Incidence Of Renal Tumors Research Articles

Histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of adult renal tumors: a five-year retrospective study in Mureş County, Romania.

The incidence of renal tumors increased substantially in the past decades, being responsible for 3% of deaths caused by cancer globally. They constitute a diverse group with varying morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics. The severity and prognosis are directly correlated with tumor stage, histopathological aspect, sarcomatoid/rhabdoid features, fat or vascular invasion. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence trend, as well as demographic and pathological characteristics of renal tumors in Mureş County Clinical Hospital, Romania, and border areas. In this retrospective study, all patients who underwent a total or partial nephrectomy for renal tumors were analyzed over a five-year period. The data was collected from the Pathology Department of Mureş County Clinical Hospital. Among 220 patients, 138 (62.72%) were males and 82 (37.27%) females. The mean age was 62.63 years (range: 33-84 years). The majority of the tumors found were malignant: 204 (92.72%) vs 16 (7.27%) benign. The most common subtype within malignant tumors was clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) (n=181), 13.25% cases with sarcomatoid/rhabdoid features. pT3a stage was frequently identified. Vascular invasion and necrosis were observed in a large number of cases, especially for CCRCC with sarcomatoid/rhabdoid features. The spectrum of adult renal tumors in our region aligns with the data reported in the literature. CCRCC was the most frequent histological subtype and pT3a the most common stage identified. Our study contributes to the understanding of renal tumors characteristics, identifying potential factors with impact in the progression and prognosis of the disease.

Accuracy, safety, and diagnostic prediction of percutaneous renal mass biopsy and subsequent changes in treatment.

The incidence of renal tumours is increasing annually, and imaging alone cannot meet the diagnostic needs. This single-centre study aimed to evaluate the predictors of diagnostic imaging-guided percutaneous renal mass biopsy (PRMB), its accuracy and safety, and subsequent changes to the treatment plan. We retrospectively collected the clinical data of patients who had undergone PRMB. The diagnosis rate, pathological data, and complications were analysed. Potential predictors of a diagnostic PRMB were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Changes to the treatment plan due to PRMB results were also analysed. A total of 158 patients were included in this study. The univariate analysis showed that higher tumour diameter (OR = 1.223, 95% CI: 1.018-1.468, p = 0.031) and number of biopsy cores ≥ 2 (OR = 6.125, 95% CI: 2.006-18.703, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with diagnostic biopsy, and multivariate analysis results showed that higher tumour diameter (OR = 1.215, 95% CI: 1.008-1.463, p = 0.041) was an independent predictor of diagnostic biopsy. A nomogram including tumour diameter and number of biopsy cores was constructed to predict diagnostic biopsy. Compared with postoperative pathology, the concordance between biopsy and postoperative pathology at identifying malignancies, histologic type, and histologic grade were 100% (47/47), 85.1% (40/47), and 54.1% (20/37), respectively. The treatment plans of 15 patients (9.5%) changed based on the PRMB results. Fourteen patients (8.9%) had minor complications (Clavien-Dindo classification < 2). Our results suggest that tumour diameter was an independent predictor of diagnostic biopsy. Furthermore, PRMB can be accurately and safely performed and may guide clinical decision-making for patients with renal tumours.

An Observational Case-Control Study on Parental Age and Childhood Renal Tumors.

Despite excellent outcomes, many open questions remain about Wilms tumor (WT). Influences and risk factors for tumorigenesis, as well as tumor aggressiveness and recurrence, are not fully understood. Parental age plays a role in various childhood diseases and is also discussed as a risk factor for childhood cancer. We analyzed both maternal and paternal age at birth as risk factors for the occurrence of Wilms and non-Wilms tumors in children and investigated whether older maternal or paternal age is associated with a higher tumor incidence. During 1990 and 2019 we collected data from 3991 patients from the multicenter studies SIOP9/GPO, SIOP 93-01/GPOH, and SIOP 2001/GPOH, of whom maternal and paternal age was available in 2277 cases. Data from the Federal Statistical Office containing live births in Germany from 1990-2019 served as a comparative database. For maternal age at birth, the control data yielded 22,451,412 cases and for paternal age yielded 19,046,314 cases. Comparing maternal and paternal ages of the study patients with those of the control data, we confirmed that higher parental age is not correlated with the incidence of renal tumors in childhood. Mean ages of fathers and mothers in patients and the control cohort increased between 1991 and 2019 (fathers: 30.28 vs. 34.04; mothers: 27.68 vs. 29.79 in the patient group and 31.29 vs. 34.23 and 28.88 vs. 32.67 in the control group, respectively) without higher numbers of patients with kidney cancer over time. No influence was found for the subtype of cancer nor for syndromes. In addition, overall survival of patients is independent of the year of diagnosis and the age of the parents but depends on histology type and stage in WT.

Protocol for a MULTI-centre feasibility study to assess the use of 99mTc-sestaMIBI SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of kidney tumours (MULTI-MIBI study)

IntroductionThe incidence of renal tumours is increasing and anatomic imaging cannot reliably distinguish benign tumours from renal cell carcinoma. Up to 30% of renal tumours are benign, with oncocytomas the...

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF RENAL TUMOURS IN EASTERN INDIA: A STUDY FROM TERTIARY CARE ARMED FORCES HOSPITAL

Aprimary renal tumor comprises a wide spectrum of neoplastic lesions of the kidney with patterns, which are relatively distinct among children and adults. Primary renal tumors may be benign or malignant. A wide variety of both benign and malignant renal tumors may arise from the different components of the renal parenchyma, mostly from the tubular epithelium (1,2). With the widespread use of cross sectional imaging modalities the incidence of renal tumors has been increased throughout the world during the last few decades. Until now, the gold standard treatment for most of the renal tumors is their surgical removal, either by radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy (3). Incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is 2-3% of all malignancy. Seventh most common tumour in western world. Country to country the incidence varies and most common in the western part of the world. Incidence of RCC is less in Asian country, particularly in India (4,5). The prole of these patients has not been studied enough in our country as yet and the data regarding RCC in India is scarce. The data available in our country either retrospective or inadequately collected. This study will help to understand characteristics of renal tumor in this geographical area and can be used as source for future reference. The study was conducted among 38 patients of renal mass from the eastern India. In the absence of robust Indian data on Renal tumours, this study provides baseline information on epidemiology, stage at presentation, and outcomes of RCC at Indian population compared with the Western population. Though symptomatic tumour still more common in India, asymptomatic tumour detection rate has been increased due to more health care facility and available imaging modalities.

Ренальные опухоли у детей и подростков (первичная диагностика по данным пилотного исследования)

Aim: to assess the rate of detection and epidemiology of renal tumors in children of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and to specify some tumor characteristics during primary diagnostics. Patients and Methods: retrospective exploratory (pilot) dynamic single-center study was conducted. A group of 46 children and adolescents with renal tumors who were admitted to the Department of Hematological Malignancies for examinations and treatment in 2011–2019. All data were obtained from hospital register. Results: renal tumors account for 6.4% of hematological malignancies first diagnosed in children. 9-year primary incidence of renal tumors in children was, on average, 0.87 per 100,000 children, alternating between the increase and decrease in the detection rate. Renal tumors rank 4th among hematological malignancies in the Krasnoyarsk Krai children. The mean age was 4.1±0.5 years. No gender differences were revealed. In a pre-hospital setting, renal tumors were suspected in 24 children (52%). The most common complaints were abdominal pains (34 patients, 74%) and enlarged abdomen (30 patients, 65%). Most renal tumors (40 out of 46) were nephroblastoma as demonstrated by histology. The distribution by prognostic risk (the likelihood of recurrence and/or other unfavorable outcome) has shown that most patients have intermed iate (n=25, 54%) or high (n=19, 42%) risk. Conclusions: our findings illustrate that children with renal tumors require more attention of pediatricians in a pre-hospital setting (cancer vigilance about abdominal pains and enlarged abdomen in children) to reduce the time to diagnosis and to increase the use of renal ultrasound during checkups or in suspicious renal tumors. KEYWORDS: nephroblastoma, Wilms tumor, renal tumors, children, epidemiology, prevalence, primary diagnostics. FOR CITATION: Karavaeva E.A., Taranushenko T.E., Morgun A.V. et al. Renal tumors in children and adolescents (primary diagnostics based on a pilot study) . Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(2):162–167. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-2-162-167.

Incidence of childhood renal tumours: An international population-based study.

Malignant renal tumours represent 5% of childhood cancers and include types with likely different aetiology: Wilms tumour (WT), rhabdoid renal tumour, kidney sarcomas and renal carcinomas. WT is the most common renal tumour in children, previously shown to vary internationally and with ethnicity. Using the comprehensive database of the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer study (IICC), we analysed global variations and time trends in incidence of renal tumour types in children (age 0‐14 years) and adolescents (age 15‐19 years). The results were presented by 14 world regions, and five ethnic groups in the US. We included 15 320 renal tumours in children and 800 in adolescents reported to the 163 contributing registries during 2001‐2010. In children, age‐standardised incidence rate (ASR) of renal tumours was 8.3 per million (95% confidence interval, CI = 8.1, 8.4); it was the highest in North America and Europe (9‐10 per million) and the lowest in most Asian regions (4‐5 per million). In the US, Blacks had the highest ASR (10.9 per million, 95% CI = 10.2, 11.6) and Asian and Pacific Islanders the lowest (4.4 per million, 95% CI = 3.6, 5.1). In adolescents, age‐specific incidence rate of renal tumours was 1.4 per million (95% CI = 1.3, 1.5). WT accounted for over 90% of all renal tumours in each age from 1 to 7 years and the proportion of renal carcinomas increased gradually with age. From 1996 to 2010, incidence remained mostly stable for WT (average annual percent change, AAPC = 0.1) and increased for renal carcinomas in children (AAPC = 3.7) and adolescents (AAPC = 3.2). Our findings warrant further monitoring.

Use of hemostatic agents for surgical bleeding in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: Biomaterials perspective.

In recent years, there was an abrupt increase in the incidence of renal tumors, which prompt up the appearance of cutting-edge technology, including minimally invasive and organ-preserving approaches, such as laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN). LPN is an innovative technique used to treat small renal masses that have been gaining popularity in the last few decades due to its promissory results. However, the bleeding control remains the main challenge since the majority of currently available hemostatic agents (HAs) used in other surgical specialities are inefficient in LPN. This hurried the search for effective HAs adapted for LPN surgical peculiarities, which resulted on the emergence of different types of topical HAs. The most promising are the natural origin HAs because of their inherent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and lowest toxicity. These properties turn them top interests' candidates as HAs in LPN. In this review, we present a deep overview on the progress achieved in the design of HAs based on natural origin polymers, highlighting their distinguishable characteristics and providing a clear understanding of their hemostat's role in LPN. This way it may be possible to establish a structure-composition properties relation, so that novel HAs for LPN can be designed to explore current unmet medical needs.

Impact of oncological versus nononcological on survival outcomes in African Americans with renal cell carcinoma.

749 Background: African-Americans have an increased incidence of renal tumors of lower oncological potential when compared to other ethno-racial groups. Yet, survival outcomes are similar. We investigated the impact of African-American race on overall survival, oncological and functional outcomes, and non-cancer mortality. Methods: Multi-institutional (Emory, TMDU, UCSD) retrospective analysis of patients who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy between 1998-2018. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes were non-cancer mortality (NCM), recurrence free survival (RFS), and eGFR decline. Multivariable logistic regression (MVA) was used to analyze OS, NCM, and RFS, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)&lt;45 and &lt;30 ml/min/1.73m2. Results: 3632 patients were grouped into African American (AA, n=531) and Non-African American (NAA, n=3101). No difference was noted between groups with respect to mean tumor size (p=0.31). NAA had a higher proportion of metastases at presentation (9.9% vs. 7.0%, p=0.04). AA race was an independent risk factor for functional decline to de novo eGFR &lt;45 (OR=1.43, p=0.04) and de novo eGFR&lt;30 (OR 2.01, p&lt;0.001). MVA for worsened NCM demonstrated AA race (OR=1.63, p=0.02), increasing age (OR=1.05, p&lt;0.001), male sex (OR=1.56, p=0.01), and hypertension (OR=1.73, p=0.001) to be independent risk factors. Significant factors on MVA for worsened OS included increasing age (OR=1.03, p&lt;0.001), radical nephrectomy (OR=1.47, p=0.01), increasing tumor size (OR=1.11, p&lt;0.001), hypertension (OR=2.63, p&lt;0.001), high tumor grade (OR=1.97, p&lt;0.001), and post-operative eGFR &lt;45 (OR=1.50, p=0.01). MVA for worsening RFS demonstrated high tumor grade (OR=2.04, p&lt;0.001) and increasing clinical tumor size (OR=1.15, p&lt;0.001) to be independent factors. Conclusions: African Americans undergoing surgical management for RCC appear to have similar OS and RFS, but poorer NCM than non-African American patients. The cause of these disparities is multi-faceted but likely is associated with functional decline. Nephron-sparing management when feasible and appropriate should be considered in African-Americans presenting with renal cortical tumors.

Tetrahydrofuran-induced tumors in rodents are not relevant to humans: Quantitative weight of evidence analysis of mode of action information does not support classification of tetrahydrofuran as a possible human carcinogen

Inhalation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) causes a marginal increase in the incidence of renal tumors in male rats and an increase in the incidence of liver tumors in female mice. Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) was applied to assess experimental support for biologically plausible modes of action (MoA) of tumor formation by THF and their human relevance. QWoE did not obtain support for a MoA to induce kidney tumors in male rats from THF exposure via α2u -globulin nephropathy, exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN), DNA-damage, or recurrent cytotoxicity but obtained moderate to good support for a constitutive androgen receptor (CAR)-mediated MoA for the induction of liver tumors in female mice. Tumors as a consequence of CAR-activation are not considered relevant to humans. Considering the previous conclusion that the increases in kidney tumors in male rats are unlikely related to THF-exposure and the support for a CAR-mediated MoA in mice obtained here, these tumors should not be used as a basis for THF cancer classification.

Le cancer du rein sporadique du sujet jeune : étude des particularités cliniques et anatomopathologiques d’une cohorte bicentrique

The epidemiology of kidney cancer is evolving with a net increase in the incidence of renal tumors, globally, and in young people in particular. To evaluate the incidence and clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic renal tumors in young subjects and their risk factors. A retrospective study aimed at collecting clinical, epidemiological and anatomopathological information from the 118patients aged 18to 40treated for a sporadic kidney tumor in two Parisian university hospital centers between 2003and 2013. Our study showed a very significant increase in the incidence of renal tumors in our 11years of decline (P=6.10-15). The mode of discovery also seems to have evolved with a majority of tumors (67%), due to the considerable growth of imaging in recent decades. We also showed a different pathological distribution compared to the literature with a significant increase in the number of papillary tumors (16.9%) and chromophobes (15.2%), in addition to a decrease in the number of carcinomas (43.2%) as well as the appearance of a new pathological entity of particular clinical severity: renal carcinoma related to translocation Xp11.2 (15.3%) (P<10-5). Among the risk factors, hypertension seems to be a definite risk factor while tobacco and obesity do not have a significant influence. Our study showed a marked increase in the incidence of renal tumors with specific clinical and epidemiological features in a population of young subjects. The role and importance of oncogenetic management as well as the study of environmental factors could lead to the identification of new risk factors and corollary to their prevention. 4.

Chemomodulatory effect Melastoma Malabathricum Linn against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis rats via attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and early markers of tumor expansion.

Melastoma malabathricum Linn (MM) has high valued for its commercial significance. Indian market (northeast) has great demand for the plants, which extended, its use as a traditional home remedy due to its anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we scrutinize the therapeutic and protective effect of MM against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced renal carcinogenesis, renal hyperproliferation, and oxidative stress in rats. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) was used for identification of phytoconstituents. Administration of DEN confirmed the initiation the renal carcinogenesis via enhancing the expansion of tumor incidence. Intraperitoneally, administration of Fe-NTA boost the antioxidant enzymes (phase I), viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and phase II, viz., quinone reductase (QR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). It also increased the content of renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxidase (H2O2) with decrease content in glutathione content (GSH). It also increased the renal biochemical and non-biochemical parameter. It also confirmed the augment the level of thymidine [3H] incorporation into renal DNA, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and increased the generation of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-β) and inflammatory mediator (PGE2). We also analyzed the macroscopic and histologic of renal tissue. In addition, the effect of phytoconstituent of MM extract was evaluated in silico and free radical scavenging activity against the DPPH and ABTS free radicals. LC-MS confirmed the presence of quercetin >gallic acid in MM extract. Renal carcinogenesis rats treated with MM (100, 250, and 500mg/kg) confirmed the significantly (P<0.001) protective effect via reduction the antioxidant (phase I and phase II) enzymes, biochemical parameter and restore the proinflammatory and inflammatory mediator at dose dependent manner. MM altered the ODC and thymidine activity in renal DNA. The chemoprotective effect of MM was confirmed via decreased the renal tumor incidence, which was confirmed by the macroscopic and histopathological observation. Consequently, our result suggests that MM is a potent chemoprotective agent and suppresses DEN+ Fe-NTA-induced renal carcinogenesis, inflammatory reaction, and oxidative stress injury in Wister rats.

Structural transition of kidney cystatin in dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal cancer in rats: identification as a novel biomarker for kidney cancer and prognosis

In our study, renal cancer is induced in rats making use of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). G1 – Group 1 were control rats and G2 – Group 2 rats were given a single intra-peritoneal injection of DMN of 50 mg/kg body weight resulting in 100% incidences of renal tumors after 12 months. SEM and histopathology confirmed the presence of renal cancer in the DMN-treated rats. Making use of ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-100HR column, a thiol protease inhibitor was isolated from kidney of control rats known as Rat kidney Cystatin (RKC) as well as from kidney of cancerous rat called as Cancerous Rat Kidney Cystatin (CRKC). Both these inhibitors were characterized, and interestingly, it was found that CRKC showed greater anti-papain activity and also it was stable in a broad pH and temperature range thus implying that CRKC is more stable as compared to RKC. UV and fluorescence spectroscopy point out in structural difference between RKC and CRKC which was further confirmed by Circular dichroism (CD) and FTIR spectroscopy. Our study clearly showed that kidney cystatin is structurally modified in the case of renal cancer and performs its role in a more efficacious manner.

Renal tumors in unselected forensic post-mortem material.

The frequency of clinically evident renal tumors is increasing, due to an actual increase in incidence, but also due to an improvement in detection methods. The aim of the present study was to analyze the incidence of renal tumors in an unselected autopsy series. A search for renal tumors was conducted based on the autopsy reports from the Department of Forensic Medicine. The slides were reviewed and reclassified according to current criteria. Among 14,904 autopsies, 80 renal tumors were found. The most frequent tumor types were clear cell carcinomas (41%), papillary carcinomas (18%) and cortical adenomas (19%). There were 66 males and 14 females. The average age was 57.83 for males and 62.86 for females. The characteristics of the study group were not exactly identical but similar to other autopsy series, and significantly different from surgical series.

Genetic control of renal tumorigenesis by the mouse Rtm1 locus

BackgroundThe genetic basis of susceptibility to renal tumorigenesis has not yet been established in mouse strains. Mouse lines derived by bidirectional phenotypic selection on the basis of their maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory responsiveness differ widely in susceptibility to spontaneous and urethane-induced renal tumorigenesis. To map the functional loci modulating renal tumor susceptibility in these mice, we carried out a genome-wide genetic linkage study, using SNP arrays, in an (AIRmax x AIRmin)F2 intercross population treated with a single urethane dose at 1 week of age and phenotyped for renal tumors at 35 weeks of age.ResultsAIRmax mice did not develop renal tumors spontaneously nor in response to urethane, whereas in AIRmin mice renal tumors formed spontaneously (in 52% of animals) and after urethane induction (89%). The tumors had a papillary morphology and were positive for alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase and negative for CD10. By analysis of 879 informative SNPs in 662 mice, we mapped a single quantitative trait locus modulating the incidence of renal tumors in the (AIRmax x AIRmin)F2 intercross population. This locus, which we named Renal tumor modifier QTL 1 (Rtm1), mapped to chromosome 17 at 23.4 Mb (LOD score = 15.8), with SNPs rs3696835 and rs3719497 flanking the LOD score peak. The A allele of rs3719497 from AIRmin mice was associated with a 2.5-fold increased odds ratio for renal tumor development. The LOD score peak included the Tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) gene which has already been implicated in kidney disease: loss of function by germline retroviral insertion is associated with spontaneous renal tumorigenesis in the Eker rat, and heterozygous-null Tsc2(+/-) mice develop renal cystadenomas.ConclusionsWe mapped Rtm1 as a single major locus modulating renal tumorigenesis in a murine intercross population. Thus, the AIR mouse lines can be considered a new genetic model for studying the role of germline and somatic molecular alterations in kidney neoplastic disease.

Renal, hepatic, pulmonary and adrenal tumors induced by prenatal inorganic arsenic followed by dimethylarsinic acid in adulthood in CD1 mice

Inorganic arsenic, an early life carcinogen in humans and mice, can initiate lesions promotable by other agents in later life. The biomethylation product of arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), is a multi-site tumor promoter. Thus, pregnant CD1 mice were given drinking water (0ppm or 85ppm arsenic) from gestation day 8 to 18 and after weaning male offspring received DMA (0ppm or 200ppm; drinking water) for up to 2 years. No renal tumors occurred in controls or DMA alone treated mice while gestational arsenic exposure plus later DMA induced a significant renal tumor incidence of 17% (primarily renal cell carcinoma). Arsenic plus DMA or arsenic alone also increased renal hyperplasia over control but DMA alone did not. Arsenic alone, DMA alone and arsenic plus DMA all induced urinary bladder hyperplasia (33–35%) versus control (2%). Compared to control (6%), arsenic alone tripled hepatocellular carcinoma (20%), and arsenic plus DMA doubled this rate again (43%), but DMA alone had no effect. DMA alone, arsenic alone, and arsenic plus DMA increased lung adenocarcinomas and adrenal adenomas versus control. Overall, DMA in adulthood promoted tumors/lesions initiated by prenatal arsenic in the kidney and liver, but acted independently in the urinary bladder, lung and adrenal.

Superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 isoenzymes might be associated with higher risk of renal cell carcinoma in male patients

Literature data support the hypothesis that oxidative stress and the accompanying antioxidant defense might play an important role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) growth and progression. It is also known that the incidence of renal tumors is two times higher in men than in women. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the oxidant/antioxidant profile of renal cell carcinoma tissue, adjacent to tumor tissue and nontumor tissue was different in male and female patients. Significantly higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) in renal cell carcinoma tissue compared to nontumor tissue was demonstrated only in male patients. Besides, gender-related difference in copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in nontumor and renal cell carcinoma tissue was obtained at the level of transcription, translation and activity of these antioxidant isoenzymes. Morever, we demonstrated that the gene expression of 3 CYPs out of 7 was altered; CYP2D6 mRNA was decreased in both sexes while gender-related supression of mRNA for CYP2E1 (women) and CYP2C19 (men) was observed. Taken together, these parameters might be potentially responsible for higher risk of renal cell carcinoma in men than in women.

Characterizing changes in kidney and renal pelvis cancer incidence from 1998 to 2006 in the United States

In this study, we characterize the changes in kidney and renal pelvis cancer (RCC) from 1998 to 2006 in the United States. The goal is to examine variations in stage and treatments. In addition, we explore changes in risk factors that have occurred over the same period. Data on over 20,000 patients diagnosed with RCC in National Cancer Data Base were used for the study. We investigated the changes in stage and treatment rates based on race, gender and age at diagnosis from 1998 to 2006. Changes in smoking, obesity and hypertension rates over the period were examined for comparison. The increase in RCC incidence rates from 1998 to 2006 was almost entirely a result of increases in stage I. Increases for blacks were proportionally higher than whites. Obesity and hypertension increased over the period but smoking declined. In terms of treatment, there was an increase in surgery cases primarily for stage I. There were no significant differences in trends based on gender, although rates in men were 65% greater than in women. The mean age at diagnosis was stable for stages I-IV. There are increased incidences of renal tumors, particularly stage I renal cancer among blacks and whites from 1998 to 2006. Patients were more likely to undergo surgical therapy for these tumors.

Signalment and Clinical Complaints Initiating Hospital Admission, Methods of Diagnosis, and Pathological Findings Associated with Bovine Lymphosarcoma (112 Cases)

Lymphosarcoma in adult cattle has multiple manifestations. To describe the signalment, clinical complaints, and tumor location, and to evaluate utility of diagnostic tests in cattle with lymphosarcoma. Adult cattle admitted to Cornell University between January 1980 and December 2008 with a definitive diagnosis of lymphosarcoma. Retrospective case study was conducted with a search of all medical records at Cornell University for cattle diagnosed with lymphosarcoma. Categorical data were analyzed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Sensitivities of diagnostic tests were calculated. There were 106 cows and 6 bulls (median age 5 years) examined for anorexia (34%), weight loss (16%), and fever (14%). The sensitivities of antemortem diagnostic tests performed were peripheral lymph node (PLN) wedge biopsy, 100%; surgical exploration and biopsy, 100%; pleurocentesis, 80%; pericardiocentesis, 67%; PLN fine-needle aspirate, 41%; abdominocentesis, 33%; and cerebral spinal fluid tap, 19%. Median peripheral blood lymphocyte count was 4,900 cells/muL, 10% of cattle were leukemic and 25% had lymphocytosis according to the Bendixen Key. The most frequently identified tumor locations (% of cattle) were the heart (66%), abomasum (61%), uterus (38%), kidney (32%), and epidural space (26%). Predilection sites were similar to previously reports but we found a higher incidence of renal tumors and lower incidence of retrobulbar tumors. Knowledge of common clinical presentations, organ involvement, and sensitivities of diagnostic tests will aid informed decisions on the most appropriate tests and interpretation of their results in clinical cases of bovine lymphosarcoma.

Histopathologic changes in the kidneys of male F344 rats from a 2-year inhalation carcinogenicity study of tetrahydrofuran: A pathology working group review and re-evaluation

Risk evaluation and hazard classification for tetrahydrofuran (THF) is based partly on the incidences of renal tumors in male F344/N rats reported in a 2-year carcinogenicity study by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). A Pathology Working Group (PWG) was commissioned to conduct an independent review of the kidney slides from this bioassay (along with two subchronic studies) to assess renal changes in light of recent scientific work on pathogenesis of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat kidney. PWG pathologists confirmed the NTP assessment that adenomas were non-statistically increased in animals exposed to the highest level of THF. However, when pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions were combined, there was no difference between control and THF-exposed groups. Also, the majority of these proliferative lesions were in rats with severe chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN). Accordingly, the PWG concluded that renal lesions in the control and THF-exposed groups resulted primarily from regenerative processes associated with advanced CPN. Based on an alpha 2u-globulin/hyaline droplet response observed in a 4-week study with THF, the PWG could not exclude the possibility of both advanced CPN and low-grade α2u-g nephropathy contributing to the renal proliferative lesions developing chronically in high-dose males. Neither condition has a pathologic counterpart in humans.