Incineration Techniques Research Articles

Review on purification and incineration of Maharasa varga: Unveiling the alchemical processes in Rasashastra

Rasashastra is a distinctive branch of Ayurveda that focuses on the pharmaceutics of medicines derived from minerals, metals, animal products, and more, classifying drugs into various groups. Following Rasa, the next crucial category of minerals is named Maharasa. The most valuable medications are characterized within the Maharasa group. Purification and incineration are essential processes in the field of Rasashastra; Maharasa Varga undergoes these processes to enhance its therapeutic potential. Purification involves multiple stages of soaking, rinsing, and drying the raw material to eliminate impurities and toxins. Each purification step aims to refine the mineral, resulting in a purified product. Incineration, or calcination, follows purification and subjects the material to controlled high temperatures, transforming it into ash. This process further eliminates impurities and enhances the chemical and energetic properties of the substance. The resulting ash is then utilized in Ayurvedic formulations for medicinal purposes. This article provides an overview of the purification and incineration techniques employed in the preparation of Maharasa Varga, offering insights into the unique practices of Rasashastra and their significance in Ayurvedic medicine.

Ecofriendly Synthesis of Waste-Tire-Derived Graphite Nanoflakes by a Low-Temperature Electrochemical Graphitization Process toward a Silicon-Based Anode with a High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery.

Here, the successful transformation of graphitic carbon with a high degree of graphitization and a nanoflake structure from pyrolytic tire carbon black was demonstrated. First, amorphous carbon black with a porous structure was obtained after pyrolysis and simple preacid treatments. Subsequently, the carbon black was converted into a highly graphitic structure at a relatively low temperature (850 °C) through a facile electrochemical route using molten salt, which is ecofriendly and has high potential for large-scale graphitization compared to conventional incineration techniques. Moreover, we further improved the crystallinity and uniformity of the product simultaneously by directly mixing the metal oxide catalyst Fe2O3 with a carbon precursor. The mechanism of this metal-catalyzed electrochemical graphitization has been discussed in detail. To confirm their potential in practical applications, the as-prepared graphitized nanoflakes were used as conductive additives for silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries, which showed a performance comparable to those utilizing commercial Super-P additives, exhibiting an initial Coulombic efficiency of approximately 79.7% and a high capacity retention of approximately 45.8% after 100 cycles with a reversible capacity of 1220 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 400 mA g-1. Hence, successfully recovered waste-tire-derived carbon black utilizing a low-temperature Fe2O3-catalyzed electrochemical process opens a pathway in low-temperature graphitization toward a sustainable value-added application in the field of energy storage.

Applicability Of Incineration Technology In Waste Management: Istanbul Case Study

The purpose of this study is to make a technological and financial forecast for the future construction of similar facilities based on feasibility data from the Istanbul Domestic Waste Incineration and Energy Production Facility, which was constructed to minimize environmental damage and give domestic solid wastes economic value, as opposed to storing and disposing of them. The study examined the initial investment and operating costs of the facility, the repayment time and profitability calculations, the financial and economic profitability of the project, and the cost and internal profitability rates for other waste disposal facilities to be established, in addition to comparisons with conventional waste management systems (storage or composting) and incineration techniques. By separating themselves as much as possible from conventional waste management systems, systems employing technological methods will be more realistic and cost-effective, both financially and in terms of the environment. To meet rising energy demands and lessen reliance on foreign sources, investments in sustainable renewable energy systems other than fossil fuels must be increased now. It is crucial to accelerate and support investments in environmentally friendly energy technologies through their development. This is the first study conducted in Turkey on obtaining energy by burning domestic solid waste as opposed to storing it.

Analysis of solid waste management scenarios using the WARM model: Case study

The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical global issue, due to the large amount of waste produced and the environmental impacts it can generate if they are managed improperly. The implementation of modern and efficient solutions, such as waste-to-energy technologies, are important for sustainable development, minimizing environmental impacts and producing renewable energy. MSW managers should use tools, such as scenario analysis, to assess management options more broadly and accurately. Thus, this study aims to analyze alternative scenarios using the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to find the best solutions for sustainable management of MSW in the city of Xangri-lá (southern Brazil). One hundred and fourteenth (114) scenarios were evaluated that included recycling, landfill (no gas recovery and with flare gas recovery) and Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies (landfill with biogas recovery for energy, anaerobic digestion, and incineration). Then, after obtaining the outputs of different scenarios simulated in WARM model, the statistical methods (Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Clustering Analysis and Correlation Analysis) were used for data analysis. In addition, an easy-of-use regression model was calibrated to predict intermediate scenarios not covered in the Design of Experiment. The results of this work suggest that the priority, most sustainable, and low-cost strategy for the city of Xangri-lá is to encourage and promote initiatives to gradually increase recycling rates. Afterwards, the biogas collection from the landfill for energy generation presents itself as a viable alternative, mainly in a short period of time. Finally, as long-term solutions, anaerobic digestion and incineration techniques must be implemented, mainly through the establishment of inter-municipal waste management consortia.

Escalating SARS-CoV-2 circulation in environment and tracking waste management in South Asia.

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an exceptional drift of production, utilization, and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) and different microplastic objects for safety against the virus. Hence, we reviewed related literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detected from household, biomedical waste, and sewage to identify possible health risks and status of existing laws, regulations, and policies regarding waste disposal in South Asian (SA) countries. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in sewage and wastewater samples of Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Besides, this review reiterates the enormous amounts of PPE and other single-use plastic wastes generated from healthcare facilities and households in the SA region with inappropriate disposal, landfilling, and/or incineration techniques wind-up polluting the environment. Consequently, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in sewer treatment plant in India. Moreover, the overuse of non-biodegradable plastics during the pandemic is deteriorating plastic pollution condition and causes a substantial health risk to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We recommend making necessary adjustments, adopting measures and strategies, and enforcement of the existing biomedical waste management and sanitation-related policy in SA countries. We propose to adopt the knowledge gaps to improve COVID-19-associated waste management and legislation to prevent further environmental pollution. Besides, the citizens should follow proper disposal procedures of COVID-19 waste to control the environmental pollution.

Numerical study of polyoxymethylene burning in a combustion reactor

The paper presents numerical results of polyoxymethylene burning behavior in a reactor. To estimate the effect of reactor geometry on polymer burning several configurations of a combustion reactor are introduced, which includes size variation of air inlet, reactor width (polymer sample width) and reactor height. A reactor is designed to allow air supply by natural convection. A mathematical model developed resolves primary features of combustion process such as multicomponent reacting gas flow, heat and mass transfer, radiative heat transfer, gas phase combustion and polymer pyrolysis. A set of air-to-fuel ratios is obtained to provide input for cases arranged for studying the efficiency of various municipal solid waste (especially polymers) incineration techniques. The paper presents hydrodynamic and thermal parameters distribution in a combustion chamber, which displays distinct two-dimensional nature of combustion process. Combustion of polymer in a reactor is shown to proceed in diffusion regime. The global balance shifts towards air excess.

Purification, Detoxification, and Incineration Methods of Minerals and Metals in Traditional Medicine Formulations of Sri Lanka.

Background Herbo-mineral therapies are very popular in traditional medical systems and formulations consisting of specific minerals or metals or mixture of both and mixed with organic components derived from plants. Purification/detoxification or incineration procedures play an important role to detoxify these and metals and minerals. Objective In the present review, an attempt was made to gather herbo-mineral formulations which are used commonly in traditional medicinal systems in Sri Lanka and recapitulate the purification/detoxification or incineration techniques. Method Commonly used herbo-mineral formulations are collected from a text book of Vatikaaprakarana. However, the purification/detoxification and incineration techniques for all minerals/metals are not mentioned in Vatikaaprakarana, and these techniques were collected from journal articles published between 1st January 2000 and 1st June 2020 through searching PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, USA), Science Direct (RELX Group, Netherlands), and Semantic Scholar (Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, USA). Results Ten herbo-mineral formulations were selected, and purification/detoxification or incineration techniques were described in brief for copper sulphate, aluminum sulfate, borex powder, sulphur, sodium chloride, cinnabar, arsenicals, realgar, orpiment, ammonium chloride, magnesium silicate, zinc, and mercury. Conclusion The review has demonstrated different types of purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of minerals used in herbo-mineral preparations. In addition, there is an urgent need for comprehensive survey or evaluation to check whether purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of metals/minerals are practiced properly in the country.

Methane potentials and organic matter characterization of wood fibres from pulp and paper mills: The influence of raw material, pulping process and bleaching technique

During the process of pulp- and papermaking, large volumes of fibre-rich primary sludge are generated. Anaerobic digestion of primary sludge offers a substantial potential for methane production as an alternative approach to the inefficient energy recoveries by commonly used incineration techniques. However, a systematic study of the importance of upstream process techniques for the methane potential of pulp fibres is lacking. Therefore, biochemical methane potentials were determined at mesophilic conditions for 20 types of fibres processed by a variety of pulping and bleaching techniques and from different raw materials. This included fibres from kraft, sulphite, semi-chemical, chemical thermo-mechanical (CTMP) and thermo-mechanical pulping plants and milled raw wood. The pulping technique was clearly important for the methane potential, with the highest potential achieved for kraft and sulphite fibres (390–400 Nml CH4 g VS−1). For raw wood and CTMP, hardwood fibres gave substantially more methane than the corresponding softwood fibres (240 compared to 50 Nml CH4 g VS−1 and 300 compared to 160 Nml CH4 g VS−1, respectively). Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of the organic content demonstrated that the relative lignin content of the fibres was an important factor for methane production, and that an observed positive effect of bleaching on the methane potential of softwood CTMP fibres was likely related to a higher degree of deacetylation and improved accessibility of the hemicellulose. In conclusion, fibres from kraft and sulphite pulping are promising substrates for methane production irrespective of raw material or bleaching, as well as fibres from CTMP pulping of hardwood.

Public hygiene and funeral rituals during the Risorgimento: mummies and ashes

Starting in 1865, regulations pursuant to public hygiene issued by the Unitary Government provided for administrative and political control of the funerary practice. Specifically, they regulated the management of cemeteries...

The Holocaust, the Human Corpse and the Pursuit of Utter Oblivion

The purpose of this article is to show that the current incineration techniques of corpses are directly related to the Holocaust itself and its purposes. It is the same technique which, in the inhuman years of Nazi atrocities, was developed to be applied massively against the Jewish people and the other groups, because as a method it served and expressed both politically and ideologically the plan of a “final solution:” the final “dis-solution,” the disappearance of the human body even as a residue, because the human body, even as a corpse, still retains identity and value. The findings of this study suggest a different analysis of the Nazis’ choice to eliminate the corpses of the Jews, while, at the same time, exploring the original approach offered here helps to understand better the value that the human corpse retains. Many social and religious groups that currently refuse to accept this way of managing human corpses become more understandable in their choice not to accept what nature itself denies but modern technique imposes, namely perfect oblivion, extinction of the corpse. Initially, it is presented in historical and intercultural terms in which ways human societies mainly behave towards the human corpse along with the most prevalent funeral burial customs. Subsequently, the semiology of the human corpse is evaluated in terms of philosophical aesthetics and is included in the corresponding aesthetic categories. Finally, this work airs and analyzes new bioethical issues which arise considering this ever-increasing tendency towards the practice of those responsible for the Holocaust, namely the disappearance of the human corpse.

Pollution potential of the wastes of used oil treatment plants and their possible remediation techniques

In this research, wastes of used oil treatment plants have been studied for their pollution potential and geotechnical characteristics. A random sampling plan was used to collect 11 samples from the dump site. Moreover, statistical analysis indicated that six samples were required to prepare a representative sample for the wastes. Thus, a mixed sample was prepared to determine moisture content, pH, Atterberg limits and density of the waste. The analysis of organic compounds and heavy metals showed the presence of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and Barium as the main pollutants. The results also showed waste as a fine-grained soil heavily contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. The mean concentration of TPH was more than 216 g/kg, which is 832, 108 and 433 times greater than the acceptable cleanup levels for diesel range organics, oil range organics and TPH, respectively. Nevertheless, heavy metals concentrations are lower than proposed cleanup levels for industrial area. The moisture content, pH, liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index and density of the mixed sample were 12.26%, 9.6, 25.91, 15.83, 10.08 and 1.22 g/cm3, respectively. After that, several remediation techniques were evaluated to propose the best one based on the physical and chemical properties of the waste, the applicability of the method and implementation costs. Finally, solidification/stabilization technique using organophilic clay as the stabilizer, incineration and bioremediation techniques was recommended for cleanup of the site.

Corrosion performance of Cr3C2-NiCr+0.2%Zr coated super alloys under actual medical waste incinerator environment

Incineration techniques are widely used to dispose of various types of waste which lead to formation of very corrosive environment. Such corrosive environment leads to the degradation of the alloys used in these areas. To obviate this problem, zirconium modified Cr3C2-(NiCr) coating powder has been deposited on three superalloys namely Superni 718, Superni 600 and Superco 605 using Detonation gun technique. Corrosion test was conducted in actual medical waste incinerator environment. The samples were hung inside the secondary chamber operated at 1050°C for 1000h under cyclic condition. Corrosion kinetics was monitored using the weight gain measurements and thickness loss. Corrosion products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. It was observed that coating is found to be successful in impeding the corrosion problem in superalloys.

Arka and its pharmaceutical attributes in Indian alchemy (Rasashastra): A comprehensive review

Rasashastra, a branch of Ayurvedic system of medicine, deals with the pharmaceutical procedures of drugs of metallic, mineral and poisonous origin. These drugs are processed by some unique prescribed pharmaceutical techniques including Shodhana (purification process), Jarana (incineration) and Marana (calcination) that renders them fit for internal administration. Some specific groups of drugs of herbal origin viz. Marak gana (group of calcifying herbs), Dugdha varga (group of latex bearing plants), etc. are used for these procedures which primly include medicinal plants.Arka, (Calotropis procera Ait. and Calotropis gigantea L.R.Br.) one of such plant from the semi-poisonous group finds manifold usage in these purification procedures and incineration techniques for many Rasaushadhis. Still, single hand information on the collective information regarding the use of Arka in various processing techniques in Rasashastra is deficient. Hence, a thorough review from available 37 texts related to Rasashastra was made and the necessary supplementary references of nano particles was found out through available resources from internet. After a critical analysis, a total of 133 references were found wherein the usage of Arka has been highlighted in different pharmaceutical processes in texts of Rasashastra. Among them, thirty eight are related to procedures of shodhana and marana of Parada (mercury), nineteen deal with procedures concerned with Maharasa, six and three respectively in case of Uparasa and Sadharana (mineral origin) rasa along with fifty five processing techniques of varied dhatus (metals).Â

Textile Sludge Management by Incineration Technique

The rapid growth of textile industry in Bangladesh plays an important role in economic development. The sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in textile units is considered hazardous as it is often contaminated with heavy metals of dyestuffs and chemicals. Currently, land filling is the most common practice for textile sludge disposal. Leaching of heavy metals from textile sludge is a growing concern in Bangladesh. This study attempts to find out an environment-friendly solution for the management of the textile sludge. In this study, sludge samples were collected from treatment plants of various textile units located at Savar, Gazipur and Narsingdi. An electric incinerator was designed, fabricated and installed for the incineration of textile sludge. The sludge samples were incinerated at 5000C, 7000C and finally at 8000C for different time intervals. The volume reduction of the sludge samples was nearly 80% at 8000C. The incineration techniques were used for volume reduction and destruction of the hazardous elements. The oven dried samples were powdered and mixed at various proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) with clay for making the ceramic products and also mixed with sand, cement and aggregates for making blocks for the stabilization of heavy metals in sludge. The properties of ceramic products such as firing shrinkage, bulk density, leaching of Heavy metals and the compressive strengths were evaluated. Incinerated ash samples were also used for ceramic tiles and block preparations. The concentrations of heavy metal in leachate from the stabilized sludge samples were very low. The compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption of the stabilized sludge and ash samples were examined and the results showed that up to 10% of the raw sludge and 10-20% ash samples could be used for stabilization and/or solidification and additionally, 80% volume reduction of the raw sludge could be obtained.

Fundamental Investigations into Performance of Carbon-Neutral Rice Husk Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material

Although the benefits of rice husk ash (RHA) as a pozzolan have been known for a long time, its use in concrete has been limited. Past efforts to produce RHA have yielded ashes, some with high carbon content and others with some crystalline silica, neither of which is desirable for use of RHA as a pozzolan. Within the past decade, the production of off-white-colored RHA containing high levels of amorphous silica and very little carbon has become possible through innovations in incineration techniques. Results are presented from a study conducted to ascertain the properties of a low-carbon-content RHA and evaluate it as a supplementary cementing material. In addition, the as-obtained RHA was ground to a smaller particle size to study the effect of finer ash on properties of cementitious mixtures. Specific tests conducted include pozzolanic reactivity and microstructure of RHA and other properties of cementitious pastes and mortars. These include flow, initial and final setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. In addition, other tests such as water absorption, effective porosity, and rapid chloride ion permeability were conducted to ascertain the improvements offered by RHA in enhancing durability of cementitious mixes. Comparative studies were conducted with silica fume mixes. Results from this study are very encouraging and suggest that RHA produced with a consistent quality (i.e., high amorphous silica content and low carbon content) can serve as an environmentally friendly and sustainable supplement for cementitious material needs in future; it can reduce the carbon footprint of concrete.

An investigation into the use of ionizing radiation for the destruction of sulphur mustard

Chemical warfare agents have been stockpiled for almost a decade and their destruction has become an environmental issue that will continue to require attention for many years. There are hundreds of thousands of tonnes yet to be destroyed, and the current chemical or incineration techniques are not without problems. While many researchers are seeking better chemical techniques, we decided to try ionizing radiation to destroy sulphur mustard with the goal of producing non-toxic products. We irradiated a variety of sulphur mustard samples by both a mixed field source (β, γ and neutrons) and a pure gamma source. The mixed field irradiation of wet sulphur mustard for long irradiation times was the most successful at destroying the chemical agent.

06/00515 Influence of intermittent heat source onadsorption ice maker using waste heat: Wang, D. C. and Wu, J. Y. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005,46, (6), 985–998

With the upgrading of living standards and rapid urbanization throughout the world, municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment has become a ubiquitous environmental issue. Incineration can reduce the quantity and volume of MSW, save land resources and generate power, and it has been considered an effective means of MSW treatment. However, a variety of obstacles to the development of the waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration industry have emerged. To identify and overcome these obstacles, this paper applies the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) framework to analyse the macro-environment of the WTE incineration industry in China. First, the MSW treatment status and treatment methods in China are summarized. Then, we analyse the PESTEL factors in the WTE incineration industry in China, including relevant legislation and policies, investment modes and intensity, the distribution and scale of investment, difficulties in MSW treatment and classification, public concerns, the various incineration techniques, environmental protection issues and the existing shortcomings. Finally, managerial implications and suggestions for the government and private sector regarding policy changes, the application of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode and efficient project operation are provided. It is expected to pave the way for private investors to finance such projects.

Assessment of technologies for disposing explosive waste

The environmental impact and safety aspects are assessed for six different techniques for disposing decommissioned ammunition. These are open burning and open detonation (OD), closed detonation (CD), fluidised bed combustion (FBC), rotary kiln (RK) Incineration, and Mobile furnace (MF) Incineration. The assessment is performed in the form of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Objectives for minimising environmental impact and risk are defined to enable selection of the “best” technology. A framework for comparing emissions of different air pollutants is proposed. Environmental impacts are described, especially air pollutants. The environmental impacts of traditional OB and OD can be drastically reduced using controlled incineration techniques in combination with high-pressure water washout. This enables the explosive contents to be separated from the casing, and simultaneously the explosive is transformed to a desensitised water-based slurry.

Incineration Techniques for Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions

A review of incineration techniques for control of volatile organic compound emissions is presented in two consecutive issues o/JAPCA. Part I presented an overview of the process including fundamentals and design considerations. Both thermal and catalytic incinerators were considered. Part IIpresents capital and annual operating cost estimates for both thermal and catalytic incinerator systems based on information received from a number of equipment manufacturers.

Incineration Techniques for Control of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Part I. Fundamentals and Process Design Considerations

A review of incineration techniques for control of volatile organic compound emissions is presented in two consecutive issues of JAPC A. Part I presents an overview of the process including fundamentals and design considerations. Both thermal and catalytic incincerators are considered. Part II will present capital and annual operating cost estimates for both thermal and catalytic incinerator systems based on information received from a number of equipment manufacturers.