Inclusion Of Palm Kernel Cake Research Articles

Effect of Palm Kernel Cake Supplementation on Voluntary Feed Intake, In Situ Rumen Degradability and Performance in Buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon

The objective was to evaluate the effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) supplementation on voluntary feed intake, in situ rumen degradability and performance in the wettest (WS-January to June) and less rainy seasons (LR-July to December) in the eastern Amazon. A total of 52 crossbred buffaloes that were neither lactating nor gestating were used, with 24 for the LR, aged 34 ± 04 months and an initial average weight of 503 ± 48 kg, and 24 for the WS aged 40 ± 04 months with an average weight of 605 ± 56 kg. The four treatments (levels of PKC in relation to body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 0% (PKC0), 0.25% (PKC0.2), 0.5% (PKC0.5) and 1% (PKC1) with six repetitions. The animals were housed in Marandu grass paddocks, intermittently, with access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Degradability was evaluated by the in situ bag technique in four other crossbred buffaloes with rumen cannulae, in a 4 × 4 Latin square (four periods and four treatments). The inclusion of PKC increased supplement consumption and production of ether extracts and reduced the intake of forage and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The dry matter degradability of Marandu grass was not affected; however, the fermentation kinetics in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed between the treatments. The co-product dry matter colonization time was greater in PKC1 and the highest effective degradability rates were from PKC0, but the productive performance of the animals was not influenced. Supplementation of buffaloes with PKC is recommended for up to 1% of body weight.

Carcass traits and meat lipid profile of cull cows fed palm kernel cake

Context Among the by-products derived from oilseeds, palm kernel cake (PKC) contains high concentrations of protein, fat, and fibre, which allows some flexibility in the use of this ingredient in ruminant diets. Aim This study examined the effects of including palm kernel cake (PKC) in high-grain diets for cull cows on production performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid profile. Methods Thirty-six ½ Girolando cows at 83 ± 5 months of age, with an average liveweight of 384.88 kg ± 59.18, were confined in collective stalls for 90 days. The animals were distributed into the following four diet groups: 0% (control), 8%, 16%, or 24% inclusion of PKC in the diet dry matter (DM). Key results On the basis of regression analysis, the highest slaughter weight and carcass weight were at PKC inclusion levels of 11.5% and 10.3% respectively. Backfat thickness was greatest (8.8 mm, P < 0.01) in the carcasses of cows fed the diet with 15.1% PKC (on the basis of regression analysis), whereas the total lipid content in the meat decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PKC inclusion. The C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, C17:1, C18:0, C18:2n6t, and C20:5n3 fatty acids in the longissimus thoracis muscle responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to the inclusion of PKC. The highest concentration of desirable fatty acids was obtained with the inclusion of 11% PKC in the diet (on the basis of regression analysis). There was a linear increase in C14:1, C20:2, and C22:2 fatty acids and Δ9 desaturase 14 and 16 activity indices in the muscle of cows fed PKC. Conclusion We recommend the inclusion of 10% PKC in the diet of cull cows fed high-grain diets. Intramuscular fatty-acid proportions were appreciably different from those reported for young B. taurus steers and heifers finished on high-concentrate diets. Implications Therefore, inclusion of PKC is an excellent alternative to reduce production costs, having the availability and quality of the product as a limiting factor, since PKC is an industrial by-product.

Feed intake, emission of enteric methane and estimates, feed efficiency, and ingestive behavior in buffaloes supplemented with palm kernel cake in the Amazon biome.

The use of palm kernel cake as an alternative to conventional ingredients, due to the presence of residual fat, can also reduce methane emissions. The objective of the study was to evaluate, in two different experiments, the effects of palm kernel cake supplementation on feed intake, enteric methane production and estimates, and the ingestive behavior of buffaloes in the Amazon biome. In experiment 1, to evaluate feed intake, methane production, and feed efficiency, 20 crossbred females, dry and empty, with a mean age of 34 months and an initial body weight of 514 ± 69 kg, were supplemented with palm kernel cake for 60 days. The supply was calculated in relation to body weight (BW) in four treatments: 0% (control); 0.25, 0.50, and 1% of palm kernel cake, distributed in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, to evaluate the ingestive behavior, 24 mixed-breed, dry, and non-pregnant buffaloes supplemented with palm kernel cake were evaluated in the less rainy season (LR) and the wettest season (WS) of the eastern Amazon, distributed in a completely randomized in the same treatments as experiment 1. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplementation increased the feed intake of dry matter and components (MM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and EE) (P < 0.01), reducing the production of enteric methane intake (P < 0.01), the ratio per kg of meat produced (P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (P < 0.01), and influenced the ingestive behavior (time grazing, rumination, and idleness) during the day. We suggest that further research be carried out to verify the results and improve the use of this co-product as a methanogenesis mitigator.

Inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplement reduces nutrient digestibility but does not interfere with the performance of steers finished on tropical pasture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing inclusion levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the supplement of steers finished on a Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, weight gain, and carcass traits. Forty 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Zebu crossbred steers with an average body weight of 352.80 ± 3.32kg, at 36months of age, were supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Four treatments were formulated (supplement containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% PKC, dry matter [DM] basis) and the animals were monitored for 240days, weighed, and slaughtered. The inclusion of PKC in the supplement did not influence the intakes of total DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent fiber, but increased (P < 0.05) ether extract intake and reduced (P < 0.05) non-fibrous carbohydrate intake. The apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05), whereas intake and rumination efficiencies by the dietary treatments. Average daily gain, carcass weight, and backfat thickness did not change in response to the inclusion of PKC in the supplement. We recommend the inclusion of 45% palm kernel cake in the concentrate of steers supplemented at 0.4% of their body weight and finished on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture.

Effect of palm kernel cake inclusion in the supplement of pasture-finished heifers on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality

ABSTRACT This study proposes to examine the effect of adding increasing levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) to the supplement fed to pasture-finished heifers on their performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. The study involved 32 heifers (½ Holstein × Zebu) aged 20 months which were supplemented at 0.4% of their body weight and finished on a Urochloa brizantha pasture in a rotational grazing system. The heifers were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomised design, which consisted of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% PKC added in the total dry matter (DM) of the supplement. All animals were followed for 140 days and subsequently slaughtered. The inclusion of PKC did not influence the intakes of DM from forage (5.58 kg day-1) or supplement (1.44 kg day-1). Rumination time increased, whereas the average daily gain of the heifers decreased by 12% with the inclusion of PKC. The inclusion of PKC did not influence carcass weight (187 kg) or subcutaneous fat thickness (4.8 mm), but increased muscle lipids levels as well as the C13:0 and C22:6n-3 contents in the meat fat. Up to 45% palm kernel cake can be included in the supplement of heifers finished on tropical pasture.

Palm Kernel Cake in Diets for Lactating Goats: Qualitative Aspects of Milk and Cheese.

Simple SummaryFeedlotting lactating goats is a strategy to improve their productivity and the quality of their milk and dairy products. However, feedlotting is associated with increases in production costs, due mainly to the concentrate component of the diet. The use of agro-industrial byproducts allows the reduction of feed costs by replacing costly ingredients, as the former are more easily accessible. We tested the dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of the biofuel industry, at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1, to evaluate its impact on the qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. The inclusion of up to 80 g kg−1 PKC is recommended for the diet of goats whose milk will be used in the production of Minas Frescal cheese.We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg−1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg−1.

Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets improves animal performance without affecting the meat quality of goat kids

Context Goat farming is an important socio-economic activity. The feedlot system allows the finishing of the animals in short periods through use of concentrated diets; however, these diets increase the system’s production costs. Palm kernel cake (PKC) has proved to be a good alternative feed source in diets for cattle and sheep because of its nutritional characteristics and potential to reduce production costs. Aim This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of high-concentrate diets with the inclusion of PKC on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot goat kids. Methods Thirty-two crossbred, castrated Boer goat kids, 4 months old and of average initial body weight 19.65 ± 3.00 kg, were used in the study. The animals were assigned to treatments in a completely randomised design, with four experimental diets containing PKC at 0%, 12%, 24%, and 36% on a dry matter basis. Measurements included total weight gain at slaughter, quantitative and sensory meat characteristics, and fatty acid profile. Key results A quadratic effect (P &lt; 0.05) on total weight gain, and on meat marbling, lightness, and yellowness, was observed. The highest total weight gain and marbling were recorded with the diet containing 12% PKC. Loin eye area was also highest at 12% PKC, then decreased, whereas protein content and shear force increased (P &lt; 0.05) at the higher PKC levels. Diet affected (P &lt; 0.05) saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. No effect was observed from the inclusion of PKC on sensory attributes or on nutritional quality of the lipid fraction of the meat. Conclusion It is recommended the use up to 12% of this alternative source of nutrients, owing to the higher total weight gain and improved quantitative aspects of the goat kids’ meat such as marbling and loin eye area. Implications High-concentrate diets and the use of by-products for animal nutrition have become common in animal production systems. The increasing use of PKC in animal nutrition leads us to determine the best dietary inclusion level, avoiding undesirable production or product quality characteristics.

Palm kernel cake in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids: nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of including palm kernel cake (PKC) in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goat kids on nutrient intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, and performance. Thirty-two castrated crossbred Boer × mixed breed goat kids with an average age of 4months and an initial body weight of 19.65 ± 3.00kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. The diets included one of four levels (0, 12, 24, and 36%) of PKC on a total dry matter basis. The PKC inclusion in the diets promoted quadratic effects in the nutrient intakes (P ≤ 0.05). The digestibility of ether extract increased (P = 0.010), whereas the digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased (P = 0.017) with the inclusion of PKC. Palm kernel cake inclusion promoted a quadratic effect on the time spent per episode feeding and decreased the times spent idling and ruminated bolus per day (P ≤ 0.05). The ingested and retained nitrogen decreased with the inclusion of PKC (P ≤ 0.05). The inclusion of PKC in the diets had quadratic effects in the cholesterol concentrations, albumin (A), globulin (G), A:G ratio, and gamma-glutamyltransferase enzyme activity (P ≤ 0.05). The PKC inclusion promoted a quadratic increase in total weight gain (P = 0.026), with the highest value achieved at the inclusion level of 11.68%. The inclusion of up to 12% PKC in high-concentrate diets increases the intake and growth performance without compromising the digestibility of nutrients and feed efficiency.

PERFORMANCE OF FATTENING BUNAJI BULLS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVEL OF PALM KERNEL CAKE

A fattening trial was conducted for 90 days using 20 Bunaji bulls with a live weight range of 190-200kg and aged 2-2.5 years to determine fattening performance. The bulls were fed diets containing varying levels of palm Kernel cake (PKC). Four bulls per treatment were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in Completely Randomised Design. Concentrate and basal diets of Digitaria smutsii were offered at 2% body weight. The data collected from the experiment were analysed using General Linear Model Procedure of SAS, (2002) The crude protein contents of the experimental diets varied between 15.63 and 20.31% while ME ranged from 11.75 to 11.78MJ/kg DM. The crude fibre varied from 13.92 to 23.31%. Average feed intake ranged between 8.67-9.11Kg/day with animals on 10, 20 and 40% PKC showed significant (P&lt;0.05) difference across the treatments. Average daily weight gain was highest (1.33kg) for animal on 10% PKC followed by (1.31kg) on 30% PKC inclusion. No significant differences (P&gt;0.05) was observed in average weight gain for animals on diets containing 0 20 and 40% PKC inclusions. All the experimental bulls attained an average weight gain of between 1.13Kg to 1.33Kg. Cost per Kg gain was highest at 0% PKC inclusion and lowest at 40% PKC. Net benefit (NB) and value of weight gain (VWG) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher for bulls on 10 and 30% PKC inclusion. There was positive net benefit and Return to Investment (ROI) on feed across treatments. The inclusion of PKC lead to reduction in feed

Feeding behavior of feedlot-finished crossbred bulls fed palm kernel cake.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) on the feeding behavior of feedlot-finished cattle. Forty uncastrated crossbred bulls with an average age of 24.2 ± 2 months and an average weight of 331.1 ± 36.2 kg were distributed into four treatment groups in a completely randomized design with ten replicates. The treatments consisted of 0, 8, 16, or 24% PKC inclusion in the diet (dry matter basis). Palm kernel cake inclusion influenced feeding time (P < 0.05), which increased linearly. The inclusion of the ingredient also affected (P < 0.05) rumination time (min/day), total chewing time, and the time spent on other activities. The number of cuds ruminated per day showed a linear response to the PKC inclusion levels (P < 0.05). The number of feeding bouts increased linearly (P < 0.05). Dry matter (DM) intake and DM feeding efficiency decreased linearly (P < 0.05). There were no effects of PKC inclusion (P > 0.05) on neutral detergent fiber feeding (NDF) efficiency or DM rumination efficiency. NDF rumination efficiency increased linearly (P < 0.05). Palm kernel cake can be included at levels up to 24% in the total diet of feedlot-finished crossbred bulls, as it does not affect their dry matter intake or feeding behavior.

Replacing sorghum with palm kernel cake in the diet decreased intake without altering crossbred cattle performance.

Palm kernel cake is a viable alternative for use in cattle feed to reduce production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of concentrations in diet dry matter (DM) of palm kernel cake on intake and digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle finished in a feedlot system. Forty non-castrated crossbred cattle, with an average age of 24 ± 2months and an average weight of 331.12 ± 36.20kg, were distributed among four treatments (control 0%, without heart of palm kernel cake in the diet; 8%, 16%, and 24% of palm kernel cake in diet DM). Variance and regression analysis were performed in function of the palm kernel cake concentrations in diet DM (P < 0.05). The dry matter intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentrations in diet DM of palm kernel cake in the diet increased. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the animals' diet decreased (P < 0.05) on dry matter digestibility. No effects (P > 0.05) of palm kernel cake on average daily gain or feed conversion were observed. The palm kernel cake can be included in the diet of crossbred bulls finished in confinement at concentrations in diet DM of up to 24%, as it has not influenced performance.

Digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, ingestive behavior and performance of feedlot goats fed high-concentrate diets with palm kernel cake

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of including palm kernel cake (0, 120, 240 or 360 g/kg) in high-concentrate diets for feedlot goats on digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, ingestive behavior and performance. Thirty-two non-pregnant, mixed-breed goats (average age: 1 year; initial body weight: 24.70 ± 3.72 kg) were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design. The intake of nutritional fractions responded quadratically (P<0.05) to dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake, whereas the digestibility coefficients of dry matter (P=0.010) and organic matter (P=0.006) decreased. Fecal (P<0.001) and urinary (P=0.005) excretions of nitrogen also decreased. Plasma gamma glutamyl transferase concentrations decreased (P=0.017), whereas a quadratic response was observed for the serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (P=0.017) and aspartate aminotransferase (P=0.003). Daily weight gain also responded quadratically (P=0.013), with maximum gain estimated at the palm kernel cake inclusion level of 107.7 g/kg. Palm kernel cake inclusion levels of up to 107.7 g/kg are recommended for high-concentrate diets for feedlot goats, as they improve production performance and do not compromise metabolic or behavior parameters.

Effects of palm kernel cake (Elaeis guineensis) on intake, digestibility, performance, ingestive behaviour and carcass traits in Nellore bulls

AbstractThe objective of the current experiment was to determine the effects of increasing levels of palm kernel cake in a finishing diet on feed intake, digestibility, performance, ingestive behaviour and carcass traits in zebu bulls. Thirty-two Nellore bulls (420 ± 25.0 kg initial body weight [BW] and 24-months-old), were assigned randomly to individual pens with four treatments (0, 70, 140 and 210 g/kg of palm kernel cake by total dry matter [DM]) and eight replicates per treatment. The inclusion of palm kernel cake linearly decreased DM, crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrate intake and increased ether extraction intake and digestibility. There was a linear decrease in final BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) associated with palm kernel cake inclusion in the bull diet. However, the gain : feed ratio was similar among the diets. Eating and rumination rates (g DM or neutral detergent fibre/h) were reduced, whereas the total chewing time and idling (min/day) were not affected by palm kernel cake inclusion. There were no effects of palm kernel cake inclusion on most quantitative carcass characteristics and qualitative carcass attributes (subcutaneous fat thickness, longissimus muscle area, colour, texture and marbling). The inclusion of palm kernel cake (up to 210 g/kg total DM) in beef cattle finishing diets decreased eating and rumination rates, thereby decreasing average daily gain and, consequently, final BW and HCW. However, qualitative carcass attributes were not affected by the use of palm kernel cake.

Production performance of crossbred dairy cows fed palm kernel cake in feedlots

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet on dietary intake and digestibility and performance of lactating crossbred cows. Twelve Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were distributed in three 4 × 4 Latin squares with the following treatments: control (no inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet); inclusion of 50 g of palm kernel cake kg-1 in the total dry matter, 100 g of palm kernel cake kg-1 in the total dry matter, and 150 g of palm kernel cake kg-1 in the total dry matter. There was no effect of palm kernel cake on the intakes of dry matter, corrected neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients. The intakes of crude protein and ether extract increased linearly. Inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet did not influence the digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, ether extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates, or milk production, feed efficiency, and body weight change. Fat-corrected milk yield increased linearly with the addition of palm kernel cake. Inclusion of up to 150 g of palm kernel cake in diets did not influence the dietary intake and performance of lactating cows or the composition of their milk.

Palm kernel cake from the biodiesel industry in goat kid diets. Part 2: Physicochemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding palm kernel cake to goat kids on the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of their meat. Forty non-castrated ½ Boer kids were fed 0, 7, 14 and 21% palm kernel cake supplements of total dry matter. Confinement lasted for 72 days, and the animals were fasted and slaughtered on the last day. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diet of goat kids did not affect the moisture (P = 0.50), lipid (P = 0.36), protein (P = 0.58), ash (P = 0.98), pH mean (P = 0.79), lightness L* (P = 0.69), redness a* (P = 0.42), yellowness b* (P = 0.51), chroma C* (P = 0.49), cooking loss (CL) (P = 0.61) or Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) (P = 0.81) of the goat kid meat. The fatty acid sums ∑SFA (P = 0.85), ∑MUFA (P = 0.49), and ∑PUFA (P = 0.28); short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; P = 0.44); medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; P = 0.87); long-chain fatty acids (LCFA; P = 0.55), ∑n–6 (P = 0.43), ∑n–3 (P = 0.44); ∑UFA/∑SFA (P = 0.82), ∑PUFA/∑SFA (P = 0.67), ∑n–6/∑n–3 (P = 0.27) ratios; nutraceutical compound atherogenicity index (AI; P = 0.12); h/H index (P = 0.54); and desirable fatty acids (DFA; P = 0.32) of the goat kid Longissimus dorsi muscle were not changed by including palm kernel cake in the diet. However, there were decreasing trends in C10:0 (P = 0.078), C22:0 (P = 0.058) and C18:2 (P = 0.090) as well as increasing trends in C16:1 (P = 0.074). The sensory characteristics of the lamb meat, including appearance (P = 0.88), goaty aroma (P = 0.89), goaty flavor (P = 0. 0.91), tenderness (P = 0.57), succulence (P = 0.85), and overall acceptance (P = 0.65), were not affected by the inclusion of palm kernel cake in the diets of lambs. The inclusion of palm kernel cake did not affect the physicochemical composition, amount of FAs, sum, ratios or nutraceutical compounds. Based on the global appreciation of goat kid meat, the inclusion of 21% palm kernel cake in the goat kid diet is recommended, as this feed is a by-product that will reduce the total mixed ration cost.

Palm kernel cake from the biodiesel industry in diets for goat kids. Part 1: nutrient intake and utilization, growth performance and carcass traits

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that palm kernel cake could be included in diets for goat kids without reducing their growth rate and carcass traits. Forty non-castrated crossbred Boer × indigenous goat kids were supplemented with palm kernel cake at levels of 0, 7, 14 and 21% of the total dry matter (DM) in their diet. Palm kernel cake inclusion in the goat kid diet increased the ether extract (EE; P < 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; P < 0.001) intakes. Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC; P < 0.001) intake, digestibility of DM (P < 0.001), NFC (P < 0.001) and total digestible nutrients (P = 0.002) were reduced with palm kernel cake inclusion. The hot (P < 0.001) and cold (P < 0.001) carcass yields of goat kids were reduced with palm kernel cake inclusion. The BUN of goat kids at 2 and 4 h presented a quadratic increase with the inclusion of palm kernel cake. The total weight gain (P = 0.36), average daily gain (P = 0.36), feeding efficiency (P = 0.32), slaughter weight (P = 0.30), hot (P = 0.96) and cold (P = 0.92) carcass weights, offal weight (P = 0.88), morphometric measurements (P < 0.05), tissue proportions (P < 0.05) and commercial cut weights (P < 0.05) were not affected by supplementation with palm kernel cake. However, an increase (P = 0.003) was observed in the gastrointestinal content of the goat kids. Palm kernel cake inclusion in the diet of crossbred Boer kids of up 21% of the DM is recommended because no negative effects were observed on the DMI, growth performance, morphometric measurements, tissue proportions, and commercial cut weights. Despite the reduction observed in the carcass yields (CY) and in the DM, NFC and TDN digestibility and observation of low-ADG kids, the performance did not change, and we should consider using palm kernel cake as an ingredient in rations because it reduces costs.

Extraction process of palm kernel cake as a source of mannan for feed additive on poultry diet

Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is a by-product of palm kernel oil extraction and found in large quantity in Indonesia. The inclusion of PKC on poultry diet are limited due to some nutritional problems such as anti-nutritional properties (mannan). On the other hand, mannan containing polysaccharides play in various biological functions particularly in enhancing the immune response and to control pathogen in poultry. The research objective to find out the extraction process of PKC and conducted at animal nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara. Various extraction methode were used in this experiment, including fraction analysis used 7 number sieves, and followed by water and acetic acid extraction. The result indicated that PKC had different particle size according to sieve size and dominated by particle size 850 um. The analysis of sugar content indicated that each particle size had different characteristic on treatment by hot water extraction. The particle size 180—850 um had higher sugar content than coarse PKC (2000—3000 um). The total sugar content were recovered vary between 0.9—3,2% from PKC were extracted. Treatment grinding method followed by hot water extraction (100—120 °C, 1 h) increased total sugar content than previous treatments and reach 8% from PKC were extracted. Utilisation acetic acid decreased the total amount of total sugar from PKC were extracted. It is concluded that treatment by hot temperature (110—120 °C) for 1 h show highest yield to extract sugar from PKC.

Effects of increasing palm kernel cake inclusion in supplements fed to grazing lambs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profile

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the supplement composition for grazing lambs on intake, digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid profile of the meat. Thirty-one non-castrated Santa Inês-crossed male lambs (age=120±15 d; initial body weight=20±3.9kg) were divided into 4 groups, following a completely randomized design. Treatments were 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% PKC substitution for ground corn and wheat bran in the supplement. Animals were stratified to equalize body weight: 8 animals in treatment 0%; 8 in treatment 10%; 6 in treatment 20%; and 9 in treatment 30%. Lambs were fed for 84 d and grazed a predominantly braquiarão grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) and Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) grass pasture. The remainder of the supplement contained soybean meal, wheat bran, ground corn, urea, and mineral salt. The level of supplementation was 1.6% BW per animal/d. There was a linear decrease (P<0.01) for total DM intake and pasture intake as the inclusion of PKC in the supplement was increased. Feeding increasing PKC in the supplement did not affect (P≥0.35) lamb growth performance nor did it affect most carcass characteristics (P≥0.16). However, it did lower conformation (P=0.02) and carcass shrink (P=0.03). Palmitic fatty acid decreased (linear; P=0.04) as PKC fed to lambs increased in the supplement. No other fatty acids were affected (P≥0.10). Feeding up to 30% PKC in a supplement for grazing lambs reduced DMI without altering average daily gain or economic traits of carcass characteristic.

Influence of Dietary Inclusion of Palm Kernel Cake on Haematology and Blood Chemistry of Turkeys

Influence of Dietary Inclusion of Palm Kernel Cake on Haematology and Blood Chemistry of Turkeys

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs that are fed diets with palm kernel cake.

ObjectiveThe aim was to evaluate carcass characteristics, cut yield, and meat quality in lambs that were fed different inclusion levels of palm kernel cake.MethodsForty-five woolless castrated male Santa Inês crossbred sheep with an initial average body weight of 23.16±0.35 kg were used. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments, with palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, 22.5%, and 30.0% with nine replications per treatment. After slaughter, the gastrointestinal tract was weighed when it was full, after which it was then emptied. The heart, liver, kidney, pancreas perirenal fat were also collected and weighed. The carcass was split into two identical longitudinal halves and weighed to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics.ResultsThe empty body weight, carcass weight and yield, and fat thickness decreased linearly (p<0.05) as a function of palm kernel inclusion in the diet. There was no difference (p>0.05) for the rib eye area of animals that were fed palm kernel cake. There was a reduction in the commercial cut weight (p<0.05), except for the neck weight. The weights of the heart, liver, kidney fat, small, and large intestine, and gastrointestinal tract decreased. Nevertheless, the gastrointestinal content was greater for animals that were fed increasing levels of cake. For the other organs and viscera, differences were not verified (p>0.05). The sarcomere length decreased linearly (p<0.05), although an effect of the inclusion of palm kernel cake was not observed in other meat quality variables. It is worth noting that the red staining intensity, indicated as A, had a tendency to decrease (p = 0.050).ConclusionThe inclusion of palm kernel cake up to 30% in the diet does not lead to changes in meat quality characteristics, except for sarcomere length. Nevertheless, carcass quantitative characteristics decrease with the use of palm kernel cake.