Concept Of Income Research Articles

Elite Incomes Around the World: Command over Tradables, Nontradables and Labour

AbstractThis paper shows that cross-country comparisons of elite incomes vary widely and systematically depending on the conception of real income used. It is well known that between-country income inequality is higher using market exchange rates than PPP exchange rates, due to a combination of traded sector bias and the Balassa-Samuelson effect, and we empirically confirm that this is the case for comparing top 1 percent incomes across countries. In contrast, we argue that measuring real incomes of elites using entitlements over labour (ELs), which take local wage costs as the numeraire, leads to the opposite effect: since the non-traded sector is relatively labour-intensive, incomes in the sense of ELs demonstrate non-traded sector bias relative to PPP incomes. They therefore provide a complement, or opposite bound, to the traded-sector bias of market exchange rates. Consistent with this argument, we find that between-country inequality among the world’s national elites is indeed lower using ELs than either PPP or market exchange rates. But elite incomes in ELs do not merely converge: elites in poorer countries leapfrog or overshoot their rich country counterparts, enjoying higher real incomes in terms of their command over domestic labour.

Assessment of Quality of Life and Work Motivation Among the Aging Workforce in Suphan Buri, Thailand

Demographic changes due to the reduced birth rate and aging in the population increase the proportion of older persons in the workforce. This article explores the determinants of and impacts on quality of life and motivation for work among the aging workforce of Suphan Buri, Thailand. Using a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach from surveys and interviews with older persons, the quality of life of the older people in Suphan Buri was assessed as variable and dependent on their health and socioeconomic statuses. Personal characteristics of family and community, together with health and financial status, reflected quality of life and work motivation. A concept model connected the concepts of Relational, Income, Care, and Environmental (RICE) factors from analyzing themes to determine the quality of life and work motivation outcomes. Quality of life and work motivational factors for the aging workforce are also essential for the sustainability of agricultural and economic performance measures and production outcomes for Suphan Buri, Thailand. Efforts focusing on financial literacy, occupational policies, practices, and promoting family relationships, health status, and social engagements should be a strategy to prepare for aging and support a better quality of life and work experience.

Безусловный базовый ДОХОД VS социальная справедливость: возможно ли единство?

Every year, the issue of implementing the principles of social justice becomes more and more relevant. In this regard, the concept of unconditional basic income is beginning to gain popularity in many countries, designed to solve many problems of a socio-economic nature. The purpose of the work is to identify the effectiveness of the introduction of an unconditional basic income in order to ensure the implementation of the principles of social justice. The main methods used in the study include analysis and evaluation of analytical and statistical materials, their comparison, a dialectical approach to analyzing the information base of the study, as well as scenario analysis. As a result of the work done by the authors, it was revealed that the existing projects for the introduction of universal transfers cannot be fully called equivalent analogues of a full-fledged program for the provision of unconditional basic income. As a result, at the moment it is not possible to draw specific conclusions about the consequences of implementing such a policy of «equality of results». Nevertheless, based on the analysis of such experiments, key factors influencing the real consequences of the introduction of universal transfers have been identified. These include the amount of unconditional payments, as well as the salary level formed in the context of the implementation of the concept under study. Therefore, further identification of the consequences of providing universal payments in the process of modeling possible scenarios for the introduction of unconditional basic income was based on these factors. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that the introduction of an unconditional basic income can lead to many negative consequences. In this regard, the authors propose to pay attention to the possibility of implementing the principle of «equality of opportunities» for the entire population. The results of this study can be used in the future in order to find new ways to improve the socio-economic policy of the country to improve the well-being of its population.

Basic income, post-precarious outcome? How creative workers perceive participating in an experiment with basic income

ABSTRACT Precarity has long been a defining feature of the creative industries. Recently, the concept of a (universal) basic income (UBI) has received increased academic and policy interest as a way to mitigate the cultural and creative labour market’s precarious conditions. However, little is known about how artists experience receiving a basic income, and how this affects their work practices. Therefore, we explored such self-perceived effects of a basic income on artists’ professional and personal lives. We interviewed the recipients and the organisers of No Strings Attached – a 6-month experiment offering seven creative workers a basic income – at the beginning, middle, and end of this initiative (n = 22). Contrary to expectations of decreased productivity, our findings reveal three main ways in which respondents allocated their basic income: (1) “buying” time to improve their quality of work, (2) “buying” time to improve their quality of life, and (3) direct career investments.

A consistent dataset for the net income distribution for 190 countries and aggregated to 32 geographical regions from 1958 to 2015

Abstract. Data on income distributions within and across countries are becoming increasingly important for informing analysis of income inequality and understanding the distributional consequences of climate change. While datasets on income distribution collected from household surveys are available for multiple countries, these datasets often do not represent the same concept of inequality (or income concept) and therefore make comparisons across countries, over time and across datasets difficult. Here, we present a consistent dataset of income distributions across 190 countries from 1958 to 2015 measured in terms of net income. We complement the observed values in this dataset with values imputed from a summary measure of the income distribution, specifically the Gini coefficient. For the imputation, we use a recently developed nonparametric principal-component-based approach that shows an excellent fit to data on income distributions compared to other approaches. We also present another version of this dataset aggregated from the country level to 32 geographical regions. Our dataset is developed for the purpose of calibrating models such as integrated human–Earth system models with detailed data on income distributions. This dataset will enable more robust analysis of income distribution at multiple scales. The latest version of our data are available on Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7093997 (Narayan et al., 2022b).

Концепция универсального базового дохода как основа политики социального выравнивания и повышения качества жизни

The article examines the features and potential of the concept of universal basic income as a basis for social equalization policy and quality of life improvement. Various scholars’ approaches to this concept are explored during the investigation. Additionally, the social security issues that universal basic income could address are outlined. The conditions and requirements necessary for the implementation of this concept in real life are identified. The role of universal basic income in enhancing citizens’ security in the labor market and addressing issues with job automation is separately delineated. Projected budgetary expenditure assessments are provid-ed in the event of implementing the basic income concept, using several developed countries as examples. Furthermore, the article presents the experiences of countries that have implemented pilot projects of universal basic income. Overall, the comprehensive analysis presented in this article underscores the significance of universal basic income as a transformative policy instrument with the potential to shape socio-economic land-scapes globally.

Guaranteed Basic Income from the Perspective of Self‐Determination Theory

AbstractIn capitalistic societies the concepts of income and labour are inseparable, and as such, providing all citizens with an unconditional living wage is a contentious issue. Capitalist ideals that emphasize individual effort, competition, and financial prosperity have spurred tremendous economic growth but underestimate human motivation and have implications for human wellbeing. The aim of this essay is to examine the implications of guaranteed basic income based on existing data from the perspective of self‐determination theory, a humanistic theory of motivation that considers both practical performance‐related outcomes as well as human flourishing. I discuss the motivational dynamics involved in labour participation rates, how basic income may impact basic psychological needs and wellbeing, how basic income may impact workplace environments, and whether neoliberal capitalist values are a useful framework through which to discuss basic income. From this perspective, the benefits of basic income to individuals and society are promising. A shift in values from hyper‐rational competitive ideologies towards more humanistic frameworks such as self‐determination theory may be beneficial for not only for basic income and management research, but also the evaluation of public policy.

Measuring Absolute Income Mobility: Lessons from North America and Europe

We use linked parent–child administrative data for five countries in North America and Europe, as well as detailed survey data for two more, to investigate methodological challenges in the estimation of absolute income mobility. We show that the commonly used “copula and marginals” approximation methods perform well across countries in our sample, and the greatest challenges to their accuracy stem not from assumptions about relative mobility rates over time but from the use of nonrepresentative marginal income distributions. We also provide a multicountry analysis of sensitivity to specification decisions related to age of income measurement, income concept, family structure, and price index. (JEL D31, G51, I31, J12, J31, J62)

Налогообложение доходов физических лиц: проблемные аспекты

The concept of income covers the possibility of obtaining material benefits from a variety of sources. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation regulates the rules according to which tax is calculated and levied on various incomes. However, the taxation of winnings on interactive bets is characterized by the greatest problem. The author suggests his own approach to solving a number of problems related to the taxation of winnings from participating in an online sweepstake.

Nilai Tukar Petani Padi Sawah Di Kecamatan Passi Timur Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to determine the exchange rate of farmers in Passi Timur Sub-district, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The research took place from August to October 2023. The research was conducted in Passi Timur Subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained through direct interviews with respondents with a list of questions that have been prepared. Secondary data is data obtained through institutions, agencies, or offices related to this research such as data from the village head office, sub-district office, central statistics agency and so on. Sampling in the study using purporsive sampling method and the sample was 15 respondents of paddy rice farmers in Manembo Village, Poopo Village, and Pangian Village in Passi Timur Sub-district. The data analysis method used in this study uses the analysis of the exchange rate of wet-rice farmers by calculating the exchange rate of farmers (NTP) using the income concept formula. The results showed that the exchange rate of wet-rice farmers in Passi Timur Subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow Regency obtained through the calculation of farmers' income and expenses amounted to 111.14, which means that wet-rice farmers in Passi Timur Subdistrict are able to meet the daily needs of their families from the results of wet-rice farming.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN MEASURING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

The article discusses the importance and challenges of measuring the digital economy. It evaluates the overall benefits of the GDP framework and introduces new concepts to define the digital economy as an object of measurement. The concepts used to define the digital economy as an object of measurement are the following. In order to quantify the benefits associated with the digital economy, a new metric is introduced to formally link it to traditional GDP and the concept of gross income is used as the main indicator to assess its economic impact on the regional economy. The main methodological approaches for constructing relevant indicators are described. The methodology for measuring the digital economy and the prospects for improving the knowledge base are identified.

주거자본주의 불평등 지형

The scholarship of residential capitalism contends that capitalist inequality was reshaped centering around housing problems. However, the importance of housing inequality, particularly compared to conventional income inequality, should be identified to demonstrate the argument. If people cannot purchase houses and accumulate assets due to low income, housing inequality is only the result and extension of income inequality. Thus, this study contrasts income and housing inequalities using the concept of housing income, a measure of monetizing the relative benefits of homeownership to other tenures. The results suggest that the housing income of Chonsei households is not higher than that of rental households, and the 2nd to 4th income quintiles have lower housing income than the 1st income quintile. This implies that high income cannot guarantee a dominant position in the landscape of housing inequality in South Korea. Moreover, the result implies that the housing tenure hierarchy (homeownership-Chonsei-rent), which traditionally intermediated housing and income inequalities, does not work anymore. The differentiation of housing inequality from income inequality is especially prominent in the 2nd to 4th income quintiles of Chonsei households. These households utilized debts, called Chonsei deposit loans, to keep up with the rising Chonsei prices, but it aggravated interest burdens and reduced Chonsei households’ monetary benefits in housing income. In conclusion, although Chonsei households could sustain their housing tenure via debts, it closed the gap between Chonsei and rent.

Homeownership as a source of income in kind for elderly households: the evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study

Although housing wealth in general, and own residence in particular, accounts for the greatest share in the household wealth composition irrespective of the country, the issue of housing as a source of additional income in kind is rarely addressed in the current literature. The study explores the distribution of imputed rental income among older households. It aims to assess the role of the income in kind in shaping the welfare of the elderly, and specifically, its impact on poverty reduction. It also investigates how the inclusion of imputed rent in the income concept impacts inequality estimates. Our empirical research covers a cross-country comparative analysis that draws from Luxembourg Income Study database and includes seventeen countries. We examine the situation of older homeowners as compared to subsidized tenants and renters at market price to answer the question to what extent homeownership can act as a source of additional pension income. This entails also some policy implications regarding the justification for incentives and privileges for homeowners and homebuyers aimed at increasing homeownership rates, as well as the need for development of subsidized rental sector.

Alternative output, input and income concepts for the production accounts

AbstractDefinitions of output and input are key to studies of productivity analysis, as they are to the national accounts of countries. This paper systematically reviews alternative definitions at production unit and aggregate levels, illustrating the different perspectives that they provide on production and income, and making the case for their use in understanding different aspects of firm and country economic performance.

Universal Basic Income and its Compatibility with Amartya Sen

Parijs advocates for a basic income as a means of achieving a society that upholds individual rights and allows people to pursue their interests. For him, a just society has an enforced structure of rights; this structure is such that each person owns herself and permits each person to have the greatest possible opportunity to do whatever she wants. Conversely, Sen aims to enhance human life by expanding capabilities and promoting development through policy and political changes. For him, development has two aspects. Firstly, it pertains to evaluating improvements in human lives as an explicit development objective and employing human achievements as crucial indicators of progress. Secondly, the agency aspect focuses on what human beings can do to attain these improvements. In this article, we explore whether these theories share common ground and could be reconciled. Initially, we analyze Parijs’ theory to understand the concept of basic income. Then, we study Sen’s theory, focusing on functionings and capabilities. Subsequently, we inspect whether guaranteeing a income expands freedom. Ultimately, we conclude that the basic income is compatible with the capability approach but should not be implemented by itself. The analysis employs the deductive approach method and the indirect documentary research technique.

Consumer society and consumer behavior: The evolution of concepts and modern understanding.

The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis of significant sociological, economic, psychological and related concepts of consumer society and consumer behavior. It is shown that the evolution of these concepts has a pronounced division into stages corresponding to the historical trends of the emergence and development of consumer society as a socio-economic phenomenon. Organically interconnected with the formation of consumer society was the formation of typed consumer behavior practices, which today is characterized by a complex structure, and its specific forms depend on a significant number of factors of the most diverse nature. These forms need to be comprehensively studied in order to use the acquired knowledge in the activities of both commercial enterprises and public administration. Consumption within the framework of this stage was considered most often as a derivative of class or estate, and its most prominent representatives were K.Marx (consumption as belonging to a class), M.Weber, T.Geiger, T.Veblen (theory of prestigious consumption), G.Simmel (theory of fashion), V. Sombart (theory of luxury). Further studies of consumer behavior began to be conducted mainly within the framework of economic theory, behavioral economics and marketing at the beginning of the XX century. The Marxist idea of "commodity fetishism" was continued in the writings of J.Baudrillard (criticism of consumer society), and the concept of M. Weber – in the so-called "class factions" of P. Bourdieu, and the ideas and J.Baudrillard and P. Bourdieu (habitus as an "acquired system of generative schemes") are quite popular today in sociological, socio-cultural and socio-philosophical concepts of human behavior in general and consumer behavior in particular. The "new" theory of consumption was proposed by G. Becker, K. Lancaster and J.Stigler, and M. Friedman and J.Dusenberry formulated the concepts of permanent income and sustainable consumer practices, respectively, to explain "advanced consumption".

Application of PROMETHEE Method in Evaluation of Insurance Efficiency in Serbia

The issue of evaluating the efficiency of insurance based on the methods of multi-criteria analysis is very current, complex and significant. It provides a basis for improving the efficiency of insurance by applying adequate measures in the future. With this in mind, the paper analyzes the efficiency of insurance in Serbia using the PROMETHEE method. The results obtained from the empirical research of insurance efficiency in Serbia using the PROMETHEE method show that it was most efficient in 2020. Recently, the efficiency of insurance in Serbia has been increasing continuously. This has been positively influenced by numerous factors: economic climate; living standard; employment; modern concepts of cost, income and profit management; electronic sales of insurance products; digitalization of the entire business. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on insurance efficiency in Serbia is negligible (compared to other production activities, such as tourism and hospitality) and is partly offset by increased sales of insurance products online and infrastructure (property) insurance. There is a growing understanding of the importance of insuring against potential risks of all kinds

Improving the Understanding of Government Officials in Tarai Bangun Village, Tambang District Regarding Types of Village Income

This community service is motivated by the fact that the village government has not been able to understand the concept of village original income from managing existing village assets and the lack of enthusiasm of villagers in developing potential related to village income. After receiving guidance, it is hoped that the village government will be able to understand what village original income is. The method used is a question and answer discussion that is spread out in the middle of the Tarai Bangun village government apparatus. The technique used during the service in this service is an interactive model. In general, the construction of Kampar District has been carried out well, but not yet optimal. The obstacles faced are the limited number of competent human resources, the receipt of rent money, the absence of regulations for controlling village assets, the lack of community enthusiasm, and the lack of accountability for village work plans. Efforts are being made to develop human resources, change people's mindsets, regulate village assets, and provide training related to a clear accountability process.

National Wealth as an Economic Category

National wealth is one of the most general economic categories and an integral indicator for assessing and comparing the economic potential and capabilities of different countries. The calculation of such important macroeconomic quantities is based on the system of national accounts. In the economic literature, the term wealth refers to the sum of certain elements. In the economic literature, the term "wealth" refers to the sum of certain elements. In this sense, "wealth" is the object of economic science and statistical research. Country, nation, people, social wealth - these categories emerged with the formation of economic science. The first mention of the category "national wealth" in foreign literature is associated with the works of the classical economist W. Petty. In his search for the source of wealth, the author quantified the economic events of his time. In 1664 the scholar calculated the national wealth of England. Two concepts have emerged: national wealth is regarded as a certain fund held by a country in a certain period of time, or as recurrent income, a certain flow of products processed and used by the state, of the country over a certain period of time. The second concept dominated 19th century science. In our view, the definition of national wealth as a certain flow over a certain period of time is more characteristic of the concept of national income or gross product. For a scientifically sound and legitimate characterization of the concept of national wealth it is necessary to combine these two approaches. Only from the middle of the 20th century onwards. National wealth is identified with the accumulated stock of tangible and intangible assets. All elements of national wealth have a material composition, i.e. represent the material wealth of society. But on the wave of scientific and technological progress, information played a big role, in the mid-twentieth century the economy transformed from industrial to neo-industrial, and intangible elements were included in national wealth: human capital and information. If we compare countries by the level of national wealth, it is known that natural resources prevail in the structure of national wealth of low-income countries, and human potential prevails in high-income ones. In order to achieve a certain level of socio-economic well-being, most researchers believe that forms of international division of labor and organization are necessary to enable less developed countries to change the proportions of national wealth. and increase the proportion of human potential. Keywords: Wealth, national wealth, national wealth as an economic category.

G.C. Harcourt: An economist with accounting sense

AbstractGeoffrey Colin Harcourt’s work on the interface between accountancy and economics is a part of his legacy that is less well-known than his work on the capital controversies. This paper argues that the analytical findings of this research effort are an important and integral part of Harcourt’s overall research programme. In this paper, we review Harcourt’s work on the relation between economics and accounting from the time of his undergraduate thesis to 1969, the date of the publication with Robert Parker of the edited volume Readings in the Concept and Measurement of Income. This paper intends to offer insights on (A) the evolution of Harcourt’s thought during this period and a survey of the significant contributions he made to research in this field during this time and (B) the legacy of his approach and findings. We argue that his ideas in this domain offer important insights in doing post-Keynesian economics in the Harcourt mould. We find that Harcourt’s insights on the issues relating to the accounting rate of profit as used by economists remain relevant to today, as well as his implicit suggestions on how to deal with the complexities of the problems that ensue for the theorist, practical economist, businessman, and policy advisor. Harcourt’s work suggests that we should not aim to replace one monolithic way of seeing things with another, indicating that the useful definition of key concepts and tools is determined by the problem and hence by the policy question one wants to answer.