Incidence Of Urogenital Infections Research Articles

Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Urogenital Bacterial Infections in Pregnant Women at a Reference Hospital in Cameroon

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most common bacterial infections in pregnant women are urinary tract infections (46%) and vaginal infections (26%). Pregnant women are at risk of contracting these dangerous urogenital bacterial infections, with more or less serious consequences for the health of both mother and child. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the occurrence of urogenital bacterial infections in pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Methodology: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted from May 13 to June 14, 2024, at Douala Laquintinie Hospital. All pregnant women attending antenatal clinics regardless of gestational trimester and consenting to the study were included. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20, R 3.4, and Epi info 7.8. Chi-square, Fischer, and logistic regression tests were performed. Results: A total of 153 pregnant were included in this study. The incidence of urogenital infections in this population was 42%. Infectious agents were E-coli (18.95%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.83%), Gardnerella vaginalis (24.44%), and Streptococcus B (2.22%). Self-medication (OR=17.72; p = 0.0003), drying underwear inside the house (OR=6.53; p = 0.00081), use of traditional toilets (OR=2.65; p = 0.00001), surgical history (OR=2.10; p = 0.01), vaccination status (OR=2.11; p = 0.003), use of borehole and well water (OR=0.02; p = 0.002), frequency of sanitary pad changing (OR=1.13; p = 0.011), frequency of sexual intercourse (OR=1.32; p = 0.012), traditional purging (OR=0.06; p = 0.0001), poor personal hygiene (OR=0.2; p = 0.0031), multiple sexual partners (OR=1.8; p = 0.022) and tight underwear (OR=0.4; p = 0.01) were associated with the occurrence of urogenital bacterial infections. Conclusion: Urogenital bacterial infections during pregnancy are dangerous. Knowledge of the factors associated with their occurrence will enable the implementation of appropriate control strategies against these infections.

1815-PUB: Overactive Bladder Syndrome—An Emerging Complication of SGLT2 Inhibitor–Associated Urogenital Infections

Introduction: Recurrent urogenital infections (UGI) are common side effect of SGLT2i’s. Incidence of UGI’s is varies from 0% to 14.4 % including all SGLT2i’s & special population groups. Moderate or recurrent UGI causes prolonged morbidity even after treatment like incontinence, increased frequency & overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). OAB is defined symptomatically by presence of urgency, with or without urge incontinence without apparent pathological or metabolic disease. Exact etiology is still obscured. We conducted this retrospective observational study among people with DM2 who recovered from UGI due to SGLT2i’s Aims and Objectives: Retrospectively assess disorders of micturition developed after recovery from SGLT2i’s associated UGI. Methods: Two hundred & thirty-four subjects having DM2 who suffered SGLT2i’s associated any of UGI during previous 3 months, defined clinically or by microbiological investigations were enrolled. Exclusions h/o UGI before SGLT2i’s use, BPH, urogenital defects & uncontrolled glycaemic targets. After recovery from UGI following data was collected 1, increase in urinary frequency 2, prolonged burning or itching during micturition 3, urgency & dribbling 4, straining 5, incontinence 6, asymptomatic. Result: Out of 273, subjects 173 (M 110, F 63) were asymptomatic after recovery whereas 37 (M 17, F 20) developed urgency & dribbling. There was significant association between UGI & urgency & dribbling, X2=143.1, p<.00001. Frequencies of other complications were also high suggesting significant association between UGI & complication after recovery, X2=39.0, p<.00001. Out of 100 symptomatic subjects 41 were male & 59 were female, X2 with Yates correction is 3.538. The p-value is .059978. Not significant at p<.05 Conclusion: OAB is a common complication developed after recovery from post SGLT2i’s associated urogenital infections. Both genders are equally prone. Urgency & dribbling are most common among all symptoms Disclosure A.Gautam: None. P.K.Agrawal: None. N.Pursnani: None. S.K.Yadav: None. V.Gupta: None. A.Dhawan: None.

Prevalence of common urogenital infections among menstrual cup users

There has been an increased awareness among girls and women in India, especially from middle and higher income group on menstrual cup, due to health or environmental reasons. Use of various sanitary products during menstruation can impact menstrual health with incidence of urogenital infection like rashes, irritation etc. being common among women. To determine prevalence of symptoms related to urogenital infections before and after switching to menstrual cups. In this retrospective self-reported study, females using menstrual cup were administered a questionnaire consisting of questions related to symptoms of urogenital infections in their lifetime. A total of 301 menstrual cup users were included in this study. The most common symptom reported by the respondents included rashes (48%), itching (48%), abdominal pain (40%.), foul smelling white discharge (22%), excessive white discharge (20.6%) and burning sensation while passing urine (15%). The prevalence of the symptoms was lower after switching to menstrual cups. Among the most common symptoms, 92% women were relieved from rashes, 79% from symptoms of itching and 42% from abdominal pain. Approximately, 1-5% women reported symptoms only after switching to menstrual cups.The results demonstrate lower prevalence of symptoms of urogenital infections among women when compared to their previously used menstrual product. Symptoms of urogenital infections did not affect the acceptance and continuance of menstrual cups usage. Additional clinical studies will be required to compare changes in occurrence of symptoms post switching to menstrual cups and develop linkage between these symptoms with usage of menstrual cup.

Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.

ObjectiveTo generate estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of urogenital infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis in women and men, aged 15–49 years, in 2016.MethodsFor chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, we systematically searched for studies conducted between 2009 and 2016 reporting prevalence. We also consulted regional experts. To generate estimates, we used Bayesian meta-analysis. For syphilis, we aggregated the national estimates generated by using Spectrum-STI.FindingsFor chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis, 130 studies were eligible. For syphilis, the Spectrum-STI database contained 978 data points for the same period. The 2016 global prevalence estimates in women were: chlamydia 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 3.3–4.5); gonorrhoea 0.9% (95% UI: 0.7–1.1); trichomoniasis 5.3% (95% UI:4.0–7.2); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4–0.6). In men prevalence estimates were: chlamydia 2.7% (95% UI: 1.9–3.7); gonorrhoea 0.7% (95% UI: 0.5–1.1); trichomoniasis 0.6% (95% UI: 0.4–0.9); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4–0.6). Total estimated incident cases were 376.4 million: 127.2 million (95% UI: 95.1–165.9 million) chlamydia cases; 86.9 million (95% UI: 58.6–123.4 million) gonorrhoea cases; 156.0 million (95% UI: 103.4–231.2 million) trichomoniasis cases; and 6.3 million (95% UI: 5.5–7.1 million) syphilis cases.ConclusionGlobal estimates of prevalence and incidence of these four curable sexually transmitted infections remain high. The study highlights the need to expand data collection efforts at country level and provides an initial baseline for monitoring progress of the World Health Organization global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016–2021.

Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and major safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In patients with type 2 diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are known to reduce glucose concentrations, blood pressure, and weight, but to increase LDL cholesterol and the incidence of urogenital infections. Protection against cardiovascular events has also been reported, as have possible increased risks of adverse outcomes such as ketoacidosis and bone fracture. We aimed to establish the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular events, death, and safety outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes, both overall and separately for individual drugs. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and websites of US, European, and Japanese regulatory authorities from Jan 1, 1950, to Sept 30, 2015, for data from prospective randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of SGLT2 treatment compared with controls. We excluded duplicate reports, trials of compound drugs, trials that lasted 7 days or fewer, trials that did not report on outcomes of interest, and articles that presented pooled trial data for which the individual trials could not be identified. We extracted data in duplicate using a standardised approach. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events. Secondary outcomes were cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, admission to hospital for unstable angina, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. We estimated summary relative risks with fixed-effects meta-analysis, with the I(2) statistic used to estimate heterogeneity of results beyond chance. The analyses included data from six regulatory submissions (37 525 participants) and 57 published trials (33 385 participants), which provided data for seven different SGLT2 inhibitors. SGLT2 inhibitors protected against the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (relative risk 0·84 [95% CI 0·75-0·95]; p=0·006), cardiovascular death (0·63 [0·51-0·77]; p<0·0001), heart failure (0·65 [0·50-0·85]; p=0·002), and death from any cause (0·71 [0·61-0·83]; p<0·0001). No clear effect was apparent for non-fatal myocardial infarction (0·88 [0·72-1·07]; p=0·18) or angina (0·95 [0·73-1·23]; p=0·70), but we noted an adverse effect for non-fatal stroke (1·30 [1·00-1·68]; p=0·049). We noted no clear evidence that the individual drugs had different effects on cardiovascular outcomes or death (all I(2)<43%). Safety analyses showed consistent increased risks of genital infections (regulatory submissions 4·75 [4·00-5·63]; scientific reports 2·88 [2·48-3·34]), but findings for some safety outcomes varied depending on whether anlayses were based on data extracted from regulatory submissions or trials reported in the scientific literature. These data suggest net protection of SGLT2 inhibitors against cardiovascular outcomes and death. The efficacy results were driven by findings for empagliflozin (the only SGLT2 inhibitor for which data from a dedicated long-term cardiovascular safety trial have been reported), although results for the other drugs in the class were not clearly different. Adverse events were more difficult to quantify than was efficacy, with the effects of individual drugs in the class seeming to differ for some safety outcomes. Results from ongoing studies will be crucial to substantiate these findings across the drug class, but the available data provide a strong rationale to expect benefit from use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of cardiovascular events. National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.