Incidents Of Travel Research Articles

Factors Related to the Incidents of Travelers’ Diarrhea in International Travelers in The Jimbaran Area, Sub-District of South Kuta, Badung Regency

Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most frequent health problems experienced by foreign tourists visiting Bali. Several factors can affect TD incidence in tourists such as age, gender, origin of tourists, eating habits, length of stay, and hand washing behavior. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of travelers' diarrhea in foreign tourists in the Jimbaran area, South Kuta Sub-District, Badung Regency. This research is a quantitative research, a descriptive type of correlative research with a retrospective approach. Samples were taken at 4 hotels in Jimbaran using simple random sampling technique in order to obtain a sample of 374 tourists. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the majority of foreign tourists visiting the Jimbaran area were adult, female, mostly from Australia, and mostly experienced health complaints of travelers' diarrhea. Most of the 221 tourists who experienced travelers' diarrhea were caused by consuming 203 foods (91.9%) from outside the hotel. The results of the Chi-Square statistical test showed that there were significant differences in the incidence of travelers' diarrhea between the ages of children under five, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly (p = 0.001; ? = 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of travelers 'diarrhea between female tourists and male tourists (p = 0.069; ? = 0.05) and there was no significant difference in the proportion of travelers' diarrhea between tourists from the continents of Asia, Africa, America, Australia and Europe (p value = 0.899; ? = 0.05).
 
 Keywords: Travelers' Diarrhea, International Travelers

A Hundred Acres of America: The Geography of Jewish American Literary History

A Hundred Acres of America: The Geography of Jewish American Literary History

Travel preparation and health risks in Dutch and Belgian medical students during an elective in low- or middle-income countries: A prospective self-reporting cohort study

BackgroundMedical schools offer students the opportunity to perform international electives. This study aimed to assess health risks among medical students, to tailor institutional guidelines. MethodsMulticenter study at Dutch and Belgian universities, among medical students who visited low- or middle-income countries. Students completed four questionnaires: once before the elective and two weeks, three- and six months after return. ResultsData was complete for 479 students (follow-up rate 84%). Most traveled to Surinam (29%) and South-Africa (14%). Half of the students encountered difficulties in adapting to local culture. Almost 40% visited malaria endemic countries. Nearly all (87%) used chemoprophylaxis as prescribed. Definite needle-stick or splash injuries were reported by 7%. All were dealt with adequately in accordance with national guidelines. However, less than half of 24 possible incidents were handled adequately. Two-and-a-half percent had unprotected sex with a new partner. The incidence of travelers’ diarrhea (TD) was 46%. In those with TD, the incidence of post-travel new-onset abdominal complaints was 3%. Three percent were involved in a minor traffic accident, 18% were injured during leisure activities, 5% were threatened or experienced physical violence. Only half of the students visiting a highly endemic country were screened for tuberculosis post-travel. For schistosomiasis this was 6%. ConclusionsStudents abroad are exposed to medical and non-medical challenges, which should be addressed during pre-travel counseling. Contact details of a professional back home should be provided, so students can confer in case of problems while abroad. Lastly, we recommend a centrally organized post-travel health check.

Incidence of Travelers’ Diarrhea among Adult Foreign Travelers in Thailand: A Prospective Study

Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is common among foreign travelers to Thailand. We performed a prospective cohort study to determine the TD incidence among foreign adult travelers to Thailand. We retrieved baseline demographic data, travel plans, and health history on enrolling individuals and collected follow-up questionnaires on days 7, 14, and 28 from the day of arrival. We analyzed data from 349 eligible participants. The mean participants' age was 32.3 years; 55.4% were men. Most of the participants had visited a travel clinic for vaccinations and counseling after arrival in Thailand. The cumulative incidences of the participants developing TD were 14.0% (49/349), 23.5% (82/349), and 33.0% (115/349) at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. The median time to develop TD was 9 days (interquartile range 5-18 days) post-arrival. Of 115 participants with TD, 64.3% (74/115) consulted a physician, 1.7% (2/115) were hospitalized, and 11.3% (13/115) had to change their travel plans. We identified young age, eating street food, and not routinely washing hands after using a toilet as risk factors significantly associated with the incidence of TD using the log-rank test in our survival analysis. Up to one-third of foreign travelers developed diarrhea during the first month, and some cases were severe. Although no highly effective TD prevention method exists, the practice of good personal hygiene and avoidance of food and drinks derived from unsanitary sources are still recommended to reduce the risk of travelers' TD.

Deployment Infectious Disease Threats: IDCRP Initiatives and Vision Forward.

Infectious diseases pose a significant threat to health and readiness of military personnel deployed globally during wartime and peacekeeping activities. Surveillance and improvement in mitigation through research of infectious disease threats remain an integral part of Force Health Protection. Herein, we review research efforts of the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program related to deployment and travel-related infections. The objectives of the Deployment and Travel-Related Infections Research Area are to (1) provide epidemiologic and clinical data, including pathogen-specific estimates of disease incidence among deployed troops, (2) execute clinical trials and effectiveness studies to improve recommendations regarding prevention and treatment of infections during deployment, and (3) evaluate the knowledge and practice patterns of health care providers engaged in deployment/travel medicine and the impact on outcomes. The centerpiece protocol of the research area is the Deployment and Travel-Related Infectious Disease Risk Assessment, Outcomes, and Prevention Strategies cohort study (TravMil), which was initiated in 2010 and collects data on a broad range of deployment-related infections. To date, 4,154 deployed military personnel and traveling Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries have been enrolled in TravMil. Surveillance data collected through the TravMil study provide assessment of deployment and travel-related infectious disease threats, and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The incidence of travelers' diarrhea, influenza-like illness, and undifferentiated febrile illness is 20.48%, 9.34%, and 6.16%, respectively. The cohort study also provides necessary infrastructure to execute clinical trials. The TrEAT TD clinical trial evaluated the effectiveness of single-dose antibiotic therapy for travelers' diarrhea in the deployed setting. When compared to levofloxacin, azithromycin was not inferior; however, inferiority was not demonstrated with use of single dose of rifaximin. The trial findings supported the development of a deployment-related health guideline for the management of acute diarrheal disease. A clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of rifaximin for prevention for travelers' diarrhea (Prevent TD) is underway. The research area has proven its ability to conduct impactful research, including the development of field-expedient diagnostics, the largest DoD multi-site travelers' diarrhea randomized control trial in peacetime and combat settings, and informed Force Health Protection guidance. The research area continues to provide surveillance data to military commands via an established collaborative network of military treatment facilities, DoD laboratories (both within and outside the continental United States), foreign militaries, and academia. The conduct of clinical and translational research in a deployment setting presents significant challenges, most notably in recruitment/enrollment and compliance with study-related procedures during deployment.

Trains and Twitter: Firm generated content, consumer relationship management and message framing

In this paper, we examine the impact of Twitter content on users’ train journeys and how train providers’ message framing moderates these relationships. Framing regards the way in which messages are worded concerning a particular object. In many consumer markets such as train journeys, firms frame messages in both positive and negative lights to persuade individuals to make purchase decisions (take intended journeys). We thus go beyond the literature’s current focus on consumer-generated content (CGC), and bring into contention the important role that marketer-generated content (MGC) plays in shaping the social media-based consumer relationship management (CRM) strategies. Specifically, we analyze commuter tweets about 14 train operators, along with the companies’ Twitter feeds. The findings, obtained using sentiment analysis tools, suggest that consumer sentiments only moderately impact travel performance, as measured by operator ratings, CPM (consumer performance measure; a measure based on travel incidents) and firm financial performance. On the other hand, it appears that train operators use tweets in relation to their services particularly well, while keeping customers engaged by listening to and learning from criticism, thus confirming the moderating role of their Twitter-based message framing strategies. Train operators should look to maintain their social media use practices, ensuring they are consistently applied within an overarching CRM framework, particularly in key ‘pain’ areas such as delay and cancellation.

“To prove the correctness and authenticity of my statements”: Solomon Nunes Carvalho’s Revision of the Western Travel Narrative

“To prove the correctness and authenticity of my statements”: Solomon Nunes Carvalho’s Revision of the Western Travel Narrative1 Michael Hoberman (bio) Introduction: Carvalho’s Domestication of the Frontier Landscape Solomon Nunes Carvalho was thirty-eight years old when he accepted John C. Frémont’s invitation to undertake a midwinter crossing of the Far West from Kansas to California as the expedition’s official daguerreotypist.2 The famous explorer’s achievement of safe passage through the worst imaginable conditions in the western wilderness would ascertain the viability of his proposed transcontinental railway route and enhance his prospects as a political figure on the national stage.3 While [End Page 237] Frémont was an old hand at wilderness exploration, Carvalho was an urbane scion of the Jewish middle class, unschooled in the art of outdoor survival. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he had spent most of his youth in Philadelphia and Baltimore. By the mid 1850s his daguerreo-type studios in those cities, as well as in Charleston and New York, had earned him sufficient renown to gain Frémont’s notice. Despite his urban upbringing and the fact that he was “accustomed to the luxuries that were part of his heritage as a Jewish grandee,” Carvalho possessed a plucky spirit.4 As a writer, however, he went out of his way to avoid drawing attention to his own accomplishments. Without acquiring its more imperious elements, he managed to imbibe the ego-diminishing aspects of his era’s Transcendentalist ethos.5 Perhaps this was because he employed its aesthetic principles without brandishing its attendant political ideologies. By reputation, frontier adventure stories exaggerated their protagonists’ triumphs over topographical adversity. Carvalho made his mark on the literature of the American West by maintaining a low profile and emphasizing the accomplishments of others. His greatest innovation as a writer was the emphasis he placed on the tenuousness of his accomplishments and of his own authority as a chronicler of a gargantuan and sublimely beautiful landscape. In his “fascinating and complex ethnographic profiles of the people he met,” which highlighted the humanity of his diverse subjects, he operated outside the norm of American letters.6 Instead of indulging the grandiosity that readers associated with transcontinental travel, Carvalho’s 1857 book, Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West, emphasized the complex social interactions that shaped his experiences in the wilderness. “In the heyday of imperialist expansion and acquisition,” as Rachel Rubinstein has pointed out, Carvalho’s representations of the Native Americans he met on the prairie, the Mormons he later encountered in Utah, and the polyglot members of the expeditionary party, were “curious, absorptive, willing to suspend judgment, self-mocking, and self-effacing.”7 No matter how wild and [End Page 238] remote the immediate physical surroundings were, he understood and welcomed the presence of human institutions wherever he encountered them. Carvalho’s having done so was commensurate with the wider historical pattern of Jewish acculturation to the Americas. The earliest Jews to travel to the Far West were not escapees from civilization. Whether they worked as storeowners, ranchers, or elected officials, Jews acted as agents of order. In the midst of an ever shifting and dynamic social geographical milieu, as Jeanne Abrams writes, “pioneer Jews in communities throughout the west were generally viewed as a stabilizing influence that upheld morality and order in new settlements as well as bringing a measure of culture to the rough frontier.”8 While it purported to be a tale of adventure, Solomon Carvalho’s Incidents gave voice to this stabilizing impulse. By the year of his birth in 1815, several generations of Solomon Nunes Carvalho’s family had established a pattern of seeking an orderly existence in waypoints of civilization. Refugees from the Inquisition, they made their homes first in Amsterdam and then in London, where his grandfather and namesake had been born in 1743. Solomon’s father, David Carvalho, had spent eight years in Barbados before leaving that island for the bustling Jewish community of Charleston in 1811, where he was one of the founders of the New World’s first Reform congregation. While he never referred overtly to his Judaic heritage in...

Protocolo diagnóstico y terapéutico de la diarrea del viajero

IntroductionTravelers’ diarrhea is the most common illness that affects travelers. The incidence of travelers’ diarrhea remains 10% to 60%. Travelers’ diarrhea is defined as three or more stools, starting either during or shortly after travel abroad. EtiologyAcute, self-limited diarrhea results from infection with bacteria or virus, while persistent diarrhea is mainly caused by parasites or non-infectious etiology. Clinical managementThe treatment is based on adequated hydration, use of antibiotics and nonantibiotics agents such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide.

Everton, Macduff: The Modern Maya. Incidents of Travel and Friendship in Yucatán

Anthropos , Seite 228 - 229

The Modern Maya: Incidents of Travel and Friendship in Yucatán

The Modern Maya: Incidents of Travel and Friendship in Yucatán

The Modern Maya: Incidents of Travel and Friendship in Yucatán ‐ by Everton, Macduff

The Modern Maya: Incidents of Travel and Friendship in Yucatán ‐ by Everton, Macduff

Seeing the Maya in the American Parlor: Illustrations as a Parallel Text in John Lloyd Stephens' Incidents of Travel in Central America (1841)

Seeing the Maya in the American Parlor: Illustrations as a Parallel Text in John Lloyd Stephens' <i>Incidents of Travel in Central America</i> (1841)

The modern Maya: incidents of travel and friendship in Yucatan

The modern Maya: incidents of travel and friendship in Yucatan

Introduction: Travelling Texts in Spain and Spanish America

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes [1] The author is grateful to all the contributors to this special issue for their patience during the process of its development and to the following people for their support and guidance in terms of both the conference project and in the production of this issue: Catherine Davies, Graham Huggan, Bart Moore-Gilbert, David Murphy, Terry O'Reilly, Philip Swanson, and Jason Wilson. [2] See also Beardsell (2000 Beardsell, P. 2000. Europe and Latin America: Returning the Gaze, Manchester: Manchester University Press. [Google Scholar], pp. 20–39). [3] Indeed, Michel de Certeau (1990 De Certeau, M. 1990 [1980]. L'invention du quotidien, vol. 1: Arts de faire, Paris: Gallimard. [Google Scholar], p. 206) has declared that every narrative is a travel narrative. [4] For example, Columbus's journals have inspired a plethora of debate, in works such as Henige (1991 Henige, D. 1991. In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the First Voyage, Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Google Scholar]), Greenblatt (1991 Greenblatt, S. 1991. Marvellous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World, Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), and Zamora (1993 Zamora, M. 1993. Reading Columbus, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). For just some examples of the writing of other colonial and post-independence travellers in Latin America, see Leonard (1972 Leonard, I. A. 1972. Colonial Travellers in Latin America, New York: Knopf. [Google Scholar]) and Stephens (1842 Stephens, J. 1842. Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatán, London: J. Murray. [Google Scholar]). [5] See also, on the same period and travellers, Mejía Pérez (2004 Mejía Pérez, A. 2004. A Geography of Hard Times: Narrative about Travel to South America, 1780–1849, New York: State University of New York Press. [Google Scholar]). [6] For an anthology of travel writing in Spain/by Spanish travellers, see Gómez Mendoza (1988 Gómez Mendoza, J. 1988. Viajeros y paisajes, Madrid: Alianza. [Google Scholar]). There are critical essays on Spanish travellers/travel writers in Burdett and Duncan (2002 Burdett, C. and Duncan, D., eds. 2002. Cultural Encounters: European Travel Writing in the 1930s, London and New York: Berghahn. [Google Scholar]) and David Henn has written extensively on travel writing in Spain, especially on the travel writing of Camilo José Cela and Emilia Pardo Bazán, mostly recently in Henn (2004 Henn, D. 2004. Old Spain and New Spain: The Travel Narratives of Camilo José Cela, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. [Google Scholar]). For an overview of travel writing in/on Latin America, see Wilson (1987 Wilson, J. 1987. “Travel Literature”. In Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature, Edited by: Smith, Verity. 803Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. [Google Scholar]); see Tavera Alfaro (1984 Tavera Alfaro, J., ed. 1984. Viajes en Mexico: crónicas mexicanas, Vol. I, Mexico: FCE. [Google Scholar]) for an anthology of travel writings on Mexico and Zamudio (2004 Zamudio, L. E., ed. 2004. Espacio, viajes y viajeros, Mexico: Aldus/Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa. [Google Scholar]) for recent critical approaches to travel writing in/on that country. See Lindsay and Youngs (2003 Lindsay, C. and Youngs, T., eds. 2003. Studies in Travel Writing vol. 7, no. 1 (Latin American Travel Writing) [Google Scholar]) for critical essays on Latin American travel writing.

The Role of Hygiene and Public Health Programs in Reducing the Incidence of Travelers' Diarrhea. Comment on consensus paper by Steffen et al

The Role of Hygiene and Public Health Programs in Reducing the Incidence of Travelers' Diarrhea. Comment on consensus paper by Steffen et al

Ephraim George Squier and the Development of American Anthropology (review)

Ephraim George Squier and Development of American Anthropology. By Terry A. Barnhart. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 425. Cloth, $59.95.)Ephraim Squier stands as one of most important figures in history of American archaeology and anthropology in era before both those fields, along with rest of American intellectual life, became professionalized. In history of anthropology, Squier has been seen as precursor rather than predecessor, footnote rather than founder. When he died in 1888 federal government's Bureau of American Ethnology (BAE) had been up and running for nearly ten years. Squier had nothing to do with its founding or with its early work. By time John Wesley Powell took helm of BAE, Squier's important work was well behind him, and he had gone through nasty divorce and stint in an insane asylum.The purpose of Terry Barnhart's biography to recover Squier's career as serious student of Native America and to elevate his accomplishments beyond their usual assignment. Barnhart believes that Squier a transitional figure in history of American anthropology in many ways, and that he is indeed worthy intellectual ancestor (5).To make this case, Barnhart spends most of this book with Squier's own writings, published and unpublished. It an impressive-indeed, daunting-accumulation. Squier published widely during 184Os, 185Os, and 186Os, corresponding with most of major American researchers of Native Americans. Barnhart has assembled bibliography of Squier's anthropological writings that runs to nearly six pages.Squier received national attention in 1848 with publication of Ancient Monuments of Mississippi Valley, first volume in Simthsoman's Contributions to Knowledge. That book resulted from three-year collaboration with Edwin Davis exploring, surveying, and excavating Indian mounds that so fascinated Americans through Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.Ancient Monuments remains Squier's best-known book, but no sooner had it come out than Squier moved his investigations from Ohio to New York. There he worked to some extent with Lewis Henry Morgan, and result was his Aboriginal Monuments of State of New York, published in 1851. By time this book came out, Squier had accepted diplomatic posting to Nicaragua and wrote Nicaragua: Its People, Scenery, Monuments and Proposed Inter-Oceanic Canal, which first appeared in 1852 and was revised and excerpted several times. In midst of all this, Squier found time to collect his ideas about the origin and development of religious ideas and symbols (187) and publish them as The Serpent Symbol and Reciprocal Principles of Nature in 1851. By 1853 he was back in Central America; this trip yielded three more publications, in 1853, 1860, and 1861. Between 1863 and 1865, Squier served as U.S. claims commissioner in Peru. In 1877, as last major publication of his remarkable career, he issued Peru: Incidents of travel and Exploration in Land of Incas.Even this cursory listing of Squier's major works makes clear that he was thinking about Native America in hemispheric rather than strictly nationalistic terms. He wanted always to synthesize, compare, and draw connections between mounds of Ohio, earthworks of New York, constructions of Central America, and civilizations of Peru. …

Culture on Vacation

Culture on Vacation Mark Goble (bio) James Clifford’s Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997. Why is it not surprising that the Oxford English Dictionary locates the word “vacationer” as a term used chiefly in the United States? Across the whole complicated spectrum of U.S. cultures, classes, and ethnic identities, it can be said that practically no one “goes on holiday” and only rarely does someone “travel.” Instead, Americans take vacations. The very locution suggests the intensity with which leisure is pursued and constructed in the U.S., the almost violent attachment to small bits of time away from everyday life here in the industrialized nation that keeps its workers at work—across the class structure—for more hours of more weeks than all but a few Pacific Rim nations, which are then of course demonized for making their workers work too hard. At frequent stops along the various ways through modernity that James Clifford charts in his latest book, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, he makes use of his own location as the American “vacationer” to orient himself and us within the many cultures-in-transit with which he is concerned. This is not to say that orientation, once achieved, is readily understood or long maintained. One of the particular strengths of Clifford’s work as “a historical critic of anthropology” (8), whether in Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, a collection of essays he edited with George Marcus, or his previous book, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art, has always been its willingness to dispense with rigid conclusions in favor of a dialectical flexibility across a heterogeneous landscape that excludes total purity of either theoretical abstraction or empirical experience. Routes extends and amplifies Clifford’s familiar style of analysis, though sometimes departing from his established topics of interest. “Routes continues an argument with the concept of culture” (2), Clifford writes, but this argument is often carried out on a terrain in which academic argument itself is on a sort of vacation, purposefully avoided in hopes of radically re-creating some of the standard styles of writing in which the study of “culture” is done. As Clifford writes, “Experiments in travel writing and poetic collage are interspersed with formal essays. By combining genres I register, and begin to historicize, the book’s composition—its different audiences and occasions. The point is not to bypass academic rigor.... The book’s mix of styles evokes these multiple and uneven practices of research, making visible the borders of academic work” (12). Routes gives one the sense of critique carried out under conditions of compulsory movement from place to place and from discourse to discourse. And like an American vacation in the strict sense of the term, different historical sites are visited both literally and figuratively. Each of the book’s three sections is loosely organized around standard essays. “Traveling Cultures” and “Spatial Practices” set the terms for the book’s first section, “Travels”; “Museums as Contact Zones” serves as the critical mass for several pieces on “Contacts”; and “Diasporas” outlines what is at stake in the various “Futures” that Clifford investigates in the book’s third and final portion. These “formal essays” inform and contend with other texts that range in styles among the various aforementioned genres. There are several pieces of travel writing that visit such locations as the northwest coast of Canada, the Museum of Man in London, the bustling tourist center of Palenque, Mexico, and Fort Ross, California. And in the practice of “poetic collage,” Clifford visits such texts as John Wesley Powell’s The Exploration of the Colorado River and John Steven’s Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, both works of nineteenth century U.S. travel writing; Audre Lorde’s Zami: A New Spelling of my Name; and Freud’s Moses and Monotheism. The diversity of approaches and appropriations is in keeping with Clifford’s conception of the book’s deceptively plain yet formidable goal: “Routes begins with [the] assumption of movement, arguing that travels and contacts are crucial sites for an unfinished modernity.... The essays...

Incidents of Travel in Yucatan

Incidents of Travel in Yucatan

History of Science in the United States: A Chronology and Research Guide, by Clark A. Elliott, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities Vol. 1711, Garland Publishing, New York. 1996

There are four parts to this volume - a chronology of events by year, a chronology of leading scientists grouped by the decade in which they reached 25 years of age? a research guide, and a research bibliography. The author has written extensively on American science, including co-editing the volume Science at Harvard University (reviewed in BHA 2(1):17-19). The volume covers mostly what are termed the sciences (-.e., chemistry. biology, geology, etc.) and touches upon the social sciences only rarely. The chronology. that takes up two thirds of the book, extends from ca. 1493 to 1990 and includes only three archaeological events. An example of these entries follows: 1877. ARCHAEOLOGY Ephraim George Squier (1821-1888) published Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas (New York and London). Herelated his discovery of Latin American civilizations that predated the Inca. (p. 114) The scientist cohorts by decade also focuses upon the hard sciences, although three men are singled out from archaeology F. W. Putnam, N. H. Winchell, and T. M. Prodden - a peculiar sample of American archae­ologists indeed!

Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan

Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan