Incline Village Research Articles

Relating Sleep, Stress, and Academic Performance Among a Cohort of Professional School Students

Academic achievement in health professions has been shown to be associated with internal motivation and active learning. While attendance to lectures, small group instruction, and time management have an impact; non-academic factors such as family support, sleep deprivation and stress can also affect academic success. Individuals experience physiological changes when encountering stress. Previous studies have demonstrated that high levels of stress, typically associated with increases in cortisol, can lead to detrimental effects on sleep patterns and academic performance, including impaired memory and diffculty concentrating. High levels of cortisol can have a negative impact on sleep, increasing light sleep and frequent wakings, which can in turn decrease academic performance. However, it is unclear whether physiological stress levels can affect sleep pattern and academic performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how physiological stress levels relate to sleep patterns and academic performance among a cohort of professional school students. We hypothesized that elevated stress levels lead to decreased academic performance and a rise in irregular sleep patterns. Thus, during the summer semester of 2023, a longitudinal study was conducted, involving 22 optometry school students (OPT III) enrolled in a minimum of 19 credit hours. We measured academic performance, based on the participants' semester grade point average and sleep patterns using wrist-based accelerometers (MiBand 7, Beijing, China), while cortisol levels were measured through saliva samples collected at the study's onset, midpoint, and conclusion over a 30 day period. Exclusion criteria included individuals who were pregnant, nursing, or caring for a newborn. The study protocol received IRB approval (5059-9201). Data collection and analysis were performed using Google Sheets (Mountain View, CA) and XLMiner Analysis Tookpak (Incline Village, NV). We observed that cortisol levels were initially at their lowest during the study's onset (0.218 ug/dL), and subsequently increased for the midpoint and end of the study (0.279 ug/dL and 0.241 ug/dL, respectively). However, these fluctuations did not achieve statistical significance, with p-values of 0.08 and 0.24, respectively. The subjects exhibiting increased variation in “mid-sleep waking” displayed elevated levels of cortisol (r = 0.560, p = 0.007), indicating a significant positive association between mid-sleep waking and cortisol levels. Furthermore, we observed a positive relationship between weekday deep and light sleep and academic performance (r = 0.477, p = 0.025 and r = 0.454, p = 0.034, respectively). Our findings suggest that a moderate amount of stress may enhance performance through potentially increased focus and motivation and emphasizes the potential role that deep and light sleep play in cognitive functions and memory. Furtehrmore, promoting healthy sleep habits and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule may contribute to improved academic outcomes. However, based on the potential associations between sleep patterns, cortisol levels, and academic performance, further exploration into the complex interplay between these factors is needed. NIH/NEI T35 Training Grant [T35EY032441]. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Spatiotemporal Clustering of Paleoseismicity in the Walker Lane, USA: An Extensional Supercycle?

AbstractAt least five surface rupturing earthquakes that occurred during a <300 year time span near Carson City, Nevada, USA form a spatiotemporal cluster of earthquakes similar to those observed on fault systems around the world. These earthquakes exhibit not only temporal clustering behavior, but also have varying rupture boundaries during successive earthquakes. The Carson Range Fault System is a series of east‐dipping normal faults that extend ∼100 km southwards from Reno, Nevada. Previously published paleoseismic and lidar data spanning this system provide evidence of five surface rupturing earthquakes that occurred across the Carson Range Fault System during the last 2,500 years. The three most recent of these earthquakes occurred from 800 to 500 cal ybp, and two other earthquakes occurred on the nearby Incline Village and East Carson Valley faults during this time. Together these five Mw6.4–7.3 earthquakes form a spatiotemporal cluster or supercycle.

On the model of computation

opinion On the model of computation: point Author: William Dally NVIDIA, Incline Village, NV NVIDIA, Incline Village, NVView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 65Issue 9September 2022 pp 30–32https://doi.org/10.1145/3548783Published:19 August 2022Publication History 0citation6,034DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads6,034Last 12 Months6,034Last 6 weeks63 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access

Risky business: Modeling mortality risk near the urban-wildland interface for a large carnivore

We examined the spatial distribution of 382 black bear (Ursus americanus) mortalities in the Lake Tahoe Basin and Western Great Basin Desert (WGB) in Nevada, USA from 1997 to 2013. Of the 364 mortalities for which we could determine cause of death, vehicle collisions (n = 160) and direct removal of bears by management personnel (n = 132) were the two largest sources of mortality for bears in our study area at the confluence of the Sierra-Nevada Mountains and the Great Basin Desert. Here we use logistic regression and resource selection probability functions (RSPF) to model probability of mortality in the WGB based on anthropogenic and landscape variables. Further, we assessed the impact of spatial resolution on our analyses and resulting probability of mortality models. Human-induced mortalities of black bears were overwhelmingly concentrated near major roads (defined in our analyses as paved roads with two lanes or more), in the town of Incline Village, Nevada, and along the foothills of the Carson Range east of Lake Tahoe. Our results suggest mortality risk is associated with density of and distance to multiple forest types, human population density, landcover, recreation site density and distance, road density and distance, stream distance, hiking trail density, and waterbody distance. Our model results found environmental variables measured at coarse spatial resolutions such as distance to and density of forest best predicted black bear mortality risk, while anthropogenic variables measured at fine spatial resolutions like distance to and density of recreation site best predicted black bear mortality risk in our study area. Our results demonstrate that carnivore mortality as a phenomenon likely operates at multiple spatial resolutions and thus considering scale is important for modeling mortality risk on the landscape.

Heart Monitor

June Sylvester Saraceno is the author of the poetry collection Altars of Ordinary Light (Plain View Press, 2007); her second collection, of Dirt and Tar, is forthcoming from Cherry Grove Collections in Spring 2014. Her work has appeared in various journals, including Poetry Quarterly, Southwestern American Literature, and Tar River Poetry, as well as AJN (December 2008). She chairs the English program at Sierra Nevada College in Incline Village, NV. “Heart Monitor” © 2013 by June Sylvester Saraceno. Contact author: [email protected]. Art of Nursing is coordinated by Sylvia Foley, senior editor: [email protected].

Holocene subaqueous paleoseismology of Lake Tahoe

Gravity-flow deposits recovered in a suite of sediment cores in Lake Tahoe were examined to determine if the event deposits were triggered by strong shaking from earthquakes on active faults within and in close proximity to the Lake Tahoe Basin. The acoustic character and distribution of individual lacustrine deposits as well as potential source regions were constrained by high-resolution seismic Chirp reflection and multibeam bathymetric data. Between 14 and 17 Holocene event deposits have been identified in Lake Tahoe, and examination of their source areas suggests they originated from different initiation points along the steep margin, with some being synchronous around the basin, as opposed to flood-related deposits. Lithologic characteristics, magnetic susceptibility, carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures, opal content, and 14 C dating indicate that these event deposits are reworked lacustrine material. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the emplacement of these event deposit sediments correlates well with the late Holocene paleoseismic earthquake record developed for the Tahoe Basin. When taken alone, the causality of these events may appear ambiguous, but when the evidence is examined comprehensively, it suggests that strong shaking may likely have been the primary trigger for many of the event deposits observed in the lake throughout the Holocene. For example, four event deposits are assigned to Tahoe Basin faults. The most recent earthquakes occurred on the Incline Village fault (between 630 and 120 cal. yr B.P.); the southern segment of the West Tahoe fault (between 4510 and 4070 cal. yr B.P.); on the central and northern segments of the West Tahoe fault (5600–5330 cal. yr B.P.); and on the West Tahoe fault (between 7890 and 7190 cal. yr B.P.). The oldest of the four associated Tahoe Basin events coincides with the beginning of an extended period when Lake Tahoe was likely not spilling or spilling intermittently, and this suggests that active faulting and footwall uplift cut off the outlet at this time, exaggerating drought conditions downstream. Likewise, the event between 5600 and 5330 cal. yr B.P. on the West Tahoe fault may have exaggerated a smaller drought reflected downstream in Pyramid Lake. This event may also be the most recent event (MRE) on the largest segment of the West Tahoe fault. If correct, the period since the last rupture is approximately twice the estimated average recurrence interval for the Rubicon segment of the West Tahoe fault. A more complete Holocene record of strong shaking greatly extends the paleoseismic record in the region and indicates a combined recurrence interval of between 750 and 800 yr for all faults in the region.

Plant Extract: A Natural Immune Booster for Ulcerative Colitis

Tang T, Targan SR, Li Z-S, et al. (Hutchison Medipharma Ltd, Shanghai, China; Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Immunology Inc., Incline Village, NV; Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA). Randomised clinical trial: herbal extract HMPL-004 in active ulcerative colitis- a double-blind comparison with sustained release mesalamine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:194–202.

Use of nonlinear programming to determine the economically optimal energy density in laying hens diet during phase 2

A nonlinear programming Excel Workbook (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) was developed using the Excel Solver (Frontline Systems Inc., Incline Village, NV) to optimize energy density and bird performance. In this study, 6 dietary treatments (2.535, 2.635, 2.735, 2.835, 2.935, and 3.035 Mcal of ME/kg) were fed to Hy-Line W-36 laying hens (n = 192) in phase 2 (from 32 to 44 wk of age). Data were fitted to quadratic equations to express egg mass, feed consumption, and the objective function return over feed cost in terms of energy density. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model, the prices for eggs, corn, and soybean meal were increased and decreased by 25% and the program was solved for the maximum profit and optimized feed mix. By increasing the egg price, the model changed the optimal diet formulation and energy density in such a way as to improve performance and feed consumption, and accepted a higher energy concentration. Therefore, egg producers can realize considerable savings from using the nonlinear programming model described here, as opposed to a linear programming model with fixed minima for energy and other nutrients. These savings result from the ability of the nonlinear programming models to determine the most profitable energy density that should be fed as energy and protein prices change.

Exactness conditions for a convex differentiable exterior penalty for linear programming

Sufficient conditions are given for a classical dual exterior penalty function of a linear program (LP) to be independent of its penalty parameter. This ensures that an exact solution to the primal LP can be obtained by minimizing the dual exterior penalty function. The sufficient conditions give a precise value to such a penalty parameter introduced in [O.L. Mangasarian, Exact 1-Norm support vector machines via unconstrained convex differentiable minimization, Tech. Rep. 05–03, Data Mining Institute, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 2005. J. Machine Learn. Res. 7, 2006, pp. 1517–1530], where no quantification of the parameter was given. Computational results on LPs with up to one million variables or constraints compare favourably to ILOG CPLEX 9.0 users manual [ILOG CPLEX 9.0 User's Manual. ILOG, Incline Village, Nevada, 2003] and validate the proposed approach.

The Prostate Cancer Foundation 16th Annual Scientific Retreat: Meeting report

The 16th Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was held September 23-25, 2009 at Incline Village, NV. This report highlights some of the game-changing research reports from this conference.

A high-resolution seismic CHIRP investigation of active normal faulting across Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada

We measured extension rates across Lake Tahoe Basin for the last 60 k.y. based on measured displacement of offset marker surfaces across three active faults beneath Lake Tahoe. Seismic chirp imaging with submeter accuracy, together with detailed multibeam and light detection and ranging (LIDAR)-derived bathymetry, was used to measure fault offset, thickness of earthquake-derived colluvial wedges, depth of wave-cut paleoterraces, and other geomorphic features. An analysis of these features provides refined estimates of extension rates and new information on Holocene faulting, and places Tahoe Basin deformation into the larger context of Walker Lane and Basin and Range tectonics. Measured offset marker surfaces include submerged wave-cut paleoterraces of Tioga age (19.2 ± 1.8 ka), McKinney Bay slide deposits (ca. 60 ka), and a winnowed boulder surface of Tahoe age (ca. 62 ka). Estimated vertical offset rates across submerged geomorphic surfaces are 0.43-0.81 mm/yr for the West Tahoe fault, 0.35-0.60 mm/yr for the Stateline-North Tahoe fault, and 0.12-0.30 mm/yr for the Incline Village fault. These offset rates indicate a combined east-west extension rate across Lake Tahoe Basin, assuming 60° fault dips, of 0.52-0.99 mm/yr. This estimate, when combined with the Genoa fault-slip rate, yields an extension rate consistent with the magnitude of the extension deficit across Carson Valley and Lake Tahoe Basin derived from global positioning system (GPS) velocities. The Stateline-North Tahoe, Incline Village, and West Tahoe faults all show evidence for individual Holocene earthquake events as recorded by either colluvial wedge deposits or offset fan-delta stratigraphy.

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

2009 Sept. 30–Oct. 4, Honolulu 2010 Oct. 9–12, Orlando Meeting dates are subject to change. Dentists interested in attending any of the listed meetings should contact the sponsoring organization for more information. Alabama Dental Association, 836 Washington Ave., Montgomery 36104-3839, 1-334-265-1684, June 9–14, Orange Beach. Alaska Dental Society, 9170 Jewel Lake Road, Suite 203, Anchorage 99502-5381, 1-907-563-3003, May 7–10, Fairbanks. Arkansas State Dental Association, 7480 Highway 107, Sherwood 72120, 1-501-834-7650, April 3–4, Hot Springs. California Dental Association, 1201 “K” Street Mall, Sacramento 95814, 1-916-443-0505, Spring Scientific Session, May 14–17, Anaheim; Fall Scientific Session, Sept. 11–13, San Francisco. Colorado Dental Association, 3690 S. Yosemite, Suite 100, Denver 80237-1808, 1-303-740-6900, June 11–14, Vail. Connecticut State Dental Association, 835 W. Queen St., Southington 06489, 1-860-378-1800, May 6–8, Uncasville. Delaware State Dental Society, The Christiana Executive Campus, 200 Continental Drive, Suite 111, Newark 19713, 1-302-368-7634, May 14–15, Wilmington. District of Columbia Dental Society, 502 C St., N.E., Washington 20002-5810, 1-202-547-7613, April 16–18, Washington. Florida Dental Association, 1111 E. Tennessee St., Suite 102, Tallahassee 32308-6913, 1-850-681-3629, June 18–20, Orlando. Georgia Dental Association, 7000 Peachtree Dunwoody Road, Suite 200, Building 17, N.E., Atlanta 30328-1655, 1-404-636-7553, July 30–Aug. 2, Asheville, N.C. Idaho State Dental Association, 1220 W. Hays St., Boise 83702-5315, 1-208-343-7543, June 10–13, Boise. Illinois State Dental Society, 1010 S. Second St., Springfield 62705, 1-217-525-1406, Sept. 11–13, Oak Brook. Indiana Dental Association, P.O. Box 2467, Indianapolis 46206-2467, 1-317-634-2610, May 7–9, Indianapolis. Iowa Dental Association, 5530 W. Parkway, Suite 100, Johnston 50131, 1-515-986-5605, May 1–3, Coralville. Kansas Dental Association, 5200 S.W. Huntoon St., Topeka 66604-2398, 1-785-272-7360, Heart of America Dental Symposium, April 16–18, Wichita. Kentucky Dental Association, 1920 Nelson Miller Parkway, Louisville 40223, 1-502-489-9121, April 2–5, Louisville. Louisiana Dental Association, 7833 Office Park Blvd., Baton Rouge 70809-7604, 1-225-926-1986, April 2–4, New Orleans. Maine Dental Association, P.O. Box 215, Manchester 04351-0215, 1-207-622-7900, June 19–20, Rockport. Maryland State Dental Association, 6410 Dobbin Road, Suite F, Columbia 21045, 1-410-964-2880, Sept. 25–27, Ocean City. Michigan Dental Association, 230 N. Washington Square, Suite 208, Lansing 48933-1312, 1-517-372-9070, April 22–25, Lansing. Minnesota Dental Association, 1335 Industrial Blvd., Suite 200, Minneapolis 55413-4801, 1-651-646-7454, Star of the North Meeting, April 23–25, St. Paul. Mississippi Dental Association, 2630 Ridgewood Road, Suite C, Jackson 39216-4903, 1-601-982-0442, June 12–16, Destin, Fla. Montana Dental Association, P.O. Box 1154, Helena 59624-1154, 1-406-443-2061, May 21–22, Great Falls. Nebraska Dental Association, 3120 “O” St., Lincoln 68510-1533, 1-402-476-1704, April 2–4, Omaha. Nevada Dental Association, 8863 W. Flamingo Road, Suite 102, Las Vegas 89147-8718, 1-702-255-4211, July 9–11, Incline Village. New Hampshire Dental Society, 23 S. State St., Concord 03301, 1-603-225-5961, May 14–16, Newcastle. New Jersey Dental Association, One Dental Plaza, P.O. Box 6020, North Brunswick 08902-6020, 1-732-821-9400, June 3–5, Atlantic City. New Mexico Dental Association, 9201 Montgomery Blvd. N.E., Suite 601, Albuquerque 87111, 1-505-294-1368, June 11–13, Albuquerque. New York State Dental Association, 20 Corporate Woods Blvd., Suite 602, Albany 12211, 1-518-465-0044, Semi-Annual Board of Governors Meeting, May 28–31, Saratoga Springs. North Carolina Dental Society, P.O. Box 4099, Cary 27519-4099, 1-919-677-1396, May 14–17, Myrtle Beach, S.C. North Dakota Dental Association, P.O. Box 1332, Bismarck 58502-1332, 1-701-223-8870, Sept. 18–20, Fargo. Ohio Dental Association, 1370 Dublin Road, Columbus 43215-1009, 1-614-486-2700, Aug. 27–30, Columbus. Oklahoma Dental Association, 317 N.E. 13th St., Oklahoma City 73104-2835, 1-405-848-8873, April 23–25, Tulsa. Oregon Dental Association, P.O. Box 3710, Wilsonville 97070-3710, 1-503-218-2010, April 2–4, Portland. Pennsylvania Dental Association, P.O. Box 3341, Harrisburg 17105-3341, 1-717-234-5941, April 23–26, Hershey. Rhode Island Dental Association, 200 Centerville Road, Suite 7, Warwick 02886-4339, 1-401-732-6833, May 27, Providence. South Carolina Dental Association, 120 Stonemark Lane, Columbia 29210-3841, 1-803-750-2277, April 28–May 3, Myrtle Beach. South Dakota Dental Association, P.O. Box 1194, Suite 103, 804 N. Euclid, Pierre 57501-1194, 1-605-224-9133, May 14–17, Sioux Falls. Tennessee Dental Association, Suite 300, 660 Bakers Bridge Ave., Franklin 37067, 1-615-628-0208, May 14–17, Knoxville. Texas Dental Association, 1946 S. IH35, Suite 400, Austin 78704, 1-512-443-3675, May 7–10, San Antonio. Vermont State Dental Society, 100 Dorset St., Suite 18, South Burlington 05403-6241, 1-802-864-0115, Sept. 17–18, South Burlington. Virginia Dental Association, 7525 Staples Mill Road, Richmond 23228, 1-804-261-1610, June 18–20, Williamsburg. Washington State Dental Association, 1001 Fourth Ave., Suite 3800, Seattle 98154, 1-206-448-1914, July 23–24, Seattle. West Virginia Dental Association, 2016-1/2 Kanawha Blvd. East, Charleston 25311, 1-304-344-5246, July 16–19, White Sulphur Springs. Wisconsin Dental Association, 6737 W. Washington St., Suite 2360, West Allis 53214-4815, 1-414-276-4520, April 30–May 1, Wisconsin Dells. Wyoming Dental Association, P.O. Box 40019, Casper 82604, 1-307-237-1186, June 18–21, Cheyenne.

What Do Lakes and Reservoirs Tell Us About Climate Change?: Chapman Conference on Lakes as Sentinels, Integrators, and Regulators of Climate Change; Incline Village, Nevada, 8–10 September 2008

Where are scientists likely to find the clearest signals of climate change so that they can predict future impacts? The question of where we focus our sampling efforts is not a trivial one due to the complex nature of the landscape of the Earth and the wide and varied impacts of both humans and natural processes on the landscape. As the lowest point in the landscape and as hot spots of carbon cycling, lakes and reservoirs may provide an answer. These inland waters play a disproportionate role in informing us about climate change. They also play an important role in regulating climate change by their contributions to the global carbon cycle.

Chunking for massive nonlinear kernel classification†

A chunking procedure [Bradley, P.S. and Mangasarian, O.L., 2000, Massive data discrimination via linear support vector machines. Optimization Methods and Software, 13, 1–10. Available online at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/mathprog/tech-reports/98-05.ps] utilized in [Mangasarian, O.L. and Thompson, M.E., 2006, Massive data classification via unconstrained support vector machines. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 131, 315–325. Available online at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/dmi/tech-reports/06-01.pdf] for linear classifiers is proposed here for nonlinear kernel classification of massive datasets. A highly accurate algorithm based on nonlinear support vector machines that utilize a linear programming formulation [Mangasarian, O.L., 2000, Generalized support vector machines. In: A. Smola, P. Bartlett, B. Schölkopf and D. Schuurmans (Eds) Advances in Large Margin Classifiers (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 135–146. Available online at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/math-prog/tech-reports/98-14.ps] is developed here as a completely unconstrained minimization problem [Mangasarian, O.L., 2005, Exact 1-Norm support vector machines via unconstrained convex differentiable minimization. Technical Report 05-03, Data Mining Institute, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Available online at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/dmi/tech-reports/05-03.ps. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 7, 1517–1530, 2006.]. This approach together with chunking leads to a simple and accurate method for generating nonlinear classifiers for a 250,000-point dataset that typically exceeds machine capacity when standard linear programming methods such as CPLEX [ILOG, 2003, ILOG CPLEX 9.0 User's Manual, Incline Village, Nevada. Available online at: http://www.ilog.com/products/cplex/] are used. Because a 1-norm support vector machine underlies the proposed method, the approach together with a reduced support vector machine formulation [Lee, Y.-J. and Mangasarian, O.L., 2001, RSVM: reduced support vector machines. Proceedings of the First SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Chicago, 5–7 April, CD-ROM. Available online at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/dmi/tech-reports/00-07.ps] minimizes the number of kernel functions utilized to generate a simplified nonlinear classifier. †Data Mining Institute Technical Report 06-07, December 2006.

NH Residents Dominate Pneumonia Category

NH Residents Dominate Pneumonia Category

Resistance of Greenhouse, Laboratory, and Native Populations of Western Flower Thrips to Spinosad

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] collected from greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations were evaluated for resistance to the insecticide spinosad. Individual cut stems of transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.) were inoculated with 25 adults from 1 of 9 thrips populations and maintained in isolation chambers. Treatments of no spray, water spray, spinosad at one-half label rate (0.41 mL·L-1) and spinosad at the recommended label rate (0.81 mL·L-1) were applied to the flowers. Three days after treatment, the number of live and dead thrips was recorded. Significantly more thrips were recovered from the control treatments than the spinosad treatments. Thrips survival varied by treatment and insect population. Based on an odds ratio analysis, the likelihood of recovering live thrips was greater in the IL-GH1 (Illinois greenhouse) population than in the NV-N1 (Nevada native) reference population for both spinosad treatments, suggesting resistance to spinosad in the IL-GH1 population. The IL-GH1 population was collected from a greenhouse regularly sprayed with spinosad whereas the NV-N1 population was collected in Incline Village, Nev., on wildflowers with no history of exposure to spinosad. This is the first documented indication of spinosad resistance in a thrips population. In comparison to the NV-N1 reference population, none of the populations collected from laboratory or native nonagricultural environments exhibited evidence of resistance to spinosad. Resistance to an insecticide with a novel mode of action, such as spinosad, indicates the necessity of rotating insecticides and implementing alternative methods of managing western flower thrips. Chemical names used: spinosad including spinosyn A and spinosyn D (Conserve SC).

Transtensional deformation in the Lake Tahoe region, California and Nevada, USA

Dextral transtensional deformation is occurring along the Sierra Nevada–Great Basin boundary zone (SNGBBZ) at the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada microplate. In the Lake Tahoe region of the SNGBBZ, transtension is partitioned spatially and temporally into domains of north–south striking normal faults and transitional domains with conjugate strike-slip faults. The normal fault domains, which have had large Holocene earthquakes but account only for background seismicity in the historic period, primarily accommodate east–west extension, while the transitional domains, which have had moderate Holocene and historic earthquakes and are currently seismically active, primarily record north–south shortening. Through partitioned slip, the upper crust in this region undergoes overall constrictional strain. Major fault zones within the Lake Tahoe basin include two normal fault zones: the northwest-trending Tahoe–Sierra frontal fault zone (TSFFZ) and the north-trending West Tahoe–Dollar Point fault zone. Most faults in these zones show eastside down displacements. Both of these fault zones show evidence of Holocene earthquakes but are relatively quiet seismically through the historic record. The northeast-trending North Tahoe–Incline Village fault zone is a major normal to sinistral-oblique fault zone. This fault zone shows evidence for large Holocene earthquakes and based on the historic record is seismically active at the microearthquake level. The zone forms the boundary between the Lake Tahoe normal fault domain to the south and the Truckee transition zone to the north. Several lines of evidence, including both geology and historic seismicity, indicate that the seismically active Truckee and Gardnerville transition zones, north and southeast of Lake Tahoe basin, respectively, are undergoing north–south shortening. In addition, the central Carson Range, a major north-trending range block between two large normal fault zones, shows internal fault patterns that suggest the range is undergoing north–south shortening in addition to east–west extension. A model capable of explaining the spatial and temporal partitioning of slip suggests that seismic behavior in the region alternates between two modes, one mode characterized by an east–west minimum principal stress and a north–south maximum principal stress as at present. In this mode, seismicity and small-scale faulting reflecting north–south shortening concentrate in mechanically weak transition zones with primarily strike-slip faulting in relatively small-magnitude events, and domains with major normal faults are relatively quiet. A second mode occurs after sufficient north–south shortening reduces the north–south S hmax in magnitude until it is less than S v, at which point S v becomes the maximum principal stress. This second mode is then characterized by large earthquakes on major normal faults in the large normal fault domains, which dominate the overall moment release in the region, producing significant east–west extension.

Fighting Fire with Education: What Is the Best Way to Reach Out to Homeowners?

Abstract Better understanding is needed of what makes educational efforts most effective in increasing public support for wildfire management and mitigation efforts. Results of a mail survey of homeowners in Incline Village, Nevada, indicate that personalized contact is key in the educational process and that which type of contact–government or personal–is more influential depends on the type of practice involved. Notably, prescribed burning appears to have more in common with defensible space than with thinning in terms of how homeowners respond to educational efforts.

Neuromyasthenia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) in Northern Nevada/California

ABSTRACTIn 1984-87, an outbreak of debilitating fatigue was reported by two physicians in the private practice of internal medicine in Incline Village, Nevada. Follow-up questionnaires were sent in 1995 to the 259 patients in this outbreak. The results were analyzed to determine how many patients met the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), Id-iopathic Chronic Fatigue (ICF), or Prolonged Fatigue (PF). Data were analyzed separately for those living in the Lake Tahoe area and those referred from other locales. Of those returning questionnaires (123/259), 41% met the CDC case definition for CFS, 56% met the criteria for inclusion in the subgroup ICF, and 3% experienced PF. In the population-based Lake Tahoe group, symptomatic women were more likely to have CFS than ICF whereas symptomatic men were likely to fit ICF criteria. Also in this group, full recovery was reported more often among Lake Tahoe participants classified as having ICF (4...

First Report of White Pine Blister Rust in Nevada.

White pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola Fisch., was found in 1997 infecting white pines (genus Pinus, subgenus Strobus) at two locations in the Carson Range of western Nevada. Rust incidence, infection age, damage to trees, rust phenology, and host distribution were evaluated at one of these locations and a nearby location in California in 1998. At the first location (39.3°N, 119.9°W), C. ribicola was found infecting 24 of 49 whitebark pines (P. albicaulis Engelm.) near Mt. Rose Summit on Highway 27 at 2,710 m elevation, ≈6 km northeast of Incline Village, Washoe County, NV. Among infected trees, 33% had only branch cankers, 54% had live stem cankers, and 12% had stem cankers that had killed portions of trees distal to cankers. No trees had died from infection. At the second location (39.1°N, 119.9°W), we found only 6 of 50 (12%) infected western white pines (P. monticola Dougl.) near Genoa Peak (≈2,750 m elevation), 3 km east of Lake Tahoe, Douglas County, NV; however, stem cankers occurred on 4 of the 6 infected trees. In September 1998, whitebark pines at Mt. Rose and Tahoe Meadows (2,550 m elevation, 1.5 km southwest of Mt. Rose Summit) were examined, and the following was observed: (i) aeciospore production was at its peak, indicating that sporulation can occur exceptionally late in the season in this region; (ii) signs of blister rust infection were absent on the telial hosts of C. ribicola (Ribes cereum, R. montigenum, and R. nevadense) at both locations; (iii) ≈80% of the cankers occurred on host wood produced in 1978 and 1979; and (iv) the oldest cankers originated on wood produced in 1968 and the youngest on wood produced in 1980. In October 1998, infected western white pines were examined at a location (2,650 m elevation) ≈30 km north of Lake Tahoe on Babbitt Peak, Sierra County, CA (39.6°N, 120.1°W). At this location, no trees had died from infection, fresh aeciospores were abundant on live cankers, R. montigenum and R. cereum were present but did not show signs of infection, and 19 of 20 cankers examined were on wood produced between 1978 and 1980. White pine blister rust was not found at any of 10 other locations examined throughout Nevada from 1995 to 1997. This is believed to be the first documented report of C. ribicola infecting white pines in Nevada and the easternmost extension of blister rust in the Sierra Nevada Region. These observations suggest that our understanding of blister rust spread and infection dynamics east of the Sierra Nevada crest is incomplete and that future surveys and research in this region must address, among other issues, timing of aeciospore production on pine, and the possibility of blister rust spread into the Great Basin.