Prostate Cancer Incidence Rates Research Articles

HIST3H2A promotes the progression of prostate cancer through inhibiting cell necroptosis.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer (PCa). However, the specific molecular mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain unclear, necessitating the identification of new therapeutic targets. Through bioinformatics analysis, we discovered a previously unstudied differential gene called HIST3H2A in prostate cancer. Our study revealed that HIST3H2A is highly expressed in PCa tissues, as confirmed by analysis of both the GEO and UALCAN databases. Further analysis using the KEGG database demonstrated that HIST3H2A regulates the pathway of programmed necroptosis in cells. Additionally, we observed significant up-regulation of HIST3H2A in PCa tissues and cell lines. HIST3H2A was found to regulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in tumors. Notably, HIST3H2A's role in regulating programmed necroptosis in prostate cancer cells differs from its role in apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments collectively support the key role of HIST3H2A in promoting the development of prostate cancer, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for patients with PCa.

Bisphenol S enhances the cell proliferation ability of prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression of SDS

Recent times have witnessed an increase in both incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer. While some individuals with localized or metastatic cancer may progress slowly with a lower mortality risk, those with intermediate or high-risk cancer often face a higher likelihood of death, despite treatment. Bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to various cancers, including prostate and breast cancer, yet the relationship between bisphenol S (BPS) and human health remains underexplored. In our study, we employed ssGSEA analysis to evaluate the BPS-associated score in a prostate cancer cohort. Additionally, differential expression analysis identified BPS-related genes within the same group. Through COX and LASSO regression analyses, we developed and validated a BPS-related risk model using ROC curve and survival analyses. A nomogram, integrating clinical characteristics with this risk model, was established for improved predictive accuracy, further substantiated by calibration curve validation. Molecular docking analysis suggested potential binding between SDS and BPS. We also conducted cell proliferation assays on C4–2 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells, revealing increased cell growth at a BPS concentration of 10–7 M, as evidenced by CCK8 and EdU assays. In summary, our findings shed light on the BPS-prostate cancer linkage, identifying BPS-associated genes, establishing a validated risk model, exploring SDS-BPS binding potential, and assessing BPS's effect on prostate cancer cell growth. These insights underscore the need for further investigation into BPS and its impact on human diseases.

Validation of prostate and breast cancer detection artificial intelligence algorithms for accurate histopathological diagnosis and grading: a retrospective study with a Japanese cohort

Prostate and breast cancer incidence rates have been on the rise in Japan, emphasising the need for precise histopathological diagnosis to determine patient prognosis and guide treatment decisions. However, existing diagnostic methods face numerous challenges and are susceptible to inconsistencies between observers. To tackle these issues, artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have been developed to aid in the diagnosis of prostate and breast cancer. This study focuses on validating the performance of two such algorithms, Galen Prostate and Galen Breast, in a Japanese cohort, with a particular focus on the grading accuracy and the ability to differentiate between invasive and non-invasive tumours. The research entailed a retrospective examination of 100 consecutive prostate and 100 consecutive breast biopsy cases obtained from a Japanese institution. Our findings demonstrated that the AI algorithms showed accurate cancer detection, with AUCs of 0.969 and 0.997 for the Galen Prostate and Galen Breast, respectively. The Galen Prostate was able to detect a higher Gleason score in four adenocarcinoma cases and detect a previously unreported cancer. The two algorithms successfully identified relevant pathological features, such as perineural invasions and lymphovascular invasions. Although further improvements are required to accurately differentiate rare cancer subtypes, these findings highlight the potential of these algorithms to enhance the precision and efficiency of prostate and breast cancer diagnosis in Japan. Furthermore, this validation paves the way for broader adoption of these algorithms as decision support tools within the Asian population.

Abstract 2149: West African genetic ancestry and origin of the BRCA1 locus in Jamaican men with high grade prostate cancer

Abstract Introduction: Men of West African (WA) ancestry are at higher risk for prostate cancer than men of European (EU) or Asian descent. Caribbean populations provide an opportunity to identify potential founder mutations that contribute to cancer risk. Jamaica has among the highest rates of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in the world and the majority of the population are of WA ancestry. However, there is a significant amount of genetic admixture of EU and Asian ancestry from historic migration patterns. Thus, the population provides a unique cohort for studying the complex interplay between genetic ancestry and prostate cancer. In this pilot study, we characterized the overall and gene locus-specific ancestry of Jamaican prostate cancer patients to explore potential associations with clinicopathologic disease features. We specifically focused this analysis on the BRCA1 locus based on its known association with inherited prostate cancer risk and also with breast cancer risk in patients from the Caribbean. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 31 Jamaican men (non-US citizens/residents) who travelled to the University of Miami (2015-2020) specifically for robotic prostatectomy were included in the analysis. DNA was prepared from normal prostate tissue and analyzed using the Illumina Global Screening Array version 3 with Multi-Disease Drop-In that includes more than 650,000 genetic markers. Both overall genetic ancestry and allele specific ancestries were determined for each study subject. Clinical and pathological features (age, PSA, stage, grade group (GG)) were also recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Median age was 67 years, median pre-op PSA was 6.7. The majority of patients were cT1c (91%) and GG 2 (29%) on biopsy. On final pathology most men were ≥pT3 (51%) and the proportion of GG 1, 2 and ≥ 3 was 3%, 52% and 45% respectively. The mean overall West African genetic ancestry was 51.2% (SD 28.4%). Overall % West African ancestry was not associated with pathological GG. In contrast, 50% of the men who were homozygous for African ancestry alleles at the BRCA1 locus had high-grade prostate cancer (GG 3, 4, 5) versus 37% of the men with non-African or heterozygous BRCA1 genotypes. Conclusions: In a select cohort of Jamaican men, we found that half of patients with BRCA1 alleles derived from West African ancestry also have high grade prostate cancer. BRCA1 of African ancestral origin may contribute to the relatively high prevalence of aggressive prostate cancer in men from Jamaica. Work in progress focuses on an expanded study of associations between allele-specific genetic ancestry and prostate cancer in high-risk populations. Citation Format: Sandra M. Gaston, Anthony J. Griswold, Oleksandr N. Kryvenko, Tianjie Gu, Guan-Nan Zhang, Nachiketh S. Prakash, Yuval Avda, Tarek Ajami, Chad R. Ritch. West African genetic ancestry and origin of the BRCA1 locus in Jamaican men with high grade prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2149.

Abstract 3813: Relationship between race/ethnicity and oncologic outcomes in patients with biochemical recurrence after primary treatment for prostate cancer

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common form of cancer in men and accounts for ~35% and 24% of all new cancer diagnoses in Black and Hispanic men, respectively. Incidence rates of PC are higher and cancer is diagnosed at a younger age in Black compared to White men. The most frequently utilized primary treatment options are radical prostatectomy (with or without adjuvant radiotherapy) or radiotherapy. Despite the success of primary treatments for localized PC, many patients (pts) will eventually develop biochemical recurrence (BCR), defined as rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Pts with BCR are at a higher risk of developing distant metastases and ultimately dying from PC. This targeted literature review aimed to assess the real-world (RW) relationship between race/ethnicity and BCR, and further identify any differences in oncologic outcomes (risk of metastases, PC-specific mortality, and overall survival). Methods: A targeted literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and the past 2 years of American Society of Clinical Oncology conference proceedings. Selected studies were limited to English-language articles focusing on BCR and race or ethnicity among US populations, published between 1/2010 and 7/2023. Results: Ten studies were selected after title and abstract review. Most studies had a White pt majority (83%-92%). Six studies reported no differences in BCR or oncologic outcomes when pts were stratified by race/ethnicity. Four studies reported a higher BCR risk for Black pts with low-risk PC after radical prostatectomy, but not for pts with high-risk PC. PSA and PSA doubling time (PSADT) were found to be strong predictors of oncologic outcomes. Conclusions: The FDA draft guidance on diversity plans recommends that clinical trials enroll an adequate number of participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic populations. This requires an understanding of the diversity of the population that will eventually use the treatment and of which race/ethnicity differences in outcomes should be expected and investigated. Based on this targeted review among pts with localized PC, most RW studies had a White pt majority, and the race distribution in these studies aligned with published census and epidemiology data. In addition, findings suggest that race/ethnicity differences were not pronounced among high-risk PC pts in the US when given equal access to care or treatment, and that oncologic outcomes and BCR risk were similar across Black, White, and Hispanic pt populations. Conversely, PSA and PSADT may be stronger prognostic markers for BCR and oncologic outcomes. Future clinical trials are needed to support these RW findings and should aim to actively enroll racial/ethnic minorities to identify potential differences in efficacy and safety, and to help advance the evidence base for pt PC management. Citation Format: Nasreen Khan, Vanessa Quintero, Clara Beck, Miryana Dimova-Dobreva, Binita Patel. Relationship between race/ethnicity and oncologic outcomes in patients with biochemical recurrence after primary treatment for prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3813.

Abstract 1824: Hexadecanoic acid mediated cell cycle arrest involving inhibition of cell migration

Abstract The Caribbean region accounts for the highest incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in the world. This warrants the need for targeted therapy as currently the most prevalent and effective option include chemotherapeutic drugs. Previous studies showed that an enriched sample extracted from the Jamaican Round Leaf yellow yam exhibited antiproliferative effects on DU145 prostate cancer cells. Based on the results obtained, this present study aims at exploring the underlying mechanism of action as well as the antimetastatic activities that the yam derived hexadecanoic acid may exhibit. Flow cytometry analysis was used to assess cell cycle arrest exhibited by hexadecanoic acid on the hormone insensitive DU145 prostate cancer cells. The western blot analysis was then utilized to determine the effects of the hexadecanoic acid enriched sample on cyclins in the cells. Transwell migration assays were then used to evaluate cell metastatic capabilities. Hexadecanoic acid enriched sample induced G1 S cell cycle arrest in the hormone insensitive prostate cancer cell line. Western blot assays also indicated that cell death was possibly induced through the cell cycle regulatory protein, cyclin D1 as its expression was downregulated in the treatment groups. Additionally, the observed metastatic inhibition of prostate cancer cells due to the action of the hexadecanoic acid in the wound healing assay may be attributed to a mechanism involving cyclin D1 as studies have indicated that abnormal Ccnd1 Cdk4 expression promotes tumor growth and metastasis. These results are substantial as it indicates a mechanistic pathway through which hexadecanoic acid is able to cause antiproliferative effects through a cell cycle arrest of hormone insensitive prostate cancer cell lines. Citation Format: Sasha-gay A. Wright, William Aiken, Helen Asemota, Kimberly Foster, Rupika Delgoda. Hexadecanoic acid mediated cell cycle arrest involving inhibition of cell migration [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1824.

Abstract 774: Genetic architecture, evolutionary genomics, and genomic risk of prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Men of African descent have the highest prostate cancer (CaP) incidence and mortality rates, yet the genetic basis of CaP in African men has been understudied. We performed the first large-scale genomic analysis of CaP across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We evaluated the evolutionary history of CaP-associated loci, generated a novel genomic risk score, inferred ancestry-specific genetic architectures, and fine-mapped disease associations using in 3,963 CaP cases and 3,509 controls recruited in Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda through the Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate (MADCaP) Network. Fifteen independent associations at 8q24.21, 6q22.1, and 11q13.3 reached genome-wide significance, including four novel associations. Multiple lead SNPs were private alleles in SSA, a pattern arising from recent mutations and the out-of-Africa bottleneck. These SSA-specific alleles contribute to haplotypes with odds ratios for CaP above 2.4. The genetic architecture of CaP differs across SSA, with effect size differences contributing more to this heterogeneity than allele frequency differences. Population genetic analyses reveal that SSA CaP associations are largely governed by neutral evolution, as opposed to natural selection. This finding is consistent with the late onset of this disease. Focusing on 2,502 age-matched cases and 2,222 non-cancer controls, we generated a novel genomic predictor of CaP. We then assessed the extent to which this polygenic risk score was correlated with age of onset, PSA levels, genetic ancestry, and family history of study participants. The performance of this novel polygenic risk score was tested on other populations of African descent, as well as populations with non-African ancestry. Our findings emphasize the utility of conducting genetic studies in diverse populations. Citation Format: Timothy R. Rebbeck, Rohini Janivara, Wenlong C. Chen, Ujani Hazra, MADCaP Network, Joseph Lachance. Genetic architecture, evolutionary genomics, and genomic risk of prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 774.

Abstract 1292: ProTALKS: A community outreach project founded by a graduate of the CaRE2 Community Scientist Research Advocacy training program, Mrs. Lynn Jones-Turpin

Abstract ProTALKS was created and led by a community member committed to reducing prostate cancer health disparities. ProTALKS stands for Prostate Cancer Outreach, Opinions, and Opportunities and is designed to increase awareness of prostate cancer prevention, research, and treatment as well as highlight the health disparities observed in Black communities. According to the Florida Department of Health, prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates among Black men living in Duval County are higher compared to men of other races and ethnicities. Therefore, there is a need for programs like ProTALKS that focus on early detection strategies and promoting community resources. In collaboration with the Prostate Health Education Network (PHEN), The American Legion Post 197, and Florida Blue, ProTALKS has increased access to services such as prostate cancer screening and evidence-based information. Community events implemented by ProTALKS bring together oncologists, researchers, key community leaders, health educators, and providers to educate and promote positive health behavior changes among high-risk communities. In addition to hosting health fairs, ProTalks has hosted grilling competitions and community awareness walks to further educate the community about prostate cancer prevention, screening, and research. ProTALKS also shares information through the local newspaper, The Jacksonville Free Press, The Lynn & Friends radio show, and social media platforms. Since its start in 2021, with support from the Florida-California Cancer Research, Education, and Engagement (CaRE2) Health Equity Center, ProTALKS has implemented more than 10 community events with over 1,000 community members from Jacksonville, Florida. ProTALKS, in collaboration with CaRE2, continues to disseminate information about cancer screening, the importance of clinical trial participation, and donating biospecimens for cancer research. Although ProTALKS has been successful in its mission, there have been challenges throughout its implementation. For example, one challenge has been increasing the number of community members attending events and using appropriate marketing techniques to promote ProTALKS’ activities. Future implications to avoid challenges include recruiting more volunteers, and partnering with other community organizations in Duval County. Citation Format: Lynn Jones-Turpin, Ileana Guzman, Brooke Hensel, Fern Webb. ProTALKS: A community outreach project founded by a graduate of the CaRE2 Community Scientist Research Advocacy training program, Mrs. Lynn Jones-Turpin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1292.

A west African ancestry-associated SNP on 8q24 predicts a positive biopsy in African American men with suspected prostate cancer following PSA screening.

African American (AA) men have the highest incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer (PCa) among all racial groups in the United States. While race is a social construct, for AA men, this overlaps with west African ancestry. Many of the PCa susceptibility variants exhibit distinct allele frequencies and risk estimates across different races and contribute substantially to the large disparities of PCa incidence among races. We previously reported that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in 8q24, rs7824364, was strongly associated with west African ancestry and increased risks of PCa in both AA and Puerto Rican men. In this study, we determined whether this SNP can predict biopsy positivity and detection of clinically significant disease (Gleason score [GS] ≥ 7) in a cohort of AA men with suspected PCa. SNP rs7824364 was genotyped in 199 AA men with elevated total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (>2.5 ng/mL) or abnormal digital rectal exam (DRE) and the associations of different genotypes with biopsy positivity and clinically significant disease were analyzed. The variant allele carriers were significantly over-represented in the biopsy-positive group compared to the biopsy-negative group (44% vs. 25.7%, p = 0.011). In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, variant allele carriers were at a more than a twofold increased risk of a positive biopsy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-4.32). Moreover, the variant allele was a predictor (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.06-4.84) of a positive biopsy in the subgroup of patients with PSA < 10 ng/mL and normal DRE. The variant allele carriers were also more prevalent in cases with GS ≥ 7 compared to cases with GS < 7 and benign biopsy. This study demonstrated that the west African ancestry-specific SNP rs7824364 on 8q24 independently predicted a positive prostate biopsy in AA men who were candidates for prostate biopsy subsequent to PCa screening.

Disparities in prostate cancer mortality and clinical trial availability across vulnerable populations.

24 Background: Clinical trials provide high-level evidence and test novel therapies that have significantly improved cancer outcomes. However, disparities in clinical trial participation and cancer mortality persist across race/ethnicity and vulnerable populations, notably in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Adverse social determinants of health (SDOH) and systemic barriers may underlie these disparities. Identifying and overcoming these barriers may improve access to and representation in clinical trials, thereby promoting equitable advancement and applicability of science. For these reasons, we evaluate the association between clinical trial availability, cancer mortality, and population-level SDOH in PCa. Methods: Using custom data linkage from ClinicalTrials.gov, Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Registry, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), we performed a cross-sectional analysis of county-level PCa clinical trial data, cancer incidence and mortality rates, and population-level SDOH. We included Phase 2 and Phase 3 interventional PCa clinical trials with start dates from 2007 to 2022. The total number of clinical trials over the study period was calculated per county and population-adjusted for 100,000 residents. Counties were stratified into quintiles based on SVI (i.e., least vulnerable to most vulnerable). Population-adjusted clinical trial availability, cancer incidence, and cancer mortality were compared across SVI quintiles. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between SVI and clinical trial availability and cancer mortality, respectively. Results: The mean number of PCa trials per 100,000 residents was 25.6, with the most vulnerable counties having fewer clinical trials compared to the least vulnerable counties (mean 18.1 vs. 50.0, p&lt;0.05). Further, the most vulnerable counties had a lower PCa incidence rate per 100,000 residents (mean 393.8 vs. 411.7, p&lt;0.05), but a higher PCa mortality rate per 100,000 residents (mean 85.7 vs. 72.0, p&lt;0.05). On multivariable regression analysis, the most vulnerable counties were associated with significantly decreased odds of having any PCa clinical trial (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2 – 0.4) and significantly increased PCa mortality (10.8, 95% CI 7.4 – 14.3), while the presence of any PCa clinical trial was associated with significantly decreased PCa mortality (-6.9, 95% CI -9.1 – -4.7). Conclusions: The most vulnerable counties were far less likely to have any PCa clinical trials despite having a significantly higher PCa mortality rate. The presence of a PCa clinical trial was associated with a reduction in PCa mortality. These vulnerable counties represent scientifically underserved populations that may benefit from equity-driven clinical trial enrollment and cancer care infrastructure expansion.

The Impact of Inherited Genetic Variation on DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer and Benign Tissues of African American and European American Men.

American men of African ancestry (AA) have higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates compared with American men of European ancestry (EA). Differences in genetic susceptibility mechanisms may contribute to this disparity. To gain insights into the regulatory mechanisms of prostate cancer susceptibility variants, we tested the association between SNPs and DNA methylation (DNAm) at nearby CpG sites across the genome in benign and cancer prostate tissue from 74 AA and 74 EA men. Genome-wide SNP data (from benign tissue) and DNAm were generated using Illumina arrays. Among AA men, we identified 6,298 and 2,641 cis-methylation QTLs (meQTL; FDR of 0.05) in benign and tumor tissue, respectively, with 6,960 and 1,700 detected in EA men. We leveraged genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics to identify previously reported prostate cancer GWAS signals likely to share a common causal variant with a detected meQTL. We identified nine GWAS-meQTL pairs with strong evidence of colocalization (four in EA benign, three in EA tumor, two in AA benign, and three in AA tumor). Among these colocalized GWAS-meQTL pairs, we identified colocalizing expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) impacting four eGenes with known roles in tumorigenesis. These findings highlight epigenetic regulatory mechanisms by which prostate cancer-risk SNPs can modify local DNAm and/or gene expression in prostate tissue. Overall, our findings showed general consistency in the meQTL landscape of AA and EA men, but meQTLs often differ by tissue type (normal vs. cancer). Ancestry-based linkage disequilibrium differences and lack of AA representation in GWAS decrease statistical power to detect colocalization for some regions.

Prostate cancer among Saudis: a registry review.

Policy makers in Saudi Arabia greatly rely on published studies to make major public health decisions. Prostate cancer (PCa) studies in Saudi Arabia are either outdated or limited to local regions. The authors aim to analyze the Saudi Cancer Registry to determine the incidence of PCa across all regions of the Kingdom and the risk factors of poor prognosis in the population. Patients diagnosed with primary PCa from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017 were included in the study from the Saudi Cancer Registry. Incidence rates and risk factors for poor survival were calculated. A total of 3607 PCa patients were retrieved. PCa incidence rates ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 per 100000. Most of the patients were aged 60 and older (86.5%; n=3120), married (97%; n=3497) and lived in the central region (38.1%; n=1375). The mean age at diagnosis was 71.1 (10.8) years. Over half of all tumors were poorly differentiated (64.2%; n=2317), and localized (60.4%; n=2180). The all-time metastasis rate reached 31.4% (n=1131). The lowest mean survival was in those with distant metastasis (P=0.039). Age groups, marital status, tumor morphology, place of residency, and grade were not proven to significantly influence survival. The high metastasis rate and evidence of a greater incidence of newly diagnosed metastatic PCa indicate that the idea of select screening for certain high-risk populations is not farfetched. The authors encourage the promotion of awareness regarding PCa risk factors and screening to optimize prognosis and minimize late presentations and high metastasis rates.

The Impact of Nutrient Supply on Prostate Cancer Risk Worldwide.

We aim to explore the association between nutrient supply and the incidence of prostate cancer globally. We utilized national nutrient supply data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for 150 countries, including the average supply of total protein (APS), animal protein (AAPS), fat (AFS), animal protein/total protein ratio (ATR), and share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots, and tubers (CR). Prostate cancer incidence data were sourced from the Global Burden Disease 2019 (GBD2019). Correlation, regression analyses, and subgroup analysis were conducted. Our findings imply that incidence of prostate cancer is significantly correlated to APS (ρ = 0.394, p < 0.01), AAPS (ρ = 0.560, p < 0.01), AFS (ρ = 0.522, p < 0.01), ATR (ρ = 0.592, p < 0.01), and CR (ρ = -0.667, p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, regression analysis showed linear relationships between the AAPS (β = 0.605, p = 0.006), ATR (β = 70.76, p = 0.005), CR (β = -1.4451, p < 0.01), and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of prostate cancer, while no association was observed with APS (β = 0.030, p = 0.483) or AFS (β = 0.237, p = 0.405). Subgroup analysis suggested that dietary supply indicators were associated with ASIR in middle, middle-high, and high SDI, but not in countries with low and middle-low SDI. In summary, prostate cancer rates globally correlate significantly with AAPS, ATR, and CR, but not with APS and AFS. When considering the SDI of countries, the relationship is generally more pronounced in economically advanced nations, but not evident in low and middle-low SDI countries.

Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk: A mendelian randomization analysis.

Some studies have directed towards an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and prostate cancer (PCa); however, this specific relationship remains inconclusive. In recent years, Mendelian randomization (MR) has become a widely used analytical method for inferring epidemiological causes. To investigated the potential relationship between DM and PCa using MR. We downloaded relevant data on "diabetes" and "PCa" from the IEU OpenGWAS project database, performed three different methods to conduct MR, and carried out sensitivity analysis for verification. The results indicated that DM was an independent risk factor for PCa. The odds ratio (OR) values obtained using the inverse variance weighted method in this study were as follows: OR = 1.018 (95% confidence interval: 1.004-1.032), P = 0.014. We found that DM could increase the incidence rate of PCa.

Trends in Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Iran and Its 31 Provinces During 2003 - 2016

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men, which is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. The prevalence of prostate cancer in Iran is lower than in Western and European countries. Objectives: Our study presents an updated incidence rate of prostate cancer in Iran and its provinces, displays its trends, and adds its spatial distribution to the literature. Methods: We investigate the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per annum of prostate cancer from 2003 to 2016 in Iran, using the data of the cancer registration available by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Crude incidence rates were calculated by dividing incident cases by the population of the whole country and each province which was available on the website of Iran Statistic Center. Age standardization was done by the World Health Organization (WHO) standard population and presented according to age and province. Results: The crude number of incident prostate cancer cases in Iran was 49 188 between 2003 and 2016. Age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer showed an increasing trend from 4.46 in 2003 to 18.44 per 100 000 in 2016. Mazandaran (29.57 per 100 000 in 2008) and Esfahan (27.5 per 100 000 in 2016 and 26.51 per 100 000 in 2015) were provinces with the highest reported ASIRs, while Sistan and Baluchestan province had the lowest mean of ASIR (1.59 per 100 000) in the period of the study. Conclusions: The incidence of prostate cancer displays an increase of more than 4 times at the end of the study period. However, the increase in coverage of data recording and greater access to diagnostic tests during these years are effective in the reported ASIRS, but the steep slope in the incidence trend of prostate cancer compared to other cancers in Iran shows its capacity to become one of the health problems that underscore the necessity of implementation of control and prevention programs, especially in high-incidence provinces.

Abstract C066: The SC AMEN Program for Black men: Providing education and navigation to prostate cancer screening with informed decision-making

Abstract Purpose: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second highest cause of cancer death in the United States (U.S). The prostate cancer incidence and death rates in the U.S. are twice as high among Black men vs White men. To address this issue, the Medical University of South Carolina Hollings Cancer Center (MUSC HCC) developed the South Carolina Prostate Cancer Education and Navigation to Screening Program for African American Men (SC AMEN Program). This new program provides prostate cancer information and includes patient navigators who help to overcome the social determinants of health barriers (e.g., lack of transportation, lack of a primary care provider, co-pays) that could prevent Black men from receiving prostate cancer screening. The navigators guide the participants to a physician for an informed decision-making discussion related to prostate cancer screening. Methods: The SC AMEN Program includes a one-hour evidence-based prostate cancer educational session that is delivered to each enrolled participant. The pre-test survey assesses prostate cancer knowledge using the validated PROCASE scale. The survey is administered again at post-test, following the educational session. Each participant is then navigated to a physician to discuss prostate cancer screening over the next three months. The navigation intervention is modeled after the National Cancer Institute’s patient navigation training modules, which integrate adult learning theory, social cognitive theory, and social support theory into the intervention. Results: Among the 122 study participants, 2.8% reported having Hispanic/American Indian ethnicity. The age range of the 122 participants was 40-69 years old; 5.7% had less than a high school education, 26.2% stopped education after high school, 18.9% completed high school and some college, and 49.2% were college graduates/had completed a postgraduate degree. In terms of health insurance coverage, only 45.1% of participants had current or former employer or labor union insurance coverage. The other participants had a mix of Medicare, military, and private insurance coverage. Eighty-seven percent of the participants had an identified primary care physician, while 9.8% did not. 87.7% of participants have primary care and 9.8% of participants did not. The total average pretest score was 6.5/10 with a standard deviation of 1.7. The total average post-test score was 7.2/10 with a standard deviation of 1.5. The total point increase from pretest to post-test was 0.7. Across all study sites, the change in prostate cancer knowledge results from pre-test to post-test was statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.001). Ninety-three percent of the participants in this ongoing study have received prostate cancer screening or have made a screening appointment. Conclusion: The SC AMEN Program appears to be successful in increasing the study participants’ knowledge of prostate cancer and informed decision making for prostate cancer screening. Citation Format: Marvella E. Ford, Melanie Slan, Angel M. Malek, Claudia Lawton, Lee Moultrie, Adam Pressley, Ellen Gomez, Jessica Zserai, Joan McLauren, Mina Platt, Nhi Phuong Le, Chloe Keeve, Joie Zabec, Marla Sagatelian, Nicholas Shungu. The SC AMEN Program for Black men: Providing education and navigation to prostate cancer screening with informed decision-making [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C066.

Incidence trends in prostate cancer among men in the United States from 2000 to 2020 by race and ethnicity, age and tumor stage.

To explore whether prostate cancer incidence trends from 2000 to 2020 in the United States differed by race and ethnicity, age and tumor stage; to explore racial differences in prostate cancer incidence change due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in 2020; and to determine if there is any high-risk population that can be targeted for prevention. We identified 1,098,349 men who were diagnosed with incident prostate cancer at age ≥20 in 2000-2020 in 17 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in the United States; of whom, 778,437 were non-Hispanic whites, 155,111 non-Hispanic blacks, 4,200 American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN), 55,267 non-Hispanic Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 105,334 Hispanics. Age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer was the highest in blacks (302.6 cases per 100,000 men), followed by whites (186.6), Hispanics (153.2), AIAN (108.5), and Asians (104.9). Age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates dramatically decreased from 2000 to 2013 for all ethnic men. However, age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates increased from 2014 to 2020, in which the increasing incidence trend looked sharper in blacks and whites, flatter in Asians, and leveled in AIAN and Hispanics. Among men with local or regional stages across all years, prostate cancer incidence rate was significantly higher in blacks, but significantly lower in Hispanics, AIAN, and Asians as compared to whites. Among men in 2007-2013, the risk of distant stage prostate cancer was statistically significantly elevated in blacks (rate-ratio: 2.22, 95% CI: 2.06-2.38) and Hispanics (1.16, 1.06-1.25), not significantly different in AIAN (1.30, 0.92-1.76), but still significantly lower in Asians (0.73, 0.66-0.82) as compared to whites. There was a drop of prostate cancer incidence from 2019 to 2020 likely due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the access to medical care in 2020. Overall prostate cancer incidence rate decreased by 40.4 cases per 100,000 population from 277.4 in 2019 to 237.0 in 2020 for blacks, 20.9 from 164.2 to 143.3 for whites, 16.8 from 124.8 to 108.0 for Hispanics, 14.9 from 101.7 to 86.8 for AIAN, and 12.6 from 88.4 to 75.8 for Asians. The decreasing trend of prostate cancer incidence from 2000 to 2013 was statistically significant for all ethnic men. There was an increasing prostate cancer incidence from 2014 to 2020. Age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer was the highest in blacks, followed by whites, Hispanics, AIAN, and Asians, regardless of age groups, tumor stages, and time periods. There will also be a need to monitor and investigate the prostate cancer incidence trend during and after COVID-19 pandemic season.

Incidence and risk factors of prostate cancer among the Northern and Eastern parts of the United Arab Emirates population.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent disease worldwide. However, the incidence and patient-specific risk factors of PCa in the Middle East, specifically in the United Arab Emirates,have not been previously reported. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 2377 men diagnosed with either benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or PCa in the Northern and Eastern regions of the United Arab Emirates, excluding the Western part, which includes Abu Dhabi. The study spanned from January 2012 and December 2021. To calculate the PCa incidence rate, we utilized the world age-standardized incidence rates (W-ASIR) categorized by age groups. Patient-specific risk factors of PCa were identified through a multivariate logistic regression analysis of clinical data. A total of 247 cases of PCa and 2130 cases of BPH were included in the study. In our cohort, the W-ASIR for PCa was 21.3 per 100,000 men. The incidence of PCa showed an increasing trend with age, with the highest incidence observed among men aged 70 years and older. Accordingly, multivariate analysis revealed that age over 70 was associated with an increased risk of PCa (OR: 2.546, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.892-3.425, p < 0.01). On the other hand, preexisting conditions such as hypertensionand diabetes mellituswere found to lower the risk of PCa (OR: 0.222, 95% CI: 0.163-0.302, p < 0.001) and (OR: 0.364, 95% CI: 0.205-0.648, p < 0.001), respectively. Additionally, metformin intake was associated with a reduced risk of PCa (OR: 0.385, 95% CI: 0.190-0.782, p = 0.008); while insulin usage increased the risk of PCa (OR: 2.586, 95% CI: 1.539-4.344, p < 0.001). Anti-BPH medications such as phosphodiesteraseinhibitors (OR: 0.223, 95% CI: 0.069-0.723, p = 0.012) or 5-α reductase (OR: 0.206, 95% CI: 0.110-0.389, p < 0.000), were found to lower the risk of PCa. The findings underscore the high incidence of PCa in the United Arab Emirates, with age being a significant factor. Furthermore, the study highlights the influence of certain comorbidities and medications on the risk of developing PCa within the United Arab Emiratespopulation.

Burden of prostate cancer in the Middle East: A comparative analysis based on global cancer observatory data.

Prostate cancer represents a significant global health issue, yet our understanding of its impact in the Middle East remains limited. This study aimed to assess the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in the Middle East, and compare these rates to those in Europe and North America. We utilized the 2020 Global Cancer Observatory data, compiling incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in 20 Middle Eastern countries. We calculated mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) and compared the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and MIR between the Middle East and the combined regions of North America and Europe. The countries were further stratified based on the Human Development Index (HDI) and income level for additional analysis. In 2020, the Middle East documented an estimated 51,649 new prostate cancer diagnoses, accounting for 3.7% of global cases. Despite a significantly lower ASIR in the Middle East compared with Europe and North America (10.50 vs. 21.50, p = 0.0087), the region had a higher MIR (12.35 vs. 3.00, p = 0.0476). When stratified based on HDI or income levels, there was no significant difference in MIRs; however, a significant trend of increasing MIR with decreasing HDI (p = 0.028) and income levels (p = 0.016) was observed. Despite a lower incidence, our analysis showed a significantly higher MIR for prostate cancer in the Middle East compared with Europe and North America. These findings underscore the unique challenges posed by prostate cancer in the Middle East and emphasize the necessity of tailored strategies to address this pressing public health issue.

Prevalence and predictors of survival among patients with prostate cancer attending Nyeri County and referral hospital, Kenya: a review of records 2017-2022

Background: Prostate cancer is a significant health concern globally. The incidence rate of prostate cancer (PCa) has continued to rise in Kenya. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of prostate cancer in patients attending Nyeri County and referral hospital in Kenya, identify predictors of survival, and assess the impact of treatment modalities on survival outcomes. Methods: A retrospective observational design was employed, analyzing data from 252 patient records documented between 2017 and 2022. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, treatment modalities, and survival outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Results: The prevalence of prostate cancer among the study population was found to be 10.84%. The majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer were aged 70 years or older, with none below 40 years. Most patients were residents of Nyeri County, and some came from neighboring counties in central Kenya. The overall survival rate for prostate cancer patients was 64.29%, indicating that 35.71% of patients died during the study period. Advanced age, comorbidities, and late-stage diagnosis were associated with lower survival rates. Multivariate analysis revealed that prostate cancer cases with hypertension were 2.91 times more likely to die compared to those without comorbidities (p=0.01, CI: 1.285051-6.597691). Conclusions: The study highlights a significant prevalence of prostate cancer in the region and emphasizes the need for enhanced management strategies. Early detection programs, tailored treatment approaches considering comorbidities, and improved access to healthcare services are recommended to enhance survival rates and overall management of prostate cancer in this population.