Inclination In Relation Research Articles

Paleoclimatic implications of a vascular plant from the lowermost Itararé Group

Plant fossils serve as critical proxies for interpreting past climates and environments, offering insights into the history of biosphere and climatic conditions. Here we describe a large tracheophyte cast, as well as the sedimentological settings in which it is preserved, expanding the paleobotanical database of the Itararé Group and contributing to the understanding of the LPIA in the Paraná Basin. This fossil occurs in Ponta Grossa, Paraná state, Brazil, within sedimentary levels interpreted as glacially dominated and deposited during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). The plant macrofossil is preserved as a cast, and the log is vertically oriented with a slight inclination in relation to the bedding plane. Taphonomic data indicate an allochthonous preservation, suggesting that the log was transported from inland areas to a plain before final burial. The identification of the tracheophyte cast within these glacial beds suggests that even in a dominantly glacial context, there were periods of episodic climatic amelioration. This finding implies that the climatic conditions during the Mississippian were not uniformly harsh, allowing the growth of vegetation as represented by the reported tracheophyta.

A Photographic Approach Studying the Orientation of the occlusal plane of the Malaysian Population. A Proposal for an Orienting Device

The occlusal plane is crucial in prosthodontic reconstructive treatment as it affects the most important factors for the proper functioning of the artificial prostheses. The achievement of correct occlusal plane position offers maximum aesthetic, phonetic, mastication, and patient’s satisfaction. An incorrectly oriented occlusal plane interferes with denture stability and retention, in addition to more vital functions of the teeth and oral cavity. This study used a photographic approach to determine the occlusal plane inclination in relation to some anatomical references. 95 young volunteers of Mahsa University College, aged between 20 and 25 years, were selected for this study. The participants were selected according to specific inclusion criteria. A standardized digital profile and front images were taken for each participant using a digital camera that is fixed on a tripod with the fox bite plane placed on the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary teeth. The angle amplitude of the reference planes in relation to the occlusal plane was measured using a digital protractor on the screen display. The results revealed that the least mean angle difference was with the AT1, while higher variability was found using the Frankfort plane. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two genders or among the three ethnic groups. It is concluded that the photographic method can be used successfully to study the occlusal plane, and the lowest point of the tragus is the best posterior reference point to determine the ideal location of the occlusal plane.

Perturbations of Zonal and Tesseral Harmonics on Frozen Orbits of Charged Satellites

The objective of this research is to address the issue of frozen orbits in charged satellites by incorporating geopotential zonal harmonics up to J6 and the initial tesseral harmonics. The employed model starts from the first normalized Hamiltonian to calculate specific sets of long-term frozen orbits for charged satellites. To explore the frozen orbits acquired, a MATHEMATICA CODE is developed. The investigation encompasses extensive variations in orbit altitudes by employing the orbital inclination and argument of periapsis as freezing parameters. The determined ranges ensuring frozen orbits are derived from the generated figures. Three-dimensional presentations illustrating the freezing inclination in relation to eccentricity, argument of periapsis, and semi-major axis parameters are presented. Additional three-dimensional representations of the phase space for the eccentricity vector and its projection onto the nonsingular plane are examined. In all investigated scenarios, the impacts of electromagnetic (EM) field perturbations on the freezing parameters of a charged satellite are demonstrated.

Influence of Crown-Implant Ratio and Implant Inclination on Marginal Bone Loss around Dental Implants Supporting Single Crowns in the Posterior Region: A Retrospective Clinical Study.

The aim of this present record-based retrospective study was to investigate the influence of the crown-implant ratio (CIR) and implant inclination in relation to the occlusal plane on the marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants supporting single crowns in the posterior region of the jaws. All the cases of implant-supported single crowns in the premolar and molar regions were initially considered for inclusion. Only implants not lost, with baseline radiographs taken within 12 months after implant placement and with a minimum of 36 months of radiological follow-up, were considered for the analysis of MBL. Univariate linear regression models were used to compare MBL over time between 12 clinical covariates, after which a linear mixed-effects model was built. After the exclusion of 49 cases, a total of 316 implant-supported single crowns in 234 patients were included. The results from the statistical models suggested that implant inclination and anatomical- and clinical CIR (the main related factors investigated in the study) were not statistically significantly related to MBL over time. Age (older people), tooth region (premolar), and bruxism (bruxers) had a statistically significant influence on MBL over time.

Three-Dimensional Orientation of the Native Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The aim of this study was to describe the three-dimensional orientation of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by calculating the angles of inclination in relation to the axial plane which is given for the knee joint line in a group of healthy individuals. These could help to establish guidelines that may be used for the surgical positioning of bone tunnels during ACL reconstruction. A total of 290 MRI scans of patients with integrity of the ACL were evaluated; three observers identified the coordinates of the femoral and tibial insertion sites, then it is defined the vector and evaluated its angles with respect to axial axis and calculated the angles with trigonometric equations. The data were analyzed according to the age, sex, side, BMI, and height of the patients, and the interobserver reliability was calculated. The patient demographics were as follows: age average: 45 years old, BMI average: 27.1, 54% right knees, and 60% female. The average angle for all the measurements was 76.95 degrees (SD ± 6.8 degrees) in the sagittal plane, 81.65 degrees (SD ± 7.79 degrees) in the coronal plane and 33.17 degrees (SD ± 4.98 degrees) in the axial plane. No statistically significant differences were found between the categorical variables mentioned; moderate to substantial interobserver reliability strength was found with an average kappa of 0.791 for all measurements. The three-dimensional orientation of the native ACL in a group of healthy individuals was established. The findings can be helpful for performing anatomical reconstructions of the ACL in injured patients using as reference the average calculated angles, or measure of the contralateral non-injured knee for surgical planning; these results serve as a basis for the design of a technique that optimizes the three-dimensional position of the ACL when it undergoes reconstruction in the trend toward greater precision for better functional results. Biomechanical and clinical-surgical studies are required to further evaluate our results.

An assessment of perception of attractive profiles after altering tooth inclination and mandibular anterior repositioning on the photographs

Facial profile disharmonies in the anteroposterior (AP) position of the mandible is among the most frequent reasons that patients seek orthodontic treatment. Although previous studies of profile esthetics have mainly focused on the position or the inclination of the maxillary incisors in profile views with normal mandibular positions, to our knowledge, no studies have yet evaluated the esthetic effects of maxillary incisor inclination in relation to different mandibular positions in male and female individuals for smile profile. The objective of this study is to evaluate the significant relationship between preferred tooth position in relation to different mandibular positions in male and female subjects’ smile profiles. A right lateral profile and frontal view photograph with the patient in a natural head position. Smile parameters will be evaluated and recorded. These smiling photographs will be altered using a commercially available image editing software program (Adobe Photoshop CS, version 8.0; Adobe Systems). The number of photographs that will be available after alteration and given to the judges to rate the attractiveness of each. The data thus obtained will be put to significant statistical analysis and the results thus obtained will be carried out to achieve the aim and objective of the study.

Variants of the design of the dentition of the anterior segments with a progenic and prognathic ratio of edentulous jaws

Objective: To improve the prosthetic and aesthetic treatment of patients with complete absence of teeth, taking into account the development of an algorithm for determining the size of the sagittal gap of the frontal segments against the background of a progenic or prognathic ratio of the jaws and their combinations. Methods: A method of mathematical modeling based on digital data of the distance between the tops of the alveolar ridges of the frontal areas of the edentulous jaws has been developed using a designed measuring device. Results: The results of digital calculations based on the determination of the root-mean-square deviation of the interalveolar lines revealed a different amount of bends and configurations of the interalveolar gaps and median arches common to both parts of the frontal segments. Five main variants of the interalveolar fissure and 26 cases of symmetric or asymmetric arrangement of the tops of the alveolar ridges of the right and left sides were obtained. Accordingly, the divergence angles for each pair in the projection of the missing teeth had their own characteristics, which must be taken into account when deciding on the choice of tooth placement in each specific case. Conclusions: Based on the obtained digital interpolation ratios of the interalveolar lines and the angles of their inclination in relation to the midline, the anterior teeth are placed taking into account the level of the sagittal gap, the parameters of which have different levels of symmetry or asymmetry on the right and left sides.

Selected muscle tone and asymmetry of the occlusal plane in case of intracapsular temporomandibular joint disorder

ABSTRACT Objective: To discover the extent of the connection between occlusal plane asymmetry and the rest tone of the four muscle groups of the orofacial region with temporomandibular joint pathology.Methods: Eighty-seven subjects were divided into two groups. The following methods were applied: clinical examination, roentgenological examination, and electromyography. Data were evaluated and statistically analyzed.Results: The variability of occlusal plane inclination in relation to the porion plane was 0–4.6º.The tonus of masseter muscle was higher in the experimental group: 1.45 mV more than in the control group: 1.23 mV (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Asymmetry of the occlusal plane inclination was found for nearly all subjects in both groups. It can be compensated for by adaptation mechanisms and does not cause temporomandibular joint disorders. Undertaken research shows the existence of a proven correlation between TMJ disorders and the resting tonus of the masseter muscle.

Influence of kinematics and incidence angles on the cutting efficiency of two single-file nickel-titanium rotary instruments.

To compare the cutting efficiency of F6 Sky Taper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC) with different kinematics and cutting inclinations. Cutting efficiency of 80 new F6ST and OC was tested at 90° and 70° inclination in relation to the sample, in continuous rotation and reciprocation, against standardised gypsum samples for 120 seconds using a customised device. Data expressed as weight loss and length of the sample cut were analysed using two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey t‐test (P<.05). F6ST showed significantly higher cutting efficiency in reciprocation, while OC in continuous rotation. Regardless of inclination, F6ST showed statistically higher values than OC in reciprocation, while OC exhibited higher cutting ability in continuous rotation. The 70° inclination significantly improved the cutting efficiency of both files. Reciprocation improved the cutting efficiency of F6ST while continuous rotation enhanced cutting ability of OC. An inclined insertion improved the cutting ability, independently from the movement.

Morphometric analysis of the mandibular fossa in dentate and edentulous patients: A cone beam computed tomography study

Statement of problemMandibular fossa roof thickness and lateral inclination could be associated with the presence of bone changes in the mandibular condyle in dentate and edentulous patients. However, literature regarding the relationship between the presence and absence of teeth and the morphologic features of the temporomandibular joint is lacking. This knowledge could provide a better understanding of changes affecting the correct functioning of the stomatognathic system. PurposeThe purpose of this clinical study was to assess the mandibular fossa roof thickness and lateral inclination in relation to sex, presence or absence of teeth, and bone changes in the mandibular condyle through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and methodsCBCT scans of 100 individuals (50 dentate and 50 edentulous) were evaluated in terms of mandibular fossa roof thickness and lateral inclination. Bone changes in the mandibular condyle were classified dichotomously in relation to osteophytes, erosion, sclerosis, and flattening. Differences were assessed with the Student t test, the chi-square test, and 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey post hoc tests (α=.05). ResultsSex was not related to mandibular fossa measurements. Edentulous participants showed a higher mandibular fossa lateral inclination (P<.001) and lower roof thickness (P=.001) than dentate participants. When the association between bone changes in the mandibular condyle was evaluated in dentate and edentulous groups, only sclerosis showed a statistically significant association (P<.001). The 2-way ANOVA showed that the mandibular fossa roof thickness was lower in edentulous participants in the presence of flattening and erosion and that the mandibular fossa lateral inclination was higher in the presence of osteophytes, erosion, and sclerosis (P<.001). Among dentate participants, the mandibular fossa lateral inclination was higher in the presence of flattening (P=.024). ConclusionsMandibular fossa roof thickness and lateral inclination are not associated with sex. However, tooth absence and bone changes in the mandibular condyle are related to mandibular fossa measurements.

The effect of the sagittal plane osteotomy inclination on the posterior tibial slope in medial open wedge HTO: experimental study with a square column model

BackgroundMedial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an effective and safe treatment method for medial osteoarthritis of the knee. However, unintended changes in the posterior tibial slope (PTS) may occur. Several factors cause PTS alterations after medial open-wedge HTO; however, research on sagittal-plane osteotomy inclination (SPOI) in relation to the PTS is sparse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the SPOI affects changes in the PTS after medial open-wedge HTO. The hypothesis was that an SPOI parallel to the PTS causes no change in the PTS after medial open-wedge HTO.MethodsA square column model with a 10° posterior slope was produced using two three-dimensional (3D) programs and a 3D printer. Then, a series of medial open-wedge HTO procedures was performed on the square column model through virtual simulation using the two 3D programs, and an actual simulation was conducted using a 3D printer, a testing machine and a measurement system. The SPOI was divided into four types: ① SPOI 20° (posterior-inclined 10° osteotomy), ② SPOI 10° (osteotomy parallel to posterior slope), ③ SPOI 0° (anterior-inclined 10° osteotomy), and ④ SPOI − 10° (anterior-inclined 20° osteotomy). The correction angle was increased at intervals of 5° from 0° to 30°. The change in posterior slope was measured in the sagittal plane.ResultsThe posterior slope was increased in SPOI 20° (posterior-inclined 10° osteotomy), maintained in SPOI 10° (osteotomy parallel to posterior slope), and decreased in SPOI 0° (anterior-inclined 10° osteotomy) and SPOI − 10° (anterior-inclined 20° osteotomy) based on the correction angle.ConclusionsIn this study using a square column model, the SPOI affected the change in the PTS, and an SPOI parallel to the PTS caused no change in the PTS after medial open-wedge HTO.

Development and Theoretical Study of the Impact of the Working Body on the Soil

The article discusses the features of the process of interaction of the blades of the teeth of the disk working body with the cultivated soil. If we take into account the fact that the parameters of the intensity of the impact exerted on the soil by the toothed working body will depend on the speed of movement, it will be possible to determine the values of the speed of an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth. As a result of mathematical transformations and the application of the method of differentiation of the equation of their displacement, a formula was obtained for calculating the cutting speed for an arbitrary point of the blade of the teeth of a disk working body. Also, the acceleration of the points under consideration is determined and the dependences obtained as a result of theoretical studies are analyzed. The dependences demonstrate that the parameters of the impact speed and the trajectory of the blade movement directly depend on the shape of the cutting edge. They are also influenced by the angle of attack, the value of the inclination in relation to the vertical, as well as the speed of the planter movement. After analyzing the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is a noticeable decrease in the throwing of the upper soil layer to the side and the removal of the lower layer to the open surface of the field when exposed to a disk working body with teeth around the perimeter.

Cutting efficiency of heat-treated nickel-titanium single-file systems at different incidence angles.

Cutting efficiency of Reciproc R25 (REC) and Reciproc blue R25 (REB) at different inclinations was evaluated. Sixty new files were tested at 90°, 70° and 45° of inclination in relation to the sample (n=10), using a customised machine. All files were activated in reciprocation against standardised gypsum blocks for 120s. Cutting efficiency was determined by measuring the block weight loss with an analytical balance and measuring the length of the block surface cut using a digital calliper. Data were statistically analysed (two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni t-test) with the significance level set at P<0.05. There was no difference for REC among the tested angles. REB had no statistical difference between 90° and 70°; however, its cutting efficiency significantly increased at 45°. There was a significant difference between REC and REB at 45° only. Under these conditions, increased file inclination to 45° and blue heat treatment improved cutting efficiency of reciprocating files.

Flexible riser-bend stiffener top connection analytical model with I-tube

The flexible riser top connection to the floating unit is a critical region considering extreme loading and fatigue lifetime assessment and is generally protected by a bend stiffener to limit the curvature in this region. The top connection usually interface the floating unit with two main configurations: i) end-fitting and bend stiffener directly connected to a riser balcony or ii) riser connected to the floating unit in the end of an I-tube, which reduces the end-fitting bending loading, and bend stiffener assembled to a bellmouth with a given inclination in relation to the I-tube longitudinal axis. The traditional modeling approach considers the riser/bend stiffener system attached to the floating unit, representative of the first configuration. A more realistic modeling approach, capturing the complex interactions of flexible riser/bend stiffener with I-tube interface can be employed for preliminary assessment with less conservatism. In this work, a large deflection analytical beam model is developed for the riser top connection with I-tube considering the bellmouth transition region with a straight rigid surface followed by a curved section. The riser follows a nonlinear bending behavior described by a bilinear moment vs curvature function and the bend stiffener polyurethane material exhibits nonlinear elastic symmetric response represented by a power law function. It is assumed that there is no gap between the riser and the bend stiffener and the riser is fixed in the end-fitting position. The mathematical formulation of the statically indeterminate system results in three systems of coupled differential equations combined with the corresponding multipoint boundary conditions to be numerically solved by an iterative procedure. A case study is carried out with a 7” flexible riser protected by a bend stiffener connected to an inclined I-tube bellmouth. The system is subjected to extreme loading conditions and the influence of the sleeve shape and I-tube length on the riser curvature distribution, including the end-fitting position, and contact forces between the riser/sleeve and riser/bend stiffener sections are assessed.

Cutting efficiency of conventional and heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary or reciprocating glide path instruments.

To compare the cutting efficiency of several glide path files: HyFlex EDM Glidepath File (HEGF), One G (OG), R-Pilot (RP) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WOGG) at different cutting inclinations. Cutting efficiency of 120 new HEGF, OG, RP and WOGG was tested at 90°, 70° and 45° inclination in relation to the sample. Depending on manufacturer instructions, instruments were tested in continuous rotation or reciprocating motion against standardized gypsum samples for 120s using a customized apparatus. Cutting efficiency was determined by measuring the weight loss and the length of the sample cut. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey t-test (P<0.05). RP and WOGG had greater cutting ability than HEGF and OG in all tested angles. RP tested at 45° had significantly greater cutting efficiency than when tested at 90° and 70° (P<0.05). OG was not significantly different in terms of cutting ability at 90°, 70° and 45° (P>0.05). HEGF and WOGG had significantly greater cutting efficiency at 45° and 70° compared to 90° (P<0.05), with no significant difference between 45° and 70° (P>0.05). RP had the greatest cutting ability at all tested angles. Reciprocating glide path instruments had greater cutting efficiency compared to those in continuous rotation. An inclined insertion (45° or 70°) increased the cutting ability of glide path files except for One G conventional NiTi files.

Mandibular symphysis morphology in different skeletal malocclusions and its correlation with uvulo-glossopharyngeal structures

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate mandibular symphyseal morphology and its relationship with uvulo-glossopharyngeal structures in patients who had a range of sagittal malocclusions. Methods: The study sample consisted of 100 patients who presented with Class I, Class II div. 1, Class II div. 2, or Class III malocclusions. Skeletal, dental, symphyseal, and uvulo-glossopharyngeal measurements were evaluated on cephalograms. Results: As the vertical growth of the mandibular symphysis increased, the ANB angle and the IMPA and soft palate length and thickness decreased, whereas, the SNB angle and RgnH increased significantly. In addition, as the symphysis inclination in relation to the mandibular plane increased, the IMPA and ANB angles increased, while tongue height decreased. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that there are relationships between mandibular symphysis morphology and the uvulo-glossopharyngeal structures and differences between sagittal skeletal malocclusions.

Lower Incisor Inclination in Relation to Head Posture, Tongue and Hyoid Positions

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between head posture, hyoid bone, tongue position and lower incisor inclination. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 98 subjects (35 males, 63 females), who had a mean age of 17.7 years in the permanent dentition and with a skeletal Class I relationship. Lower incisor inclination, craniovertical, craniocervical and craniohorizontal postural variables, tongue and hyoid position and airway measurements were evaluated on lateral cephalograms taken in natural head position. The study sample was divided into two groups according to lower incisor inclination (48 had IMPA&amp;lt;90 ⁰ with a mean degree of 88.09 and 50 had IMPA&amp;gt;90 ⁰ with a mean degree of 102.84) and a Student-t test was performed to compare and describe head posture, tongue and hyoid bone positions.Results: The subjects with upright incisors had a more posteriorly positioned hyoid bone relative to the mandibular symphysis compared with the subjects with flared incisors (p&amp;lt;0.05). Tongue length was greater in the flared incisor group than in the upright incisor group (p&amp;lt;0.05). In relation to head posture measurements, the upright incisor group had 3-3.5° larger cranio-cervical angles (NSL-OPT, NSL-CVT, NL-OPT, NL-CVT angles, p&amp;lt;0.05) than the flared incisor group. The airway measurements revealed no statistically significant difference between the groups.Conclusions: The position of the hyoid bone, tongue length and craniocervical head posture showed significant differences between upright and flared lower incisors.

Evaluation of lower anterior dental changes in patients treated with self-ligating brackets

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare changes in linear distance and inclination of lower incisors and canines and intercanine distance after a 30 months orthodontic treatment with self-ligating appliances. Seven patients were treated orthodontically with a Roth prescription passive self-ligating bracket. To perform the measurements and comparisons, CBCT scans were taken before the start of the orthodontic treatment (T1) and after a period of 30 months treatment (T2). The following measurements were performed: (1) the lower incisors and canines inclination in relation to the mandibular plane, (2) intercanine linear distance in millimeters and (3) linear distance in millimeters of the incisal and apical part of lower anterior teeth to a plane (POGM) passing through pogonion point and perpendicular to the mandibular plane. No significant difference were observed between T1 and T2 for canine inclination (p=0.835), incisors inclination (p=0.149), canine incisal distance to POGM (p=0.423) and incisors incisal distance to POGM (p=0.966), however canine apical distance (p=0.049) and incisors apical distance (p=0.002) to POGM was lower at T1 than at T2. The intercanine distance was significantly lower (p=0.022) at T1 when compared to T2. The use of passive self-ligating brackets in orthodontic treatment to solve 4mm tooth crowding were able to produce dental arch expansion by bodily tooth movement.

Study of the variability of scapular inclination and the glenoid version - considerations for preoperative planning: clinical-radiological study

BackgroundPreoperative planning with the aid of imaging methods is a principal factor in successful surgery on the shoulder. This work aims to evaluate the variability of glenoid version, spiralling twist and scapular inclination in relation to the frontal axis. Studies focusing on measuring the variability of scapular inclination in the standardised rest position are lacking in the literature.MethodsWe evaluated 104 CT scans of the shoulder. We measured the glenoid version with respect to the scapular axis at three levels. We measured the scapular inclination angle in relation to the sagittal plane and we determined scapular inclination in relation to the frontal axis. Statistical evaluation was performed using the marginal linear model and parameters were estimated using the generalised least squares method, which enables the dependency of measurements performed on the same subject to be taken into consideration.ResultsThe highest values of retroversion are attained by the glenoid in the cranial section (average -9.96°, range -29.7 to +13.2°). Proof of the spiralling twist is the decline in retroversion at the centre of the glenoid (average -2.09°, range -16.7 to +11.6°).Retroversion decreases further in the inferior direction (average -0.5°, range -20.9 to +17.5°). The average thoracoscapular angle is 45.46°, ranging from 13.1 to 69.0°. The average scapular inclination in relation to the frontal plane is 44.54°, ranging from 21.0 to76.9°.ConclusionsDuring preoperative planning, the surgeon should take into consideration not only the glenoid version in relation to the scapular axis, but also the value of the scapular inclination so as to eliminate possible surgical errors, optimise prosthesis implantation and thus decrease the risk of functional restrictions of the joint.Clinical trial registrationEthics Committee for Multi-Centric Clinical Trials (EK-554/14,29thApril 2014).

Assessment of the Nasopalatine Canal: an Anatomical Study

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the nasopalatine canal in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology.Materials and Methods:CBCT images of 63 Lebanese adult patients were included in this study. The length, shape, diameter of the oral opening corresponding to the incisive foramen and inclination in relation to the hard palate of the nasopalatine canal were analyzed.Results:Of all canals assessed, 13 were hourglass-shaped, 23 were cylindrical-shaped, 23 were funnel-shaped and 4 were spindle-shaped. The mean canal length and the incisive foramen anteroposterior diameter were respectively 11.52 mm and 4.91 mm. The average canal inclination related to the hard palate was 17.09 degrees.Conclusion:Within the limits of this study, we conclude that in Lebanese patients, the shape of the nasopalatine canal is variable. No statistical significance was noticed between genders except for the canal length which was found shorter in our female sample.