Inclination Measurements Research Articles

The measurement of surface crack inclination in metals using AC electric fields : 40360 Lugg, M.C.; Shang, H.M.; Collins, R.; Michael, D.H. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 1814–1821 (14 Dec. 1988)

The measurement of surface crack inclination in metals using AC electric fields : 40360 Lugg, M.C.; Shang, H.M.; Collins, R.; Michael, D.H. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 1814–1821 (14 Dec. 1988)

9436224 A study of main bearing load and deformation on multi-cylinder internal combustion engine. Measurement of relative inclination between journal and bearing: Susumu Ichikawa, Yuji Mihara, Tsuneo Someya (Musashi Institute of Technology Graduate School) (Musashi Institute of Technology), pp. 89–92, 8 figs., 1 table, 4 refs

9436224 A study of main bearing load and deformation on multi-cylinder internal combustion engine. Measurement of relative inclination between journal and bearing: Susumu Ichikawa, Yuji Mihara, Tsuneo Someya (Musashi Institute of Technology Graduate School) (Musashi Institute of Technology), pp. 89–92, 8 figs., 1 table, 4 refs

Magnetic inclination measurement and signal transmission system for trench wall constructions

A NdFeB permanent magnet pendulum varies the output voltage of a semiconductor Hall-effect potentiometer. The angle dependent dc-voltage is converted into a signal of variable frequency (2-15 kHz). The angle sensors, the electronic circuits, and batteries are mounted in water-proof (20 bar) and shock protected (100 g) cases on the gripper. It is operated by two steel cables which are used for the signal transmission by enclosing ring-core transformers of high initial permeability. The received angular information is decoded by a microprocessor and displayed together with the excavation depth on a screen in the operation cabin of the excavator. The measurement system provides an angular resolution of 5.10/sup -3/ degrees and an absolute accuracy of 7.10/sup -3/ degrees at /spl plusmn/2 degrees total range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Investigations on Mechanism of Salter-1-Fractures of the Greater Trochanter

This study aims at clarifying why the apophysis of the greater trochanter very rarely separates, in contrast to other apophyses of the hip region. The inclination and area measurement of the greater trochanteric growth plate and the mode of insertion of the muscles on the apophysis were analyzed on the basis of 16 anatomic femoral specimens from newborn to children of 14 years of age. The physiological muscle cross section Q of the muscles inserting at the greater trochanter was determined on 6 specimens. In a cross-sectional radiological study, carried out on 1350 hip joints of healthy children, the inclination of the greater trochanter growth plate was measured. The anatomical and radiological findings show that the nearly plane-shaped greater trochanter growth plate remains inclined at a 50 degree angle to the horizontal body line and is loaded from a diagonally craniolateral direction throughout the total growth period. The lateral surface of the apophysis is covered by a fibrous connection which joins the insertion areas of the gluteus medius, minimus and vastus lateralis muscles. The vastus lateralis muscle is intimately bound to the vastus intermedius muscle by fibrous tissue. According to the results of the physiological muscle cross sections these four muscle groups can form a counteracting muscle sling, which transforms the traction forces at the surface of the greater trochanter into pressure forces in line with a tension band effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Noncontact Probe for Continuous Measurement of Surface Inclination and Position Using Dynamic Irradiation of Light Beam

The paper deals with a development of a new non-contact probe module for the high speed measurement of dimensions of a product. The probe module can continuously and simultaneously detect a position and a surface normal vector with custom signal processing algorithm developed. A probe module using multiple optical fibers was designed and a simulation was performed for verifying the proposed idea. A probe module was also prototyped and tested. A successful results were obtained and its performance coincided with the simulation. For practical application, a multi-beam dynamic irradiation probe using the developed module was designed and prototyped.

Eruption of mandibular third molars after second-molar extractions: A radiographic study

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the posteruptive contact relationship and inclination of mandibular third molars after extraction of second molars and to determine whether predictors could be formulated for the dental relationships observed. In all, 140 mandibular quadrants were evaluated from 95 sets of panoramic radiographs taken at the time of second molar extraction (T1) and at the time of final evaluation (T2). For analysis of a consecutive sample of patients, a subsample of 25 sets of radiographs from all the patients who had received such treatment during one calendar year was also quantified. Subjective evaluation indicated that 46% of the sites examined had satisfactory tooth contact relationship between the first and third molars at T2. Third-molar impaction was found in 4% of the sites in the subsample of 25 consecutively treated patients. Measurements of crown axis inclination revealed that the third molar invariably erupted into a mesially tilted position. The first molar showed only minor distal tipping between T1 and T2. Inclination of the third molar bud at the time of second molar extraction was not found to be a useful predictor for posteruptive third molar position. The clinical significance of these results and the need for studies regarding a rationale for mandibular second molar extraction are discussed.

Earth's magnetic field in the Seventeenth Century

Catalogs of old magnetic measurements, contemporary publications, and ship's logs have been researched to compile a data set of geomagnetic observations of declination and inclination in the interval 1601 A.D. to 1694 A.D. This search produced 2766 measurements of declination, with quite good global coverage, and 37 of inclination. All inclinations were in the northern hemisphere and most in Europe. A literature search revealed many archeomagnetic and paleomagnetic measurements of field components for the seventeenth century: 40 of these were selected and used in the modeling procedure (intensity measurements were not found sufficiently reliable to allow any conclusions to be made about the overall strength of the geomagnetic field and declinations were too few to be of use). This data set was analyzed to produce a field model for the seventeenth century; the model was denoted epoch 1647 A.D. although no corrections were made for secular variation. The model exhibits many of the stationary features of the recent geomagnetic field and indicates absence of secular variation from the Pacific and a westward drift rate of about 0.25° per year in areas of the core‐mantle boundary beneath the south Atlantic and Indian oceans between 1647 A.D. and 1715 A.D., the date of Bloxham's (1986) earliest field model. This is likely to remain the earliest field model because only three inclination measurements have been found in the sixteenth century; the data set will be used in the future to form a time‐dependent model for the historical period.

Measurement of boundary plane inclination in a scanning electron microscope

Recently, a method has been devised for measuring the boundary orientations using backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD, otherwise known as electron backscattering, EBS). The work reported demonstrates that BKD can be efficiently used to measure both the misorientation across grain boundaries and also the orientation of boundary planes. In nickel it has been shown that the boundaries of grains which are situated along the corner of a rectangular specimen rotate so as to minimize their interfacial energy. For non-coincidence site lattices related grains, boundaries tend to align normal to the edge of the specimen, while {Sigma} = 3 and {Sigma} = 9 CSLs tend to rotate to tilt configuration, particularly asymmetric tilts such as {l brace}111{r brace}/ {l brace}115{r brace} or {l brace}110{r brace}/{l brace}114{r brace}.

The measurement of surface crack inclination in metals using AC electric fields

The AC potential drop technique is widely used in non-destructive testing for sizing surface-breaking cracks in metals but, in order to find the through-thickness penetration of a crack, its inclination to the surface is needed as well as its size. By modelling the electric field around an inclined crack in the extremes of both large and small skin depth, it is shown in this paper that the asymmetry in the voltage signal across the crack can be used to find the angle of inclination. Experimental results obtained from a range of metals confirm the theoretical findings.

Onboard measurement of road inclination

The quantitative information about road and traffic conditions is important for on-road testing of vehicles. This paper describes the method for onboard measurement of the road inclination. Both acceleration and pitching angle of the vehicle under actual driving conditions are analysed. A prototype sensor has been constructed and tested. The sensor has a modified servo-accelerometer with the torque motor and pendulum. It has been installed in the vehicle with its pendulum axis parallel to the pitching axis of the vehicle. The torque generated on the pendulum during acceleration is neglected by feeding current proportional to the differentiation value of vehicle velocity. The sensor is sensitive to above 0.5° inclinations and is well able to measure the inclination of roads under the practical conditions.

Radiometric leaf area index

Abstract The geometrical structure of a vegetation canopy determines the amount of foliage presented to a sensor and the form of the relationship between reflectance and vegetation amount. The aim of this study was to develop a practical measure of vegetation amount that was sensitive to canopy geometry. This measure was termed the radiometric leaf area index (RLAI) and comprised measurements of leaf area index (LAI), leaf inclination or curvature and the area of the canopy visible to the sensor. RLAI, evaluated on simulated and laboratory-derived data, was sensitive to canopy geometry but, like LAI, suffered from a high measurement error. Primarily as a result of error in these data sets reflectance was similarly correlated to both RLAI and LAI and therefore RLAI offered no advantage over LAI for the measurement of vegetation amount. It was concluded that future formulations of RLAI should be more complex and accurate.

Resurvey of Bore Hole at Dye 3, South Greenland

AbstractThe 2037 m deep bore hole at Dye 3 in south Greenland was surveyed in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1986. The directional surveys show the ice flow is planar with a surface velocity of 12.2m/year at an azimuth of 060°, which agrees with surface velocity measured by navigation satellites. Measurements of hole diameter and inclination are highly correlated with dust content in the ice. The temperature measurements show strong convection in the hole fluid with a cell height of about 20 m and an amplitude of 0.1 K. The calculated mean in-situ ice density is 921.3 ± 1.5kg/m3. Due to ice deformation, the lowest 4 m of the hole were not accessible in 1985 and the lowest 180 m were not accessible in 1986.

Resurvey of Bore Hole at Dye 3, South Greenland

AbstractThe 2037 m deep bore hole at Dye 3 in south Greenland was surveyed in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1986. The directional surveys show the ice flow is planar with a surface velocity of 12.2m/year at an azimuth of 060°, which agrees with surface velocity measured by navigation satellites. Measurements of hole diameter and inclination are highly correlated with dust content in the ice. The temperature measurements show strong convection in the hole fluid with a cell height of about 20 m and an amplitude of 0.1 K. The calculated meanin-situice density is 921.3 ± 1.5kg/m3. Due to ice deformation, the lowest 4 m of the hole were not accessible in 1985 and the lowest 180 m were not accessible in 1986.

Inclination measurement using a luminance change.

An inclination measurement method of a TV camera against a wall plane is studied by applying a photometric stereo system. In this system, the TV camera, which is used for the vision of a robot, and a light source are rotated together. The luminance of the surface with various smoothnesses is analyzed in relation to the rotation angle, and it is presented that the inclination is obtained by fitting the data of the luminance and the rotation angle to a curve of secondary degree. Then, a random error is formularized, and is shown to be inverse to the rotation angle. Furthermore, measurement accuracy is given as 1.5° by experiments using a screen and a concrete wall.

Measurement of government budget deficit and fiscal stance in a less developed economy: The case of Tanzania, 1966–1984

The use of the conventional government budget deficit as a measure of fiscal inclination and fiscal impact, as has been the case in Tanzania, has been strongly criticized in the literature. Using alternative measures of the government budget deficit this paper indicates that — contrary to the common view of consistent fiscal expansionism — the government has pursued both expansionary and contractionary fiscal stances. The paper notes that the government's contractionary fiscal stance in the 1970s was able to arrest Tanzania's inflation and external imbalances. Since 1979, however, the phenomenon has changed as the economy has experienced a severe foreign exchange crisis and quantity constraints in the goods sector. Accordingly, the relevance of adopting the cyclically adjusted budget framework which may facilitate the coordination of government supply-side responses with the need for financial discipline has been underlined. However, as the paper further demonstrates, the choice of cyclical adjustment ratios and of potential GDP growth rate is important if either the unsustainability of the cyclically adjusted budget magnitudes or undue deflation are to be averted.

Strata deformation measurements on longwall coalfaces and their implications for design of powered support systems

Recent developments in powered supports on British longwall faces include the advent of lemniscate designs, increased setting and yield loads, larger maximum extraction heights and a consequent rise in weight and cost. There was a requirement to examine the relevance of existing strata control theory to modern conditions. Measurements on five longwall coalfaces at four British collieries are described. Accurate measurements of support pressures, closures and inclinations, roof/floor convergence and lateral movement and hydraulic supply parameters were made with a digital data logging system. At one site magnetic extensometers were utilized to measure face and roof strains. Consideration of measured roof dilation and reclosure in conjunction with convergence provides a new perspective on the deformation mechanisms involved. The most important parameters governing strata conditions were identified as proximate lithology, foundation characteristics and adequate setting load densities. Recommendations are made regarding choice, design and operation of powered supports.

High‐accuracy distance and inclination measurement using slit‐ray projection method

AbstractThe slit‐ray projection has been used widely as a method of meauring the distance and the inclination of the TV camera in regard to the object. In this method, the image is sampled and quantized into several hundreds pixels square, and the center position of the slit‐ray projection is determined by the data processing to determine the distance and the inclination. In earlier methods, however, the unit in the measurement of the center position has been one pixel, and the measurement accuracy is restricted to the same order as the range of measurement divided by the number of pixels. Consequently, the method has been difficult to apply to the case where a higher accuracy is required. This paper presents a slit‐ray projection method where the center position can be determined with accuracy of less than one pixel, leading to the highly accurate measurement of the distance and the inclination. In the proposed method, the positions of more than three pixels in the slit‐ray projection as well as the gray level of the pixels are analyzed by the regression to the normal distribution using the least‐square method. It is shown that the center position can be determined with a high accuracy of 0.05 pixel. A correction method is also presented, where the slit‐ray is shifted vertically by a specified distance, and the center position is determined accurately. By this scheme, the image plane length and the image distortion can be determined. By combining those ideas, it is shown by an experiment that the proposed measurement for the distance and the inclination can realize approximately 10 times higher accuracy, compared with the traditional methods.

Latitudinal extent of the heliospheric current sheet and modulation of galactic cosmic rays

The possible relation between changes in the maximum heliographic latitude of the heliospheric current sheet during solar maximum and cosmic ray modulation has been investigated. A causal relation between the intensity of galactic cosmic rays and the inclination or maximum latitude of the current sheet is an important feature of the gradient drift model. The maximum latitudinal extent in the northern and southern solar hemispheres during 1976–1982 was determined from current sheet contours at the solar source surface (2.5 solar radii) derived by Stanford University by extrapolating the photospheric magnetic fields into the corona using potential theory. The maxima in the north and south were found to be reasonably symmetrical about the solar equator except for an interval of about one year near sunspot maximum when the sun's polar caps were reversing. It was therefore possible to take the difference between the maximum latitudes in the north and south as a measure of current sheet inclination. The latitude difference so derived showed the evolution of the current sheet to high latitudes near sunspot maximum with a subsequent return to lower inclinations, but with reversed polarity, following maximum. In addition to this general behavior, a number of episodes occurred in which the latitude difference changed significantly over intervals of one year or less. When the changing latitude differences from 1976 through 1982 were compared with Deep River neutron monitor observations (corresponding to cosmic rays with E ≥ 1 GeV), a significant correlation was found. Changes in maximum latitude also correlate well with cosmic ray measurements being made at lower energies (E &gt; 200 MeV) by Pioneer 10 between 10 and 30 AU. The correlation is improved by introducing a delay corresponding to the time required for the solar wind to propagate from the sun to the spacecraft. The sensitivity of the cosmic ray intensity to changes in the current sheet is significantly different before and after the reversal in the polar cap and heliospheric magnetic field, the sensitivity being enhanced after the reversal when the field is inward in the north. The existence of this correlation and its sensitivity to the polarity of the solar heliospheric field provide significant support for the gradient drift model of cosmic ray modulation.

Object recognition sensor using ring pattern method for robotic applications

AbstractTo provide robots with a flexibility of operation, it is necessary to develop a sensor which can recognize the distance to the object as well as its surface shape. This paper investigates the robot sensor using the ring pattern method, where a circular pattern is projected on the object and the location and the shape of the object is recognized by analyzing the distortion of the projected pattern. In the proposed system, a conical beam is projected from a ring projector, and by varying the azimuth angle of the cone, both the distance and the shape are recognized. The distance to the object is determined utilizing the geometrical relation when the beam is focused to a point on the object surface. For the shape, the ring pattern is approximated by ellipses, and the shape is analyzed by the distributions of this parameter. The three‐dimensional data are obtained from the distortion of the projected pattern from the circle, which would have been obtained by projecting the light on a plane which is parallel to the projector plane and passing through the point of the measured distance. The measurement is made by scanning the beam on the object, and the result of recognition for the whole object is represented by the surface patching. An experimental system was constructed based on the proposed principle, using 6 projectors. A satisfactory result was obtained for the measurements of distance, shape and inclination of the plane. Using a book as the object, a grid scanning is made and the result is represented by the surface patching. It is seen that the edge and the curve of the paper can be recognized.

Spatial position of mandibular third molars in monozygotic twins.

Measurement of anterior and medial inclinations of third molars from 10 to 18 years of age in monozygotic twins finds a consistent pattern of uprighting, with high correlations within twin pairs indicative of strong genetic influence.