Incidental Collections Research Articles

Morphological abnormalities observed in hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected by tick drag in the Republic of Korea

As part of a tick-borne disease surveillance program, ticks were collected using tick drags and by making incidental collections from humans and animals in six provinces (Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeonbuk) of the Republic of Korea (ROK) during 2020–2021. A total of 57,751 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 2,020 H. flava, 1,861 Ixodes nipponensis, 14 H. phasiana, 9 H. japonica, and 9 Amblyomma testudinarium were collected. Cases of ectromely were observed in two H. longicornis with six legs (one female and one nymph), and six H. longicornis (two females and four nymphs), two female Haemaphysalis flava and one male Ixodes nipponensis with seven legs. Additionally, two female H. longicornis were found with extra legs (tarsus), and two female H. longicornis and one male H. japonica were observed with atrophied legs.

A General Framework of Remote Sensing Epipolar Image Generation

Epipolar images can improve the efficiency and accuracy of dense matching by restricting the search range of correspondences from 2-D to 1-D, which play an important role in 3-D reconstruction. As most of the satellite images in archives are incidental collections, which do not have rigorous stereo properties, in this paper, we propose a general framework to generate epipolar images for both in-track and cross-track stereo images. We first investigate the theoretical epipolar constraints of single-sensor and multi-sensor images and then introduce the proposed framework in detail. Considering large elevation changes in mountain areas, the publicly available digital elevation model (DEM) is applied to reduce the initial offsets of two stereo images. The left image is projected into the image coordinate system of the right image using the rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs). By dividing the raw images into several blocks, the epipolar images of each block are parallel generated through a robust feature matching method and fundamental matrix estimation, in which way, the horizontal disparity can be drastically reduced while maintaining negligible vertical disparity for epipolar blocks. Then, stereo matching using the epipolar blocks can be easily implemented and the forward intersection method is used to generate the digital surface model (DSM). Experimental results on several in-track and cross-track images, including optical-optical, SAR-SAR, and SAR-optical pairs, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, which not only has obvious advantages in mountain areas with large elevation changes but also can generate high-quality epipolar images for flat areas. The generated epipolar images of a ZiYuan-3 pair in Songshan are further utilized to produce a high-precision DSM.

Collecting the criminal: Murder and mayhem in cultural institutions

Abstract Cultural institutions, across Australia, collect works of crime fiction and true crime that tell narratives about a range of unlawful activities. These institutions also collect legal texts, papers and records as well as numerous pieces of realia and of art that record and unpack some of the most horrific incidents in our national history. Crime has long held a prominent position in the popular imagination; a position supported by galleries, libraries, archives and museums. From small, incidental collections that form only one element of a wide-ranging repository to large, significant collections that focus on the criminal in deed and in impact. This article explores how these collections assist in informing shared attitudes towards crime through presenting stories of an extraordinary array of wrongdoers: from largely forgotten convicts, to well-known bushrangers, to notorious murderers, to those who committed many different types of crimes. In the Australian context, which features a widely acknowledged tradition of sympathizing with the criminal, some malefactors have disturbed our ideas of right and wrong. Moreover, crime-focused collections can serve to elevate our fear of crime and influence how we feel about different forms of punishment. In this way, cultural institutions demonstrate they play an important role in a field often considered to be the exclusive domain of law makers and law enforcers.

Terrestrial molluscs from the Ontario Far North

From 2009–2014, incidental collections of terrestrial molluscs were made from the Far North of Ontario, Canada. Thirty-four species of terrestrial molluscs were identified from these collections, including one exotic species, Deroceras reticulatum, and three newly reported species from the Far North, Vallonia pulchella, Vertigo cf. genesii, and Gastrocopta similis. Vertigo cf. genesii is newly reported from Ontario. Some species have not been collected in Ontario for many years and some of these only once before. Subnational conservation ranks are discussed for higher-ranked species.

Lizards from central Jatapú River, Amazonas, Brazil

The present study reports an inventory of lizard species from a region at the central Jatapú River located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The lizard fauna was surveyed using three sampling methods: diurnal and nocturnal visual search, pitfall traps with drift fences, and incidental collections. We recorded 24 lizard species belonging to 18 genera and eight families. Non-parametric estimators of richness (Bootstrap, Chao 2, Jackknife 1, Ace) were used to estimate the percentage of total richness sampled. Expected species richness varied from 27 species estimated via Bootstrap to 30 species with Jackknife 1. The composition of the lizard fauna encountered in the rio Jatapú plot was compared with seven other published surveys carried out in the region of the Brazilian Guiana Shield. The composition of the Jatapú lizard fauna was most similar to FLOTA Faro (84%) and least similar to ESEC Grão-Pará Center (66%). There was no association between faunal similarity and geographic distance. The present species list contributes to our knowledge of lizards of the southern portion of the Guiana Shield in Brazil.

Distribution and Host Plant Associations of Taeniothrips inconsequens (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The distribution and host plant associations of the pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel), were determined from published and unpublished data. T. inconsequens is found throughout Europe and much of North America as well as in some countries of Asia and South America; there is one record from North Africa. It is generally considered that T. inconseqyens is native to Europe, but we present good evidence to suggest that Asia is its area of origin. Breeding hosts for T. inconsequens were identified from 35 species, 17 genera and 12 families, with incidental records from at least 207 species, 138 genera and 54 families. Breeding hosts were mainly from the Rosaceae (5 genera, 16 species) and Aceraceae (1, 7) but also members of other plant families. Incidental collections were mostly from the Rosaceae (15 genera, 36 species) but also members of a wide range of plant families including the Compositae (10, 12), the Leguminosae (10, 11) and the Aceraceae (1, 9). Reports of economic damage to orchard and forest trees are listed. There is no evidence to suggest that recent outbreaks of T. inconsequens in northeastern hardwood forests of the United States and adjacent areas of Canada can be explained by recent changes in host plant preference.

Sebaceous Lesions of Salivary Glands and Oral Cavity

Sebaceous differentiation in the oral mucosa and major salivary duct epithelium is an expected normal finding in humans. These usually asymptomatic and incidental collections of sebaceous cells can also be found in intimate or close relationship with definable classes of salivary gland neoplasms, or as sebaceous neoplasms of salivary glands. The neoplasms are uncommon and are classified as sebaceous lymphadenoma, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma. The two adenomas have a low recurrence potential; the carcinomas have a biologic behavior like that of ocular sebaceous carcinomas.

Hosts and population dynamics of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Guadeloupe, French West Indies.

The hosts used and the importance of each host in the population dynamics of Amblyomma variegatum (F.) (the tropical bont tick) on Guadeloupe are presented. All potential hosts of the tick were sampled in three habitat types (defined by rainfall and topography) used for livestock production. Over 99% of all host-associated ticks were on cattle, goats, feral dogs, and mongooses. Other hosts of immature ticks were free-ranging domestic chickens, cattle egrets, Carib grackles, common ground doves, and grassquits. Adult ticks were collected only on cattle and goats, the most important hosts for all stages of A. variegatum . Cattle, mongooses, and Carib grackles were the most abundant host species found in each of the three habitat types; dry pasture habitat (lower rainfall and not seasonally flooded) supported the highest densities of ticks on these hosts. Potential methods of dissemination of A. variegatum to uninfested areas are discussed. Incidental collections of other tick species are given.

The Taxonomic Status of Sarcotaces komaii and Sarcotaces verrucosus (Copepoda: Phylichthyidae) and Host-Parasite Relationships between Sarcotaces arcticus and Sebastes spp. (Pisces)

Five species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) were examined off southeast Alaska for Sarcotaces arcticus (Copepoda). Only Sebastes ciliatus was infected. Sarcotaces were compared to those found in 7 species of Sebastes collected off California and those from Molva dypterygia collected off Norway. As a result of these comparisons it is suggested that Sarcotaces komaii be synonymized with S. arcticus. It is possible that S. arcticus is synonymous with Sarcotaces verrucosus. Studies on aspects of the host-parasite relationship indicated that younger fish have a higher prevalence of infection and more multiple infections. There is no host-parasite size relationship. Seventy-five percent of the female parasites were associated with males, 85% had eggs and 10% nauplius larvae. Females ranged in size from 20 to 50 mm. Smaller specimens were represented by degenerated cysts. There was no indication of parasite-induced host mortality. The absence of infection in some species may be more a result of the hosts' natural history and geographic distribution than parasite specificity. In the course of a study on nearshore demersal fishes off southeast Alaska, numerous individuals from 5 species of rockfish (Sebastes) were examined for Sarcotaces (Copepoda: Phylichthyidae). Only Sebastes ciliatus was found to harbor Sarcotaces. This copepod, Sarcotaces arcticus Collett, 1874, was compared to specimens recovered from incidental collections of Sebastes spp. off southern and northern California. This report discusses some aspects of the host-parasite relationship between S. arcticus and S. ciliatus and suggests changes in the taxonomic status of Sarcotaces komaii Shiino, 1953. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five Sebastes spp. were collected off southeast Alaska from June to August 1981. Specimens were collected at 0 to 30 m by spear using SCUBA and hook-andline and at 80 to 120 m by longline and a jigging machine. Sebastes spp. (number hosts necropsied): S. ciliatus (411); Sebastes brevispinis (90); Sebastes ruberrimus (141); Sebastes entomelas (125); and Sebastes melanops (797). Hosts were aged by otolith ring count. The text will refer to small and large populations of S. ciliatus. The small populations are fish between 140 to 340 mm (3 to 12 yr old) and the large between 350 to 500 mm (12 to 27+ yr old). Although there is some overlap, the large populations were usually found in deeper water than the small. Comparisons between samples were standardized for host size, sex, Received 5 September 1984; revised 6 November 1985; accepted 10 December 1984. * School of Fisheries and Sciences, University of Alaska, Juneau, Alaska 99801. t School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195. seasons and depth of collection. Hence, not all comparisons have the same sample sizes. Infected Sebastes spp. off California included (host, number infected, collection, location, date): Sebastes auriculatus, 7, Tiburon, Sept. 1980; S. entomelas, 2, Moss Landing, Aug. 1982 and, 1, Point Pinos, Oct. 1982; Sebastes flavidus, 4, Moss Landing, June 1983; Sebastes melanops, 2, Monterey Bay, June 1982; S. rubrivinctus, 1, Bodega Bay, May 1981; Sebastes semicinctus, 1, Los Angeles, June 1982; and Sebastes serranoides, 2, Farallon Island, June 1981. The Molva dypterygia was collected by Dr. Bjmrn Berland, Zoological Laboratory, Bergen, Norway in September 1970. The tissues containing the Sarcotaces specimens were rehydrated in glycerine in March 1984. The northeastern Pacific Sarcotaces were compared to these specimens because the type specimen of S. arcticus was described from M. dypterygia (as Molva abyssorum) off Norway. Linear regression was used to assess the host-parasite size relationship and comparison between percentages to test prevalence of infections (Bailey, 1974). Parasites were formalin fixed at necropsy. Specimens to be examined by scanning electron microscopy were prepared by routine methods and examined on a NANOLAB 7 (SEM). All measurements were taken from formalin fixed specimens. The taxonomy of the Sebastes spp. is from Eschmeyer et al. (1983).

VARIATION IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE SCARABAEIDCOSTELYTRA ZEALANDICA

SUMMARY In latitudes south of 45s larval instars of the scarabaeid Costelytra zealandica (White) have been found which do not fit the usual univoltine pattern of development. Samples taken over four consecutive years at one site and incidental collections from other sites indicate a two year life cycle. In this, the first and second instars are extended, ecdysis from second to third instar takes place when univoltine strains are pupating, and the third instar occupies a whole year. No shift in time or protraction of the pupal, adult and egg stages has been observed. Similar variations in length of life cycle have been noted in Scarabaeids in comparable latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

A Survey of the Epigean Triclad Turbellarians of Tennessee

This survey was carried out from January 1966 through January 1971, although the intensive portion occurred in 1969 and 1970. Collections from 61 sites yielded eight species: Cura foremanii, Dugesia dorotocephala, Dugesia tigrina, Phagocata gracilis, Phagocata morgani, Phagocata velata, Phagocata vernalis and Procotyla fluviatilis. Observations at collection sites included water temperature, relative abundance and type of substrate. The distribution of C. foremanii, D. dorotocephala, D. tigrina and P. morgani was essentially state-wide. Phagocata gracilis ranged throughout the middle and western portions of the state, whereas P. velata, P. vernalis and Pr. fluviatilis occurred at only a few sites. Unpublished records on local areas from investigations other than ours have been included. INTRODUCTION State-wide surveys of the epigean triclad fauna of the USA have been few. Kenk (1935) investigated the fresh-water planarians of Virginia and later those of Michigan (1944) and Alaska (1953). Localized areas within states have been dealt with by numerous workers; these are documented by Ball (1969). Except for Virginia, the ranges of species in the southern USA, as summarized by Hyman (193la, 1951), were often based on incidental collections which had been sent to her for identification. Recent studies on Planaria (Kenk, 1969) and Phagocata (Kenk, 1970 a, b) have included new records for Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. Reports on planarians in Tennessee have been limited to small areas: Bolen (1938), Horne and Darlington (1967) and Chandler (1968). Studies of the triclads of the Nashville area were carried out on the epigean forms by Givens (unpublished) in 1953 and on the hypogean forms by McRitchie (unpublished) in 1959. Givens' study was very helpful to us and repeated references will be made to his work. In view of the restricted nature of the above reports a state-wide survey seemed appropriate; moreover, it could serve as a base for future studies on Tennessee triclads. OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION In this study emphasis was on streams and springs; only a few lakes and ponds were included. Collecting sites were selected on the basis of accessibility and size; large streams and rivers were not investigated. Seasonal observations were made only in three western Tennessee sites: Everett Springs (Carroll Co.), Pioneer Springs (Shelby Co.) and a pond near Wolf River in Memphis. The study was con-

THE PILL BEETLE, CYTILUS ALTERNATUS (COLEOPTERA: BYRRHIDAE), A NURSERY PEST IN ONTARIO

An unusual infestation of the pill beetle, Cytilus alternatus Say, occurred in the Provincial Forest Nursery at Gogama in northern Ontario in 1967. Although Craighead (1950) mentions species of Byrrhus, a closely related genus, as pests in nurseries, no previous record of injury to seedlings by C. alternatus could be found. Two incidental collections of C. alternutus, however, had been made previously in Ontario when a few pupae were collected in the Chapleau Forest Nursery in 1965 and a single adult was taken on St. Joseph Island in 1954. Members of the family Byrrhidae derive their common name, pill beetles, from their oval shape and their ability to “retract” their appendages when disturbed.

Lichens from Baffin Island

During the expedition the author had ample opportunity to make careful studies of the lichen flora at some of the above localities. This was especially desirable since Baffin Island, which itself forms the major land mass of the Canadian Eastern Arctic, has been virtually the last remaining, terra incognita of lichenology in the arctic. A review of the history of lichen exploration in the area, already covered fully by Lynge (in Polunin, 1947), will show at once that a lichenologist has never visited the island. In fact our knowledge of its flora before 1934 rested on incidental collections of less than 60 of the commonest arctic species, often identified by amateurs. During 1934 and 1936 Dr. Nicholas Polunin investigated a number of stations on Baflin Island and in spite of other botanical duties returned with a surprisingly large number of lichens, subsequently identified by Lynge, who was the foremost authority on the arctic lichen flora. These collections, however, were made chiefly at the well traveled coastal stations and included with few exceptions the more common arctic species. The author was fortunate in revisiting most of these areas and also in exploring several fiord heads, the interior of the island, and the Cape Searle bird cliffs. The number of critical lichen species collected must prompt us to reconsider the phytogeographical position of Baffin Island; indeed the diversity of species should place this neglected area among the most interesting of arctic regions. Lichenological research on Baffin Island has now provided us with a wor kable knowledge of the macrolichen flora. The microlichens are of course still incompletely known but appear representative for the area. The information accumulated thus far should form a suitable basis for a preliminary study of the lichen flora of Baflin Island, which will incluc1e the author's collections along with reports of specimens examined by Lynge (1932b, 1935, 1939; in Polunin, 1947). All other literature reports given by Lynge will be ignored since they have not been verified in recent times. Brief notes on the habitats of many species will be added, as the author considers this information of distinct value. Keys will also be constructed for the more completely represented genera.

The Arboreal Lichen Flora of Southeastern Arizona

The lichen flora of Arizona is imperfectly known. Fink's early treatments (1909, 1909a) of the lichens of the Desert Laboratory domain (near Tucson) constitute the onliy floristic papers on lichens for the state. The desert species treated in these papers and other incidental collections cited in Fink's flora (1935) comprise only a portion of the lichen flora of Arizona. Monographic studies such as that of Berry (1941) on Parmelia reflect the lack of systematic collecting in the state in the sparsity of specimen citations. This paper presents a study of the arboreal lichen flora of southeastern Arizona. The area included is bounded on the north by the Gila River and on the west by the Baboquivari Mountains; and it includes eastern Pima, eastern Pinal, Graham, Santa Cruz, and Cochise counties. Approximately 600 collections of corticolous and lignicolous lichens were made over the period 1943-1947 from all important tree species and large shrubs throughout the vegetational regions represented in this area.

Notes on the Parasitic Fungi of Illinois: III

The material from which this paper is drawn consists of the incidental collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey's botanists. Submitted as a contribution toward cataloging the fungous flora of the world, as well as of Illinois, it contains an account of five Ascomycetes and twenty-nine imperfect fungi. In the treatment of the Fungi Imperfecti, it is now?as it has been?customary to regard them as separable species when they inhabit distinctive hosts or when they manifest tangible differ? ences in morphology; and the custom is not without its advantages, despite the adverse criticism which has been heaped upon it, for it emphasizes in the matter of fundamental, or genetic, species an intimate interdependence of fungus and host that has been demonstrated more often than disproved. Moreover, though we may envision an ultimate phylogenetic taxonomy, we are still too poorly advanced in research to invent a more practical device for perpetuating a knowledge of the im? perfect forms. If the time comes when we are able to list the thallic connections of the Ascomycetes with all their spore forms, there will be needed still, for purposes of description, differentia? tion, and recognition, a classification of the imperfect ones, which, though possibly simpler, must yet take cognizance chiefly of their morphism, their coloration, and their limits of parasitism. The specimens, which are in the Survey's Mycological Collec? tion, are designated especially by accession numbers; and when, upon request, portions of them are sent elsewhere, the labels will bear those numbers.