Incidence Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

Arrest Web Entanglement: Female Domestic Violence Survivors' Experiences with Police Intervention and Coercively Controlling Male Partners.

Although U.S.-based mandatory and preferred arrest laws and policies were created to promote domestic violence survivors' safety, at times they have contributed to the wrongful arrest of women defending themselves against their abusive partners. While these laws and policies are the subject of broad critique, less considered are domestic violence survivors' descriptions of the events that unfold after police officers respond to a domestic violence incident and before they make an arrest. This is an important area of inquiry as these events may highlight how the circumstances leading to wrongful arrest decisions are more complex than the laws and policies alone. Data from the present study came from the author's larger in-depth qualitative investigation of 33 cisgender women's descriptions of their legal and child protection systems involvement. The women were recruited from an antiviolence intervention agency receiving referrals from communities with mandatory and preferred laws and policies. The women had agency contact due to their use of force or alleged use of force. The respondents were diverse across race, age, class, ability, U.S. citizenship status, and sexual identity. The author analyzed the 33 women's 51 interview transcripts and extensive fieldnotes using rigorous iterative analysis and constructivist grounded theory. The analysis revealed that seven of the 33 women, all of whom identified domestic and sexual violence survivorship histories, described a patterned series of events that unfolded after the police arrived at the domestic violence incident and before the police made an arrest. In this study, the author details three of the seven women's stories to demonstrate how a series of events, including police prearrest questioning and their coercively controlling male partners' tactics, facilitated the women's entanglement in what the author refers to as an "arrest web." Their incremental disentanglement from the arrest's impact is also explored. Broad system-focused implications are discussed.

Leveraging video evidence in domestic violence misdemeanour cases: Examination of case dispositions and case length

Abstract Law enforcement has used video recording devices (e.g. dash camera, body-worn camera) for more than 40 years, with body-worn cameras emerging in 2005 as a policing tool. However, little is known regarding how video evidence is leveraged in case decision-making and outcomes for domestic violence. Law enforcement may use cameras to enhance evidence collection in domestic violence cases, take statements from victims, witnesses, and offenders, record injuries and damages, and document the administration of risk/injury assessments. Preliminary research has indicated video evidence may have strong evidentiary value in domestic violence cases, however, has rarely controlled for other contributing factors. This study furthers our knowledge by examining how video evidence taken by law enforcement impacts case outcomes and length of time to disposition in a sample of closed, misdemeanour domestic violence cases within a large county in a southwestern state. A random sample of cases (n = 612) with and without video evidence were examined for differences in case disposition and case length. Additional evidentiary factors and case characteristics are considered such as prior criminal charges, victim–offender relationship, presence of non-video evidence, presence of witnesses, and gender of offender. Analyses indicate significant differences, such that cases with video evidence are associated with increased guilty pleas, increased convictions, and less time to closure/final case disposition. Findings have implications for the use of video evidence in strengthening the criminal justice response to domestic violence incidents in combination with other case factors.

Analysis of the role of education in tackling violence against women

This article aims to analyze the role of education in building and directing actions and methods to combat violence against women at different levels and in different spaces. This approach is extremely important, given the incidence of domestic and intra-family violence against women in the country, in different spaces and contexts. It reflects the need for changes in social dynamics, especially in the field of education, in the search for transformation and the construction of an awareness and conduct based on gender equality, the observance of fundamental human rights, as well as the creation of instruments to prevent and confront violent and oppressive acts against women. The problem is: What is the role of education in combating domestic and family violence against women? Based on a bibliographical study, it is concluded that projects, programs and studies focused on gender identity and equity, and their roles in society, the consolidation of human rights, violations and their consequences, are indispensable and crucial in school and academic contexts, in order to build a new culture, values and understanding of the world.

The Cost of Testing

An edited and condensed version of remarks delivered by LaTonya Myers as a panelist at the “Drug Testing and Community Supervision: Interrogating Policy, Practice, and Purpose” convening in Columbus, Ohio, in November 2023. Myers discusses her experiences—mostly negative—of probation and drug testing in Philadelphia, which began at age 12 after she intervened in a domestic violence incident involving her mother, and outlines a very different model of supervision. Myers is the founder of Above All Odds, an organization dedicated to supporting those harmed by mass supervision and incarceration in Philadelphia and to advocating for systemic change.

"DV Fatigue": Work Stress and Officers' Attitudes and Performance at Domestic and Family Violence Incidents.

A self-report instrument was created to measure stress, attitudes, and performance of domestic and family violence (DFV) first responders in an Australian state. DFV-related stress negatively impacted officers' attitudes and self-assessed performance. Higher DFV stress was predicted by the frequency and severity of DFV incidents, and the absence of lived experience. Negative attitudes were predicted by a shorter length of service and lower severity, and poorer performance by a longer length of service and lower perceived social support. Males reported higher stress and poorer performance than females. The findings reveal systemic issues that inhibit effective police response, emphasizing the need to address negative attitudes and "DV fatigue."

Overlooked Realities: Reimagining "Home" and "House" Among Women Domestic Workers in India.

Domestic workers (DWs) are integral to the daily lives of a significant portion of India's urban population, with an estimated 3.9 million individuals employed in domestic roles in urban areas, mostly women. This article explores the perceptions of home, house, and safe spaces among migrant women DWs in Delhi. Through in-depth interviews, it delves into their lived experiences as both breadwinners and survivors of domestic violence, revealing that (a) house and home are differently conceptualized by these workers; (b) their homes are perceived as warzones, reinforcing patriarchy through incidents of domestic violence and gendered subordination; and (c) women DWs navigate the complexities of conflicting identities as breadwinners and survivors within unequal gendered relationships.

"Teen Fled Danger into the Arms of Death": The Political Agenda Setting Effect of Australian News Media Framing of Violence Against Women.

News framing of violence against women (VAW) has important implications for public understanding of this epidemic problem in Australian society, and in turn, politicians' impetus to act. This article uses a frame-building model to analyze media reporting of three cases of VAW. The murder of Eurydice Dixon, who was killed by a stranger, was framed thematically and received substantial media attention. Conversely, Larissa Beilby and Qi Yu, who were killed in incidents of domestic violence (DV), were framed episodically and received less coverage. The impact of this differential media attention is compared to public and political responses to theorize that thematic frames create a larger political agenda-setting effect, despite DV presenting a larger societal problem than stranger violence.

Person reference in police interviews: A case study of domestic violence in Indonesia

Person reference plays a critical role in judicial discourse, influencing perceptions of impartiality and respect. Person reference can express partiality or respect, either through solidarity with, or the humanization of, witnesses, victims, suspects, or defendants in law enforcement settings. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that verbal violence or dehumanization can sometimes be perceived as a manifestation of impartiality, when individuals employ words that inflict harm upon others. This study employs a qualitative approach to examine the utilization of person reference by two police investigators during their interview of a suspect involved in a domestic violence incident. The data consisted of transcripts from two experimental setup interviews conducted by two police investigators with one adult individual assuming the role of a suspect. The research revealed that law enforcement investigators employed formal nomination categories during interviews in order to establish a significant level of separation between the investigating officers and the individual under investigation. The present study revealed that two police investigators made efforts to humanize the suspect. Nevertheless, the transition from using the honorifics "Bapak/Pak (Mr/Sir)" as a sign of reverence for older males, to employing the term "Saudara (metaphorical brother/sister)" in a legal setting, indicating a lack of familiarity in the connection, results in an escalation of social distance. This realization advances our knowledge of the subtle ways in which linguistic decisions can affect law enforcement interactions, offering valuable implications for improving the fairness and effectiveness of judicial discourse.

The role of national police bodies v preventions and countermeasures for household violence

The article examines whether the National Police, as a public authority, implements special measures to prevent and counter domestic violence, using, if necessary, measures of administrative coercion against offenders. The National Police bodies are directly charged with the duty of detecting facts of domestic violence, with subsequent response to them. An important aspect of improving the performance of the National Police is to establish trust with the affected families, who are afraid to come forward about the facts of domestic violence due to fear of condemnation from society. The authorities of the National Police also carry out preventive activities, together with the public, to provide the society with relevant information on the prevention and counteraction of domestic violence.
 The problem of domestic violence is not new, it has existed since the beginning of humanity, since the beginning of communities and concepts of family customs. But the fact that today some countries have learned to adequately deal with this problem, and some are simply silent about it, does not mean that the problem does not exist at all. The adoption of the new Law of Ukraine “On Prevention and Combating Domestic Violence” in 2018 is a significant change for the better, but for it to work fully, a lot of effort from the entire population of the country must be made. The legal basis of the National Police’s activity in this area is the normative legal acts in the field of prevention and counteraction of domestic violence - officially formalized results of the subject’s will in the field of prevention and counteraction of domestic violence, carried out unilaterally and entailing legal consequences.
 The following are the authorized divisions of the National Police bodies for the prevention and counteraction of domestic violence:
 
 precinct police officers and community police officers;
 juvenile prevention police officers;
 patrol police units and patrol police response groups;
 investigation and inquiry units;
 domestic violence counteraction sectors and mobile response groups to incidents of domestic violence.

STRENGTHENING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PREVENTION IN NIGERIA: A CALL TO ACTION

Domestic violence, a significant public health concern, remains prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. While developed nations have successfully implemented preventive measures that have led to a reduction in domestic violence incidents, developing countries, such as Nigeria, encounter enduring challenges. This article delves into the patterns of domestic violence across Nigeria's socio-culturally and economically diverse geopolitical regions, analyses effective strategies employed in developed nations, and proposes approaches suitable for the unique context of Nigeria.

DESIGN VIOLANCE REPORTING SYSTEM HOUSEHOLD IN MATARAM CITY

Currently, cases of domestic violence are social and humanitarian problems that need attention. In 2020, the most dominant forms of domestic violence are psychological violence as much as 40%, sexual violence 26%, physical violence 22%, and economic 12%. The number of domestic violence cases in Indonesia also increased in 2019 from 1,419 cases to 2,389 cases in 2020. The increasing number of cases of domestic violence should be a serious concern for all parties. The Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA) is a regional technical implementing unit formed by the regional government that can provide services for women and children who experience domestic violence, services, special protection, consultation, and others. The process of reporting domestic violence in Mataram City is still done conventionally, where people still need to visit the office to report incidents of domestic violence. Then the UPTD PPA will conduct a team discussion for the next action. From the current reporting process flow, the Mataram City UPTD PPA also still takes a long time to follow up on the domestic violence report. So there is still a lack of facilities and media that can assist the community in reporting domestic violence and assist the UPTD PPA in following up on reporting domestic violence. With the development of existing technology and the increasing number of people using android gadgets, from the problems above, researchers will design and build a Domestic Violence Reporting System in the City of Mataram to make it easier to report domestic violence directly without having to go to the authorities to handle the problem. The method that will be used for the development of this system is the Extreme Programming (XP) method.

Causes and Effects of Domestic Violence on Academic Performance among Senior High School Students in the Kwahu South District, Ghana

The study investigated the root causes and repercussions of a variety of issues plaguing a sample of Senior High School (SHS) students in the Kwahu South District of the Eastern Region. However, the precise goals of the study were to discover what factors contribute to domestic violence in the eyes of high school educators and their pupils. This survey study merely described the phenomena being examined. A total of 137 students were chosen at random for the study. The information was gathered with the use of a self-made questionnaire. The quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation, frequency and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. According to the results, people who experienced domestic violence as children are condemned to carry that into their adult relationships. The following explanations have been uncovered: Effects of domestic abuse among SHS students include low self-esteem, the development of phobias and insomnia, emotional discomfort and others. The academic performance of victims of domestic violence was also found to be subpar. Given the widespread incidence of domestic violence, it was suggested that many authorities in the education sector tackle the issue of domestic violence as a social vito in order to help children from violent homes achieve better in school.

BUILDING ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY: TACKLING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The implementation of Covid-19 mitigation policies has hindered the effective functioning of public services. During the Covid-19 pandemic, domestic violence cases remained hidden due to victims' limited access to reporting channels, despite the government's efforts in establishing P2TP2A and SEJIWA psychological services. The persistently high incidence of domestic violence prompted Farazmand (2009) to advocate for increasing the state's administrative capacity to confront unforeseen challenges. This article examines Indonesia's approach to addressing domestic violence during the pandemic through Farazmand's Administrative Capacity Building recipe, utilizing a descriptive qualitative methodology with a literature study. The analysis reveals a pressing need for preventive services in Indonesia, such as social marketing and the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in creating applications that can proactively combat domestic violence, aligning with Farazmand's notion of "anticipatory" administrative capacity.

Kesehatan Lingkungan Kerja Pendekatan Sosiologis

The purpose of this study is to examine the function of Manado's Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Agency (P2TP2A) on Jl. City Hall No. 1 Tikala Ares, Tikala Subdistrict in dealing with incidents of domestic violence against women and children. The issue in this study is domestic violence against women and children. Methods of qualitative research. The goal of qualitative research methodologies is to produce a thorough, factual, and accurate portrayal. Observation, interviews, and documentation are all methods for gathering data. According to the findings of field study, there is a lot of domestic violence against women and children, and there is still violence that is carried out by using the hands with small strikes to blows that might make the victim's condition worse, way that it has an influence on the psychological and psychological development of children, and other elements. Economic considerations, early marriage, and intervention from others are all causes of violence

Unravelling the Threads of Digital Feminist Activism: A Critical Review of #WhyIStayed

This review article delves into the nuanced realm of digital feminist activism, focusing on two seminal journal articles that dissect the complexities of hashtag feminism within the digital landscape. Specifically, the examination centres on the #WhyIStayed hashtag, a poignant response to a domestic violence incident involving an NFL player and his girlfriend in 2014. The articles under scrutiny are “Hope in a Hashtag: the Discursive Activism of #WhyIStayed” by Rosemary Clark (2016) and “Feminist Activism in Digital Space: Postfeminist Contradictions in #WhyIStayed” by Jasmine R. Linabary, Danielle J. Corple, and Cheryl Cooky (2019).Clark’s exploration unfolds as a case study, framing #WhyIStayed as a form of “social drama” within the broader context of feminist movements. Employing a qualitative analysis of tweets related to the Ray Rice controversy, Clark examines the evolution of hashtag feminism, emphasizing its potential as a compelling storytelling mechanism. The analysis draws on a theoretical framework inspired by McFarland’s model of collective action, providing a structured lens to understand the dramatic elements inherent in hashtag activism. While Clark’s work enriches our understanding of hashtag feminism, the argument could benefit from more concrete examples illustrating the lasting impact of successful hashtags on sociopolitical change.In contrast, Linabary, Corple, and Cooky’s article adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing 51,577 unique tweets and semi-structured interviews to unravel the postfeminist contradictions within #WhyIStayed. Their analysis exposes the tensions and complexities arising from individual tweets, offering insights into the liberating or oppressive nature of the discourse. The study identifies three core themes—Contradictions of Voice, Multivocality, and Visibility—providing a nuanced understanding of the contradictions inherent in hashtag feminism. The authors critically engage with the potential depoliticization of feminist activism in the digital realm, highlighting the need for a reimagining of feminist strategies within contemporary political landscapes.Both articles position themselves within the expanding field of Digital Humanities, an interdisciplinary domain leveraging digital tools, techniques, and methodologies to analyze, interpret, and explore the vast corpus of humanistic data available on social networking sites, particularly Twitter, profoundly influencing everyday life. The focus on English texts within the Twitter platform is paramount in both studies. One of the articles goes an extra mile, substituting a few words to maintain the anonymity of the user, showcasing ethical considerations in digital research. Both articles rigorously analyze the content of these 140-character messages, employing thematic analysis to draw conclusions and map emerging themes and categories.
 Moreover, the articles under review actively explore new media messages and the novel meanings that emerge in digital society when associated with a specific hashtag movement. This analysis becomes a conduit for connecting the virtual to the real socio-political landscape, unraveling hidden narrative forms within small media messages. The larger narrative forms that surface when these media messages are analyzed in tandem during a given span of time reveal the dynamic interplay between the virtual and the tangible realms.The comparative analysis accentuates the shared focus on hashtag feminism while revealing differences in methodology, sample size, and analytical techniques. Both articles underscore the dynamic nature of digital media and feminist discourse over time, emphasizing the evolving landscape of online activism within the interdisciplinary framework of Digital Humanities. While Clark’s work calls for more nuanced research into the broader implications of online speech, Linabary, Corple, and Cooky advocate for a critical engagement with postfeminist contradictions to reshape feminist activism in the current political moment.In conclusion, these articles contribute significantly to our understanding of hashtag feminism and digital feminist activism, offering valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of online spaces. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of each article, highlighting their contributions, limitations, and the evolving nature of digital activism within the interdisciplinary field of Digital Humanities. The examination of #WhyIStayed serves as a timely and relevant case study, sparking continued dialogue and critical engagement in the ever-evolving landscape of digital feminist activism.

Relation of Corona Anxiety, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Distress Tolerance with Domestic Violence

Background: The coronavirus pandemic and the preventive measures implemented in response to it have presented family structures with significant challenges and tensions, leading to an increase in domestic violence cases during quarantine. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of corona anxiety, cognitive emotion regulation, and distress tolerance on domestic violence among couples during quarantine. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the study population included all married individuals who participated in the research through invitations. Three hundred and fifty participants were included in the research by available and targeted sampling. Data were collected using the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2), Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (ERQ). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, employing descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression [MLR]). Results: The findings indicated that the variables of corona anxiety, cognitive emotion regulation, and distress tolerance could significantly predict domestic violence among couples. Among these variables, cognitive emotion regulation was the most suitable predictor of domestic violence. The study also revealed a significant positive relationship between corona anxiety and domestic violence (with a correlation coefficient of 0.051, P = 0.001). Additionally, there were negative relationships between cognitive emotion regulation and domestic violence (-0.45), as well as between distress tolerance and domestic violence (-0/38; P = 0.001). Conclusions: The research findings highlight the importance of addressing corona anxiety, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance to mitigate domestic violence among couples. Managing these factors can contribute to reducing the incidence of domestic violence in couples.

A socio-legal imperative of domestic violence prohibition in Africa vis-a-vis Nigerian legal structure for sexually abused women

Domestic violence is a major issue globally. It is one of the most heinous crimes which has and still results in numerous deaths, still receives the least amount of attention, and its negative influence is being underrated. In Africa, it is customarily acceptable for a woman to be beaten by her husband as a form of discipline, and Nigeria is not an exception. To think otherwise, that it cannot be socially acceptable and legally upheld for a man to beat his wife as a form of discipline, is to deny an existing reality. Section 282 of the Nigerian Penal Code encourages men to beat their wives when necessary. This form of permissible violence is often viewed as a family issue. Hence women are hesitant or reluctant to speak up about their experiences. The stigma that usually follows speaking up or voicing out is better imagined than experienced. This study, therefore, provides credible information on domestic violence incidents in Nigeria and Africa. The methodology utilised is the doctrinal legal research method with reports from existing literature and tertiary data sources such as newspapers and website sources. It discusses legislation enacted to prevent and prohibit domestic violence in Nigeria and how influential they have been on the nation at large. By way of comparative analysis, we examine domestic violence occurrences in some selected African countries and the European continents in relation to Nigeria. It also delves into the violation of the principles of gender equality by some Nigerian customs and traditional practices. This study then makes recommendations on how to address the issue. Through its insightful engagement, this study found, among others, that domestic violence is widespread in Africa and that a national law prohibiting the act and holding perpetrators accountable is not only imperative in Nigeria but across the African continent.

Gender and exposure to childhood violence are important determinants of domestic violence among academics

Domestic violence is a common and significant social problem that threatens public health, violates human rights, and poses significant obstacles to national development. This study aimed to evaluate both male and female academics' knowledge and views on domestic violence, and determine its incidence and risk factors among academics. Participants comprised 304 academics working at universities, who were selected by cluster sampling from seven regions of Turkey. Data were analyzed using thematic coding, descriptive statistics, and multivariate logistic regression. Of the 304 participants, 56.9 % were female academics. The incidence of domestic violence among the academics was 21.4 %, with 25.4 % of female and 16.0 % of male academics reporting having experienced it. Academics who were victims of domestic violence were mostly exposed to it from their spouses. Academics also reported experiencing emotional violence. Female academics were 2.3 times more likely to experience domestic violence than men. Academics who were exposed to violence in childhood experienced 14.1 times more domestic violence than those who were not. Although it seems that a high status in society as an academic reduces the rates of exposure to domestic violence, gender, and witnessing or experiencing violence in early childhood are the most important risk factors for this population. The lack of a solution for domestic violence can be attributed to non-deterrent punishments.

Trends in Domestic Violence and Firearm Domestic Violence During COVID-19 in Five US Cities

Abstract Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting social and economic disruptions may be associated with increased risk for reported domestic violence (DV) and firearm-involved DV (FDV). This study examines trends in DV, FDV, and the proportion of DV incidents that involved firearms (FDV/DV) in five large US cities before and during the coronavirus pandemic. Method We examined monthly trends in DV and FDV during January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2020, which included the early part of the pandemic, using Poisson or negative binomial regressions. We used binomial regressions to assess trends in FDV/DV. We considered the onset of the pandemic to be March 2020. Results Findings varied across outcomes and cities. DV decreased in three cities: Kansas City (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–0.90), Los Angeles (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00), and Nashville (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00) relative to trends pre-pandemic. FDV increased in three cities: Chicago (IRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.08), Los Angeles (IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06–1.10), and Nashville (IRR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05) and decreased in one: Kansas City (IRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.87–0.90). FDV/DV increased in three cities: Chicago (Risk Ratio (RR), 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06), Los Angeles (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07–1.11), and Nashville (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06). Conclusions We found variation among cities in trends in reported DV, FDV, and FDV/DV during the first months of the coronavirus pandemic. Variation may be due to a number of factors, including differences in baseline DV and FDV rates; economic strain and unemployment; compliance with social distancing; firearm ownership and purchasing; the availability of DV services; delays in court processing and the early release of prisoners; and community-law enforcement relations.

PERAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DALAM PENCEGAHAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA (KDRT) DI MASA PANDEMI

Based on data released by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemenpppa), the number of cases of Domestic Violence (KDRT) that occurred in Indonesia throughout 2020 was still very high. East Java ranks second highest after Central Java as the province with the most domestic violence cases throughout 2020, with 1,588 cases. This figure is obtained from the number of cases of domestic violence reported in all cities in East Java.
 Efforts to reduce the incidence of domestic violence are not enough just to take repressive actions against perpetrators of domestic violence. What is more important is preventive action to prevent the occurrence of domestic violence. One of the causes of domestic violence can occur is the lack of public knowledge about what is meant by domestic violence. Because there are still many cases of domestic violence that occur during this Covid-19 Pandemic. This is where the role of universities is expected to be able to provide knowledge to the community, not only for women or children, but also for men.
 One of the things that universities can do in providing knowledge to the community regarding domestic violence is by conducting socialization and legal counseling. The role of legal counseling can provide increased legal knowledge to community members in order to avoid violations of the law, especially Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Another benefit of legal counseling is that the community can play an active role directly with other communities to transmit or relay the relay to other members of the community such as within the family, neighbors, in the neighborhood associations and neighborhood associations in the East Java region.
 Keywords: College, Domestic Violence, Pandemic