement age are associated with an increase in population (and labour supply) and thus increases in household carbon footprints, with the majority of these increases from the fertility side. These results may help policymakers understand interactions among those measures targeting population aging and climate action.

Racial disparities in Phase 1 COVID-19 vaccine shipments to Neighborhood sites in Pennsylvania by the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program

Early racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates have been attributed primarily to personal vaccine attitudes and behavior. Little attention has been paid to the possibility that inequitable vaccine distribution may have contributed to racial disparities in vaccine uptake when supplies were most scarce. We test the hypothesis that scarce vaccines were distributed inequitably using the shipping addresses of 385,930 COVID-19 vaccine doses distributed in the first 17 weeks of Pennsylvania’s Phase 1 rollout (December 14, 2020 through April 12, 2021). All shipments we analyze were allocated via the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program, a public-private partnership coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Overall, White people had an average of 81.4% more retail pharmacy program doses shipped to their neighborhoods than did Black people. Regression models reveal that weekly vaccine allocations determined by pharmacy chains—rather than initial shipment and administration site decisions requiring state and federal approval—drove these effects. All findings remained consistent after controlling for neighborhood differences in income, population density, insurance coverage, number of pharmacies, and other social determinants of health.Our findings suggest that the private distribution of scarce public resources should be assessed for racial impact, regulated as public resources, and monitored continuously.

An inquiry into the causes of income differences among high-income countries

Within high-income countries, there is a notable income inequality spectrum, with certain nations positioned close to a predefined economic threshold, while others within this cohort simultaneously embark on substantial economic growth. This study investigates the influence of critical factors on economic growth and the transition from lower-high and middle-high income to upper-high income. Between 1990 and 2019, 25 of the 28 nations successfully advanced to upper-high income levels. Several key factors contribute to overcoming the barriers associated with lower-high income or middle-high income to upper-high income status. These factors include labor force participation, labor productivity, life expectancy, high-tech exports, reduction in unemployment rates, age dependency ratio, and poverty. The regression discontinuity analysis reveals a positive impact on the experimental group, as economic globalization surpasses the threshold of 78 % facilitating the achievement of upper-high income status.

Awareness and Implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among Irrigation Association Members in Dipolog City, Philippines

The Rice Tariffication Law, enacted in the Philippines in 2019, aimed to reduce rice prices for consumers while supporting rice growers through various assistance measures. This study assessed the awareness and implications of the Rice Tariffication Law (Republic Act 11203) among irrigated rice farmers in selected barangays of Dipolog City, Philippines. Interviews with 82 farmers revealed that although 71% were aware of the law, their understanding of its objectives (71%) and key provisions (70%-77%) was limited. Nevertheless, all participants received government assistance in the form of farm mechanization, fertilizers, financial aid, and seeds. Farmers unanimously acknowledged both the positive and negative effects of the law. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the average income per hectare of rice farmers before and after the law's implementation. The study recommends educational initiatives, particularly through institutions like Jose Rizal Memorial State University, to enhance farmers' understanding and dissemination of the law's objectives and key provisions.

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Patient Presentation and Treatments in Head and Neck Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans

AbstractHead and neck dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (HNDFSP) is a rare neoplasm with a high rate of local infiltration and local recurrence but a low rate of distant metastasis. Given the limited literature on HNDFSP and existing studies pointing to possible racial and ethnic differences, further research is needed to understand important clinical correlates that may impact treatment and prognosis. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for all cases of HNDFSP diagnosed from 2004 to 2016. Demographic characteristics of the included patients were compared using chi-squared and t-tests. Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariable regression analyses were performed to assess survival differences. Of the 778 included patients, 526 (67.6%) patients were white, 113 (14.5%) were black, 33 (4.2%) were Asian, 87 (11.2%) were Hispanic, and 19 (2.4%) were classified as Other. White patients presented at a significantly older age (43.8 years) than did black (38.9 years) and Hispanic patients (37.9 years) (p = 0.02). White patients with HNDFSP had significantly higher income status (p = 0.0001), were more likely to be insured (p = 0.0001), and were more likely to have a high school diploma (p = 0.0001). There were no significant racial differences in 5-year (96.1%) or 10-year (92.0%) overall survival. None of the variables yielded a statistically significant value in Cox analysis. Differences exist in HNDFSP presentation between racial groups. Specifically, differences in income, insurance status, education level, and age of presentation exist between these groups. Future studies focused on morbidity are needed to better understand the consequences of these difference on HNDFSP patients.

Income differences and health disparities: Roles of preventive vs. curative medicine

Income differences and health disparities: Roles of preventive vs. curative medicine

Comments on “Income differences and health disparities: Roles of preventive vs. curative medicine” by Serdar Ozkan

Comments on “Income differences and health disparities: Roles of preventive vs. curative medicine” by Serdar Ozkan

Labor Substitutability among Schooling Groups

Given worldwide trends in education, wage premium for schooling, and real GDP, we derive a lower bound for the long-run elasticity of labor substitution across schooling groups of around 4, which is far higher than values commonly used in the literature. We exploit our bound to reexamine the importance of human capital in cross-country income differences, including the roles of school quality versus the skill bias of technology in the greater efficiency gains from schooling in richer countries. (JEL E23, E24, I26, J24, J31, O15)

Unraveling Demographic Profile and Individual Dynamics of Juvenile Delinquents - A Mixed Method Approach

The previous studies have implied that socio-economic, personality and societal factors play a key role in the development as well as deterrence from delinquency. The present article is based on two studies from a bigger research project that investigated psychological, social and demographic characteristics associated with juvenile delinquency in Pakistan. The first study analyzed the archival data with the purpose of obtaining some basic demographics of reported delinquent cases in Punjab and compare first time offenders with repeat offenders. Archival data indicated that low income, single parenthood, crime accomplices, crime history and lack of formal schooling were common features of majority of reported cases. The t-test analyses showed significant difference in education and age and no difference in income between repeat offenders and first time offenders. The second study was based on in-depth interviews with 6 individuals, revealed an outplay of similar demographics. Content analysis showed that the juvenile delinquents lived in single parent families, with inadequate supervision, demonstrated defiant behavior, desire for lavish life style, association with deviant peers, poverty, and school dropout. Absence of ethical friends and poor religious education also featured as one of the sub-themes from interviews. Based on these two studies, a model is suggested for further investigation. The findings are discussed in light of previous research as well as theoretical perspectives. Implications of these findings are outlined for policy makers, social agencies, educators and parents.

Food consumption in East Kazakhstan region - focus on stability of indicators

Consumption of food products by the population is an important indicator of food security, as this concept includes not only food independence, but also the availability of food products. The aim is to assess the relationship between economic indicators and sustainable development of agro-industrial complex in East Kazakhstan for 2012-2023, with emphasis on the impact of the existing conditions and factors on food consumption patterns. Methods include econometric modeling, statistical estimation, data synthesis and regression analysis to study the obtained data, identify patterns and summarize suggestions and recommendations. Innovative econometric techniques supported by Eviews 12.0 software allow the interaction between different variables to be quantified with precision. Results show that growth in gross regional product per capita is correlated with improvements in dietary diversity and nutritional quality, increasing food security. The authors note that fluctuations in agricultural production significantly affect food availability and prices. An analysis of the level of food utilization is presented, which makes it possible to determine the state and prospects for the development of key branches of the agricultural sector of the region and the achievement of import substitution policy. The negative point is the problem of economic availability of food products in the region in the necessary volumes and assortment for residents with low incomes, which is caused by the growth of inflation and the decline in real money. It is shown that economic parameters explain about 95% of the variability in food consumption. The subsistence minimum plays an important role in food consumption. Its growth leads to an increase in food expenditures, which in turn affects the overall level of food consumption. Regular adjustments to social standards are needed. Conclusions - the possibilities of food stability in the country depend on the demand trends in the food market. There is a direct correlation between the productivity of agricultural production and the structure of consumer demand for food products. The state policy in the sphere of food consumption and provision of the population with food should include mechanisms to reduce income differences, stabilize prices, focus on balanced nutrition, and a comprehensive approach to forecasting consumer preferences.

Power and Confidence

Abstract This paper, utilising data from the World Values Survey, presents a pioneering examination of citizens’ confidence in political parties in mainland China spanning a twenty-eight-year period, juxtaposed with global counterparts. The analysis unveils a consistent strengthening of confidence among mainland Chinese citizens in political parties, essentially the Chinese Communist Party, from 1990 to 2018, with a marginal decline around 2012. This heightened confidence secures a noteworthy second-place ranking globally. It exhibits a positive correlation with confidence in government, parliament, civil service, armed forces, police, courts, and the press. Additionally, it aligns positively with perceptions of politics as important in life, national pride, age, trust in people of different religions, willingness to have neighbours of different races, and a sense of a secure neighbourhood. Conversely, it demonstrates a negative association with postmaterialism, educational attainment, support for greater income differences as incentives for economic development, and reliance on TV news for understanding current events.

Local People's View of Non-Benefiting from Murat River Projects: Examples of Bingöl, Elazığ and Muş Basins

In Bingöl, Elazığ, and Muş, micro-basin projects have been implemented, but not all local residents have benefited from these initiatives. This study aimed to understand the views and experiences of those locals who did not benefit from the projects, assessing the potential impact on productivity and income. The study was conducted in the provinces of Bingöl, Elazığ, and Muş. Data was gathered between 16-25 August 2021. The primary sources of information were interviews with 168 non-beneficiaries, complemented by focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Findings showed that 75% of participants linked increased productivity to the projects, and all acknowledged an enlarged production area due to project activities. There was no significant difference in production area or income from agricultural sales based on gender or the presence of cash income. However, cash income holders reported higher earnings from both agriculture and livestock. Provincial disparities in income emerged: residents of Bingöl had 2.439 times the income of those in Muş, while Elazığ inhabitants earned 0.882 times less. Men's income surpassed women's by 1.209 times, and those with a history of cash income earned 4.037 times more than those without. Interestingly, owning land or cultivating high-value crops was associated with lesser income. Measures to counteract drought could enhance production areas and, consequently, local incomes. A significant barrier identified was the 20% contribution requirement, preventing some locals from project participation. Recommendations include adjusting project criteria to increase local engagement and benefits. The original value of this article is to reveal the impact of microcatchment projects implemented in Turkey.

Exploring the relationship between climate change events and migration decisions: Evidence from a choice experiment in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a low-lying deltaic nation with high vulnerability to climate-related hazards. Hatiya Island is located in Southern Bangladesh, and residents rely significantly on fishing and agriculture for their livelihoods. However, the island's primary production systems face a threat from intense and frequent sudden onset environmental hazards such as river erosion, cyclones, and flooding, as well as slow onset environmental hazards like saline intrusion, tidal inundation, and rising temperatures. Little is known about the effect sudden onset and slow onset hazards have on the migration patterns of Hatiya's residents. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between climatic events and the migration decisions of residents on Hatiya Island. To explore this link, we collected empirical data from 337 respondents on Hatiya Island using a choice experiment survey. The five attributes were used to construct migration scenarios, including climate events at Hatiya Island, the distance of migration, the migration type, the social network at the potential destination, and the difference in income between Hatiya Island and the potential destination. The findings from the mixed logit model indicated that climate events at Hatiya, migration distance, and income gap affected residents' migration decisions. Extreme slow onset change and extreme sudden onset change were less likely to induce migration compared to the moderate level of slow and sudden onset change. However, residents were more likely to migrate as the income difference between Hatiya and the prospective destination increased. Residents were willing to migrate at a 9.4 % increase in income for extreme sudden onset change, while residents required a 14.19 % increase in income to migrate in response to extreme slow onset change. As such, policies are needed to support migrants in receiving areas through improved social protection systems, to support migrant-sending households' transformative adaptation in origin areas, and to bolster community-driven adaptation initiatives in Hatiya. The findings from this study can contribute to the existing literature on the relationship between environmental hazards and mobility and inform policymakers on how to design policies that support vulnerable populations.