Incidence Rate Of Fever Research Articles

Global burden, trends, and inequalities for typhoid and paratyphoid fever among children younger than 15years over the past 30years.

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, collectively known as enteric fever, are systemic infections caused by Salmonella enterica and are highly prevalent in children. We aimed to describe the global burden, trends, and inequalities of enteric fever among children under 15years from 1990 to 2019 based on data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019). In this secondary analysis of GBD 2019, we extracted data for incident cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as measures of enteric fever burden. We estimated the average annual percentage changes (AAPC) in enteric fever incidence, mortality, and DALYs rate to quantify trends over time. Cross-country inequalities in enteric fever incidence were measured using the slope index of inequality and concentration index. In 2019, the global cases of typhoid and paratyphoid were 4 833 282 and 1 793 172, respectively, both lower than those in 1990. On secondary analysis, paratyphoid incidence decreased at a faster rate than typhoid from 1990 to 2009, whereas the incidence of paratyphoid (AAPC = -3.78, 95% CI: -4.07, -3.49) declined slower than that of typhoid (AAPC = -4.32, 95% CI: -4.50, -4.13) from 2010-2019 (P < 0.05) at the global level. The incidence burden of enteric fever increased in Australasia (AAPC = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.78) and Western Europe (AAPC = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.11). Death and DALYs burden in low socio-demographic index (SDI) region showed an stable trend. A significant reduction in SDI-related inequality occurred, with the concentration index falling from -0.31 in 1990 to -0.22 in 2019. The global disease burden of enteric fever and the magnitude of inequalities across countries have declined since 1990, but low SDI countries remain a region of concern. Travellers from Oceania and Western Europe to endemic regions should be particularly aware of the risk of enteric fever.

Incidence rate of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome complicated with acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis

BackgroundAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a rare but serious complication in patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). When AP complicates HFRS, the clinical outcome significantly worsens and the risk of mortality increases. However, the incidence of AP in HFRS patients and its associated mortality risk remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine the AP incidence rate in HFRS patients and assess the impact of AP on mortality in these patients.MethodsWe systematically searched seven databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBase, Sinomed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, and Chongqing VIP) for relevant studies on HFRS complicated by AP. The studies were selected using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study design principle. Two independent reviewers screened the studies, and the quality of the included studies was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Newcastle-Ottawa Evaluation Scale (NOS).ResultsIn total, 11 studies, encompassing 1,218 HFRS patients, met the inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of HFRS complicated by AP was 8.5% (95% CI for r 5.9–11.1%). The HFRS patients with AP had a significantly higher risk of mortality than those without AP (OR = 3.668, 95% CI for OR 1.112–12.031). No statistically significant differences were observed in the subgroup and meta-regression analyses.ConclusionAlthough the incidence of AP in HFRS patients is not high, it significantly increases the risk of mortality in these patients. Future large-scale prospective studies are required to further validate these findings.

Mitigating the Risk of Dengue Fever in Nagpur City, India: Insights from a Five-year Retrospective Study

Objectives: Dengue is a significant global threat, with millions of infections yearly, primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Vector control is crucial as no specific treatment is available, and urbanisation has led to increased susceptibility to the disease. We aimed to study dengue fever’s incidence, mortality, and various determinants in Nagpur, India. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective record-based study conducted for the period between January 2018 and December 2022 in Nagpur, India. Results: During 2018–2022, 17,306 blood samples were tested for dengue immunoglobulin M antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method with 2470 positive results indicating an overall test positivity of 14.27%. A median of 27 samples was tested monthly (interquartile range [IQR]: 5–178.5) with seven dengue cases (IQR: 1–15) diagnosed per month, yielding a monthly median dengue test positivity rate of 15.3 % (IQR: 6.41–24.28). Median annual dengue incidence rate (per 1,00,000 population) was 20.12 (IQR: 21.46). The median dengue-attributable death yearly was 2 (IQR: 2.25), remaining stable over the study period. The mean annual case fatality rate (CFR) was 0.43% (standard deviation [SD]: 0.34%). During the same period, India’s mean annual dengue incidence rate (per 1,00,000 population) was 1.74 (SD: 0.81), and the mean annual CFR was 0.134 % (SD: 0.042). During the five years, action was taken on 194,698 containers. The median values of environmental factors and public health interventions, as calculated on a monthly basis, were as follows: Container index: 1.15 % (IQR: 0.7–1.98); action taken on containers: 3108.5 (IQR: 2436–4282); house index: 3.02 % (IQR: 2–4.07); guppy fishes introduced: 1736.5 (1005.5–1794.5) and rainfall (mm): 26.05 (1–69.11). The total number of dengue cases, incidence rate, and CFR showed an overall decline in year-wise evaluation. The important determinants identified were as follows: Higher container index, house index, and total blood samples tested for dengue were significant determinants of the total number of dengue cases, and environmental factors such as Aedes density, container index, and house index were significant determinants of dengue-related mortality. Introducing guppy fishes and taking action on containers successfully arrested the absolute number of dengue deaths. The container index, house index, and rainfall were significant determinants of Aedes’ density. Conclusion: Our study emphasises the effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing the incidence and fatality rate of dengue fever in Nagpur City over the past five years, particularly through introducing guppy fish and container management. Stagnant water around households has been identified as a significant risk factor for dengue transmission. Prevention strategies must prioritise tackling this issue, with enhanced monitoring during the wet season, and encourage community members to take personal responsibility for eliminating stagnant water sources in their households.

Effect of different concentrations of sufentanil combined with ropivacaine on epidural fever during labor: A single-center retrospective study.

Labor epidural analgesia (LEA) is associated with increased maternal body temperature; however, the responsible mechanism is unknown. Recent studies suggest that changes in EA affect the incidence of fever and that epidural sufentanil supplementation enhances analgesia and reduces the amount of local anesthetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of sufentanil combined with ropivacaine on intrapartum fever during delivery. We performed a retrospective study comparing maternal fever rates in patients receiving labor analgesia between December 2018 and January 2019. Each patient receiving different concentrations of sufentanil in their EA received either proposal H (0.08% ropivacaine + 0.4 µg/mL sufentanil) or proposal L (0.08% ropivacaine + 0.2 µg/mL sufentanil), with the same nulliparous status. The primary outcome of this study was the incidence of intrapartum maternal fever, which was defined as any temperature ≥ 38°C during labor using Fisher exact test. Secondary outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, birth events, and neonatal outcomes. We observed a perinatal fever incidence rate of 11.7% in the group receiving proposal L, while the incidence rate was 19.8% in the group receiving proposal H (P = .001). Five hours after administration, the average body temperature of the puerpera decreased significantly in the proposal L group compared with proposal H group. In addition, treatment with 0.2 µg/mL sufentanil provided satisfactory pain relief during labor, shortened the first stage of labor and total labor time, reduced oxytocin use, and had no significant adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. EA may increase the risk of intrapartum epidural-associated fever. Compared with the 0.4 µg/mL sufentanil group, the 0.2 µg/mL sufentanil group can provide better analgesia and improve maternal fever. These retrospective results highlighted the importance of prospective and mechanistic studies of maternal fever associated with intraspinal analgesia.

Efficacy and safety of nalbuphine for epidural labor analgesia at high altitude: An observational study.

Xining is located at the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of >7000 feet (>2000 m). Nalbuphine is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist that can provide analgesia with fewer side effects than other opioid analgesics. This study aimed to evaluate pain control, side effects, and neonatal outcomes from combining nalbuphine with sufentanil and ropivacaine in 600 women during epidural anesthesia while giving birth at a high altitude in Xining, China. A total of 600 parturients receiving epidural labor analgesia were randomly divided into 2 groups, each group 300 parturients. The nalbuphine group received nalbuphine, sufentanil, and ropivacain, the control group only received sufentanil and ropivacain. The analgesic effect was evaluated through the Visual Analogue Scale scores. Neonatal outcomes were mainly evaluated through the Apgar Scores. Compared to the control group, the nalbuphine group showed lower Visual Analogue Scale scores at all time points after analgesia (P < .05). In comparison with the control group, parturients in the nalbuphine group showed lower incidence rates of fever at delivery, 24-hour postpartum bleeding, and pruritus (P < .05). However, between the 2 groups, there were no statistically significant differences in the remaining maternal and infant outcomes and neonatal outcomes (P > .05). Moreover, no adverse effects on neonatal outcomes were observed. The findings from this study support findings from previous studies that nalbuphine provided safe epidural analgesia without significant side effects for the mother and infant, and showed both safety and efficacy when used during labor at high altitude.

Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa.

With more than 1.2 million illnesses and 29,000 deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem. Effective control of the disease would benefit from an understanding of the subnational geospatial distribution of the disease incidence. We collated records of the incidence rate of typhoid fever confirmed by culture of blood in Africa from 2000 to 2022. We estimated the typhoid incidence rate for sub-Saharan Africa on 20 km × 20 km grids by exploring the association with geospatial covariates representing access to improved water and sanitation, health conditions of the population, and environmental conditions. We identified six published articles and one pre-print representing incidence rate estimates in 22 sites in 2000-2022. Estimated incidence rates showed geospatial variation at sub-national, national, and regional levels. The incidence rate was high in Western and Eastern African subregions followed by Southern and Middle African subregions. By age, the incidence rate was highest among 5-14 yo followed by 2-4 yo, > 14 yo, and 0-1 yo. When aggregated across all age classes and grids that comprise each country, predicted incidence rates ranged from 43.7 (95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 591.2) in Zimbabwe to 2,957.8 (95% CI: 20.8 to 4,245.2) in South Sudan per 100,000 person-years. Sub-national heterogeneity was evident with the coefficient of variation at the 20 km × 20 km grid-level ranging from 0.7 to 3.3 and was generally lower in high-incidence countries and widely varying in low-incidence countries. Our study provides estimates of 20 km × 20 km incidence rate of typhoid fever across sub-Saharan Africa based on data collected from 2000 through 2020. Increased understanding of the subnational geospatial variation of typhoid fever in Africa may inform more effective intervention programs by better targeting resources to heterogeneously disturbed disease risk.

EXTENSIVELY DRUG RESISTANT (XDR) SALMONELLA TYPHI RED FLAG FOR CLINICIANS AT KARACHI

Background: Salmonella typhi cause enteric fever which is a grave community health problem with increasing antibiotic resistance. Salmonella typhi is responsible for 10.9 million morbidities and 116800 mortalities worldwide with the greatest burden falling on third world countries. It is common among children with incidence rate of typhoid fever 573.2 per 100,000 in aged 2-5years and 451.7 cases per 100,000 children per year among 2-15years old in Pakistan. Early detection of Salmonella typhi and selection of appropriate antibiotics are important to mitigate the morbidity and fatality rate related to these kinds of infections. We have conducted this study to assess the extensively drug resistance in isolates of Salmonella typhi in Karachi, Pakistan. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at private set up, Karachi from 2019-2021. This study was ethically approved from hospital management. Data related to phenotypic detection of antimicrobial susceptibility was obtained from LIMS (Laboratory Information Management System). According to record both in-door and out-door patients were included in the study. The collected data was scrutinized by using descriptive statistics performed with SPSS version 24. Chi-square was used to test for statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Total 10564 samples were extracted from data, out of which 4582 samples were found positive for growth of different microorganisms. Salmonella typhi were positive in 1500 cases and only 412 samples were exhibiting XDR Salmonella typhi. Maximum cases of XDR Salmonella typhi were detected in age group 5-10 years with 38.8%. There were 61% male and 39% female. Conclusion: Our study explains that cases of enteric fever as a result of Salmonella typhi are swarming in all cities of Pakistan and particularly at Karachi. XDR is not restricted to Karachi but it is the tip of the iceberg. There is an urgent need to detect these cases timely and start appropriate treatment to overcome complications. Keywords: Salmonella typhi, XDR, Antimicrobial susceptibility, Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin.

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with autoimmune neurological conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionRisk of adverse effects and exacerbation in autoimmune neurological conditions (ANC)are frequently cited reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. This study evaluates the ANC safety of COVID-19 vaccines in the real world. MethodsElectronic databases were searched to identify studies reporting the use of the COVID-19 vaccine in ANC. We selected studies that provided data on adverse effects and worsening conditions related to ANC after vaccination. The pooled incidence rates for various adverse effects, stratified for the disease category, dosage, and type of vaccine, were estimated. ResultsTwenty-eight studies (31 vaccination cohorts) were included. The pooled incidence rate of general adverse events was 0.35 (95%CI, 0.27–0.43, I2 = 100 %). The pooled incidence rates of local injection reaction, fatigue, weakness, myalgia, fever, headache, and chills were 0.27 (0.18–0.36, I2 = 98 %), 0.16(0.11–0.21, I2 = 93 %), 0.15(0.00–0.31, I2 = 97 %), 0.13(0.08–0.19, I2 = 97 %), 0.11(0.07–0.15, I2 = 95 %), 0.11(0.07–0.16, I2 = 97 %), and 0.09 (0.03–0.16, I2 = 96 %), respectively. The pooled incidence rate of exacerbation adverse events was 0.05 (95%CI, 0.04–0.07, I2 = 84 %). ConclusionAccording to available evidence, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in individuals with autoimmune neurological disorders seems well-tolerated, with few reports of adverse events. Furthermore, exacerbation of autoimmune neurological conditions following vaccination appears to be infrequent.

Modern aspects of hemostasis state for fevers of rickettsiosis etiology

To analyze the data obtained from scientific papers on Internet resources and to track the characteristic changes in hemostasis with various types of rickettsiosis fevers, allowing a better understanding of the pathogenesis of rickettsiosis and, as a result, a more competent approach to the treatment of this pathology. In the course of the work, numerous scientific papers of foreign and domestic scientists from various Internet resources (PubMed, CyberLeninka, Elibrari, etc.) were used, which made it possible to analyze changes in hemostasis and summarize them while working.&#x0D; At the end of the twentieth century, a rapid economic development of endemic zones caused changes in their nosology, significantly affecting an increase in the incidence of natural focal rickettsiosis from the group of tick-borne spotted fevers in many regions of the world. Geographical conditions of the Volga-Caspian floodplain have created optimal conditions for the formation of natural foci of some rickettsioses on the territory of the Astrakhan region. During the period of controlled epidemiological surveillance from 1983 to 2019, the incidence rate of Astrakhan rickettsia fever has increased several dozen times, the settlements located near the gas complex are hyperendemic. The results of numerous studies regarding infectious diseases of rickettsiosis etiology indicate the leading role of cellular structures in the imbalance of hemostasis suggesting a more detailed study of their functional activity and the determination of factors affecting their activity. Rickettsioses require a more thorough study of the clinical and epidemiological picture, pathogenetic aspects to identify criteria for early diagnosis of hemocoagulation disorders in the hemostasis system that formed the basis of this study.&#x0D; Thus, summing up all of the above, rickettsioses require a more thorough study of the clinical and epidemiological picture, pathogenetic aspects to identify criteria for early diagnosis and appointment of adequate therapy. The features of hemocoagulation dynamics in rickettsia fevers deserve special attention, because this process is both a trigger mechanism of the infectious process and an important factor affecting other structures of this biological system.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF): Vulnerability Model Based on Population and Climate Factors in Bengkulu City

Objective: The causes for the increasing number of dengue cases are complex and multifactorial. The approach taken must combine influencing factors, and comprehensive prevention strategy is needed that includes all the components of factors that influence dengue disease to predict the incidence of the disease. This research aimed to analyze the relationship between population and climate components including population density, population density &lt;15 years old, sanitation, temperature, humidity and rainfall, on the incidence rate of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).Material and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design, with the research sample being all sub-districts in Bengkulu City, Indonesia (67 sub-districts). Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling to create a dengue modeling based on population and climate factors, through the SmartPLS application.Results: Population and climate factors had a significant relationship with the incidence rate of dengue, with p-values of 0.018 and 0.000, respectively. Population and climate factors had a percentage effect on the incidence rate of dengue (36.9%).Conclusion: Population and climate factors had an influence of 36.9% on the incidence of dengue. There were many factors affecting the incidence of dengue, so a more comprehensive modeling of the various influencing factors is needed. Dengue modeling is crucial as an early warning system for the early prevention of dengue outbreaks, so that the control strategies implemented can be more effective.

The Relationship Between GLIM Criteria and Recovery Times in the Leukemia Treatment Process

Fatma YILMAZ1, Merih Reis ARAS1, Hacer Berna AFACAN OZTURK1, Umit Yavuz MALKAN2, Ayse Arslan KAPUCI3, Ahmet Kursad GUNES1, Murat ALBAYRAK1 1Ankara Etlik State Hospital, Department of Hematology, Ankara 2Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Ankara 3Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Ankara Keywords: GLIM criteria, Leukemias, Malnutrition, Recovery time Malnutrition is an important point in patients with hematological malignancies, especially in patients with leukemia who have the potential to enter into prolonged neutropenia. There is no generally accepted approach algorithm with a common consensus in determining the risk of malnutrition. The GLIM criteria, developed by a common consensus of major global nutrition societies (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition), are one of the most frequently used approaches recently. Method A total of 50 patients with a diagnosis of leukemia (AML, ALL) were included in the study. NRS-2002 and then GLIM criteria were used to determine the nutritional status of the patients. The study parameters were evaluated by dividing the patients into two groups as malnourished and non-malnourished. Comparing the malnourished group to the non-malnourished group; while platelet, albumin, and prealbumin values and anthropometric measurements were found to be statistically significantly low, infection incidence rate, fever duration and rate, the need for multiple and longer courses of antibiotics and antifungal usage rate were found to be statistically significantly high (p&lt; 0.005). Adequate nutritional level of the patient does not affect the neutrophil and platelet recovery time, but infection incidence rate and rate of fever within the same period of neutropenia statistically significantly reduces the need for antibiotics and antifungals. In patients with a diagnosis of leukemia who have long hospital stays, it is important to ensure adequate calorie intake with regular dietitian follow-up, to obtain a balanced calorie intake from macronutrients, and to add micronutrient support.

Epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China, 2004-2020

Objective: To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China from 2004 to 2020, understand the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and provide evidences to develop more targeted prevention and control measures. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological method and spatial analysis method were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China during this period by using the surveillance data collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 202 991 cases of typhoid fever were reported in China from 2004 to 2020. More cases occurred in men than in women (sex ratio: 1.18∶1). Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (53.60%). The incidence rate of typhoid fever decreased from 2.54/100 000 in 2004 to 0.38/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate was reported in young children aged <3 years after 2011, ranging from 1.13/100 000 to 2.78/100 000, and during this period the proportion of cases in this age group increased from 3.48% to 15.59%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 6.46% in 2004 to 19.34% in 2020. The hotspot areas existed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces and expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Provinces. A total of 86 226 paratyphoid fever cases were reported from 2004 to 2020, the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.21∶1. Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (59.80%). The incidence rate of paratyphoid fever decreased from 1.26/100 000 in 2004 to 0.12/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate of paratyphoid fever was in young children aged <3 years after 2007, ranging from 0.57/100 000 to 1.19/100 000, and during this period the proportion of the cases in this age group increased from 1.48% to 30.92%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 4.52% in 2004 to 22.28% in 2020. The hotspot areas expanded to the east, including Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces. Conclusions: The results showed a low level of incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China with a trend of decreasing per year. The hotspots were mainly in the of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces, with an expanding trend to eastern China. It is necessary to strengthen the typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever prevention and control in southwestern China, among young children aged <3 years and the elderly aged ≥60 years.

Incidence and trends of 17 notifiable bacterial infectious diseases in China, 2004–2019

BackgroundCertain bacterial infectious diseases are categorized as notifiable infectious diseases in China. Understanding the time-varying epidemiology of bacterial infections diseases can provide scientific evidence to inform prevention and control measures.MethodsYearly incidence data for all 17 major notifiable bacterial infectious diseases (BIDs) at the province level were obtained from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System in China between 2004 and 2019. Of them 16 BIDs are divided into four categories, respiratory transmitted diseases (RTDs, 6 diseases), direct contact/fecal-oral transmitted diseases (DCFTDs, 3 diseases), blood-borne/sexually transmitted diseases (BSTDs, 2 diseases), and zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (ZVDs, 5 diseases), and neonatal tetanus is excluded in the analysis. We characterized the demographic, temporal, and geographical features of the BIDs and examined their changing trends using a joinpoint regression analysis.ResultsDuring 2004‒2019, 28 779 thousand cases of BIDs were reported, with an annualized incidence rate of 134.00 per 100 000. RTDs were the most commonly reported BIDs, accounting for 57.02% of the cases (16 410 639/28 779 000). Average annual percent changes (AAPC) in incidence were − 1.98% for RTDs, − 11.66% for DCFTDs, 4.74% for BSTDs, and 4.46% for ZVDs. Females had a higher incidence of syphilis than males, and other BIDs were more commonly reported in males. Among 0-5-year-olds, the diseases with the largest increases in incidence were pertussis (15.17% AAPC) and scarlet fever (12.05%). Children and students had the highest incidence rates of scarlet fever, pertussis, meningococcal meningitis, and bacillary dysentery. Northwest China had the highest incidence of RTDs, while South and East China had the highest incidences of BSTDs. Laboratory confirmation of BIDs increased from 43.80 to 64.04% during the study period.ConclusionsRTDs and DCFTDs decreased from 2004 to 2019 in China, while BSTDs and ZVDs increased during the same period. Great attention should be paid to BSTDs and ZVDs, active surveillance should be strengthened, and timely control measures should be adopted to reduce the incidence.

Generalized Linear Regression Model to Determine the Threshold Effects of Climate Variables on Dengue Fever: A Case Study on Bangladesh

One of the leading causes of the increase in the intensity of dengue fever transmission is thought to be climate change. Examining panel data from January 2000 to December 2021, this study discovered the nonlinear relationship between climate variables and dengue fever cases in Bangladesh. To determine this relationship, in this study, the monthly total rainfall in different years has been divided into two thresholds: (90 to 360 mm) and (&lt;90 or &gt;360 mm), and the daily average temperature in different months of the different years has been divided into four thresholds: (16°C to ≤20°C), (&gt;20°C to ≤25°C), (&gt;25°C to ≤28°C), and (&gt;28°C to ≤30°C). Then, quasi-Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were applied to assess the relationship. This study found a positive correlation between temperature and dengue incidence and furthermore discovered that, among those four average temperature thresholds, the total number of dengue cases is maximum if the average temperature falls into the threshold (&gt;28°C to ≤30°C) and minimum if the average temperature falls into the threshold (16°C to ≤20°C). This study also discovered that between the two thresholds of monthly total rainfall, the risk of a dengue fever outbreak is approximately two times higher when the monthly total rainfall falls into the thresholds (90 mm to 360 mm) compared to the other threshold. This study concluded that dengue fever incidence rates would be significantly more affected by climate change in regions with warmer temperatures. The number of dengue cases rises rapidly when the temperature rises in the context of moderate to low rainfall. This study highlights the significance of establishing potential temperature and rainfall thresholds for using risk prediction and public health programs to prevent and control dengue fever.

Explanatory models for tick-borne disease incidence (Astrakhan rickettsial fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever)

Introduction. The study focuses on methods providing mathematical substantiation of discrepancies between actual incidence rates of Astrakhan rickettsial fever (ARF) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and predicted rates due to the indirect impact of weather conditions during the current epidemic season.&#x0D; The purpose of the study was to develop explanatory models for ARF and CCHF incidence using satellite monitoring (remote sensing) data and to present the results of their practical evaluation in the Stavropol Territory and Astrakhan Region.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The materials included climate data provided by the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as epidemiological data on CCHF and ARF incidence from 2005 to 2021. The explanatory models incorporated the Bayes theorem and Wald sequential analysis. All the calculations were completed using the Microsoft Excel 2010-based program developed by the authors.&#x0D; Results. It has been found that the greatest indirect effect on development of the CCHF epidemiological situation is produced by the normalized difference vegetation index and relative air humidity in June-July in the Stavropol Territory and by the maximum, minimum and average air temperature in October as well as the minimum air temperature in July in the Astrakhan Region. ARF incidence rates depend on the indirect effect of the annual average and average annual maximum temperature, maximum temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index in April-July. The match between explanatory model-based results and prediction model-based results ranged within 46.2-100%.&#x0D; Discussion. In addition to projecting incidence rates, which could be reached with the observed values of climatic factors in the current year, the explanatory models can be used for indirect verification of prediction models and for identification of factors causing differences in results.&#x0D; Conclusion. The practical evaluation of explanatory models confirms the prospects and benefits of the study that should be continued, involving other regions highly endemic for tick-borne infections.

The Density of Aedes aegypti Larvae Density and the Incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Pesingahan Environment, Pagesangan Barat Village, Mataram

Dengue hemorrhagic fever remains a public health concern in West Nusa Tenggara Province, with the majority of cases occurring in Mataram City and the Pesinggahan Environment of West Pagesangan Village. The density of Aedes aegypti larvae as disease vectors has a strong influence on the high incidence of cases and the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The objective of this study was to identify if there was a relation between the density of Aedes aegypti larvae and the rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Pesinggahan Environment of Pagesangan Barat Village. This study is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. This study's sample size was 56 houses. The data collected included information on the density of Aedes aegypti larvae and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Pesinggahan Environment of Pagesangan Barat Village over the previous year. Descriptive analysis was used to examine data on the density of Aedes aegypti larvae and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Pesinggahan environment. The findings revealed that the density of Aedes aegypti larvae was high (Density Figure (DF) = 6), as was the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever (0.39%). The statistical analysis between the density of A. aegypti larvae and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Pesinggahan Environment with the chi square test demonstrated indicate that p-value = 0.000 &lt; alpha = 0.05. Based on the results of the study, there was a relationship between the density of A. aegypti larvae and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Pesinggahan, Pagesangan Barat Village. Further research is required regarding the detection of the dengue virus transmitted by A. aegypti mosquitoes to their offspring (transovarial).

Climate Factors and DHF Cases in Padang During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is transmitted within regions characterised by tropical weather. The present study reports the incidence rate of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Padang City during the year 2021, which is estimated to be 37.2 cases per 100,000 individuals in the community.Purpose: The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between specific components of the physical environment, specifically the climate, and the occurrence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Padang City amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic.Method: The present study employs ecological research methodologies. The study utilised a sample consisting of all instances of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that were documented at the Padang City Health Service, along with climatic data obtained from the BMKG for the period spanning from March 2020 to March 2022. The findings of the study indicate a temporal increase in cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Padang City throughout the period from July to December 2021.Result: The findings from the examination of incidences of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in relation to climate factors during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed a statistically significant association with wind speed (p = 0.018). Wind speed emerged as the prevailing environmental determinant in instances of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) within the Covid-19 pandemic. The wind speed was identified as a climate variable that exerted influence on the occurrence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Padang amongst the Covid-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of scarlet fever in Yantai City, Shandong Province from 2015 to 2019

From 2015 to 2019, the annual average incidence rate of scarlet fever was 7.80/100 000 in Yantai City, which showed an increasing trend since 2017 (χ2trend=233.59, P<0.001). The peak period of this disease was from April to July and November to January of the next year. The ratio of male to female was 1.49∶1, with a higher prevalence among cases aged 3 to 9 years (2 357/2 552, 92.36%). Children in kindergartens, primary and middle school students, and scattered children were the high risk population, with the incidence rate of 159.86/100 000, 25.57/100 000 and 26.77/100 000, respectively. The global spatial auto-correlation analysis showed that the global Moran's I index of the reported incidence rate of scarlet fever in Yantai from 2015 to 2019 was 0.28, 0.29, 0.44, 0.48, and 0.22, respectively (all P values<0.05), suggesting that the incidence rate of scarlet fever in Yantai from 2015 to 2019 was spatial clustering. The local spatial auto-correlation analysis showed that the "high-high" clustering areas were mainly located in Laizhou City, Zhifu District, Haiyang City, Fushan District and Kaifa District, while the "low-high" clustering areas were mainly located in Haiyang City and Fushan District.

Efficacy and Safety of Lobaplatin-TACE in the Treatment of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study.

To investigate the safety and efficacy of lobaplatin-TACE in treating primary hepatocellular carcinoma. The data of 536 patients who underwent TACE in the interventional department from January 2016 to January 2020 were collected. Patients were divided into two groups according to the chemotherapeutic drugs used in TACE.: the epirubicin-TACE group (N = 260) and the lobaplatin-TACE group (N = 276). Primary study endpoint: (1) The tumor response after TACE; (2) The survival rates; Secondary study endpoints:(1) Changes in liver function and blood routine before and after TACE; (2) Occurrence of the post-embolization syndrome and infection after TACE. The ORR was 35.0% in the epirubicin-TACE group and 51.1% in the lobaplatin-TACE group (p=0.001). The DCR was 73.1% in the epirubicin-TACE group and 82.2% in the lobaplatin-TACE group (p=0.011). The 6-month, 9- month, 12-month, and 15-month survival rates were higher in the lobaplatin-TACE group than in the epirubicin-TACE group (p=0.029, p=0.001, p=0.005, p=0.002). mOS: Epirubicin-TACE group,14.8 months; Lobaplatin-TACE group,18.6 months (p=0.007). mPFS: Epirubicin-TACE group,9.5 months; Lobaplatin-TACE group,12.8 months (P =0.000). There was no statistical difference in ALT, AST, total bilirubin and Leucocyte after TACE between the two groups (p=0.343, p=0.368, p=0.288, p=0.359). The platelet decrease after TACE was more significant in the lobaplatin- TACE group than in the epirubicin-TACE group (p=0.046). There was no statistical difference in the incidence rate of abdominal pain, fever and infection after TACE between the two groups (p=0.502, p=0.602, p=0.726). The incidence of vomiting after TACE in the lobaplatin-TACE group was higher than that in the epirubicin-TACE group (p=0.003). Lobaplatin-TACE has a higher tumor response rate and survival rate. Lobaplatin-TACE is a safe and effective treatment strategy; it is worthy of clinical application.

Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities in incidence and severity of enteric fever in England 2015-2019: analysis of a national enhanced surveillance system.

There is limited research on whether inequalities exist among individuals from different ethnicities and deprivation status among enteric fever cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the enteric fever incidence rates, ethnicity and deprivation for enteric fever cases in England. Additionally, it was assessed if ethnicity and deprivation were associated with symptom severity, hospital admission and absence from school/work using logistic regression models. Incidence rates were higher in the two most deprived index of multiple deprivation quintiles and those of Pakistani ethnicity (9.89, 95% CI 9.08-10.75) followed by Indian (7.81, 95% CI 7.18-8.49) and Bangladeshi (5.68, 95% CI 4.74-6.76) groups: the incidence rate in the White group was 0.07 (95% CI 0.06-0.08). Individuals representing Pakistani (3.00, 95% CI 1.66-5.43), Indian (2.05, 95% CI 1.18-3.54) and Other/Other Asian (3.51, 95% CI 1.52-8.14) ethnicities had significantly higher odds of hospital admission than individuals representing White (British/Other) ethnicity, although all three groups had statistically significantly lower symptom severity scores. Our results show that there are significant ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in enteric fever incidence that should inform prevention and treatment strategies. Targeted, community-specific public health interventions are needed to impact on overall burden.