Incidence Of Urinary Calculi Research Articles

Risk Factors for Urolithiasis (Review)

Urolithiasis is still one of the most urgent problems of modern urology today. The incidence in the world is 5–10 %, with its annual increase. Frequent recurrence of the disease complicates the situation, significantly increasing the duration of disability, and the total number of patients with urolithiasis makes this pathology socially significant, given that in 65–70 % of cases it is diagnosed in the most able-bodied part of the population. There is no clear picture of urolithiasis etiology despite the considerable amount of scientific research in this field. Urolithiasis is considered a multifactorial disease. Molecular genetic studies have been actively pursued for many years to elucidate the relationship of urolithiasis with hereditary factors. To date, the close correlation of genetic disorders with clinical manifestations of urolithiasis has been sufficiently demonstrated. The majority of urolithiasis cases are related to pathologies with hereditary predisposition, but many syndromes with a monogenic inheritance nature are also described. Increasingly, there is a growing body of research in which the risk factors for urolithiasis are serious illnesses such as diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, metabolic syndrome and more. There is a direct correlation between the incidence of urolithiasis and the degree of obesity in both men and women. The incidence of urinary calculi in patients with obesity is 4 times higher than in patients with normal body mass index. Too high frequency of urate nephrolithiasis was also observed in patients with DM type 2. Certain components of metabolic syndrom correlate with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis.The purpose of our work was to search, systematize, analyze existing publications regarding the role of various risk factors for the development of urolithiasis. The search for information was conducted using different databases (PubMed, electronic reference database of the National Scientific Library of Kyiv). Analysis of the scientific literature revealed that metabolic imbalance is significantly affected by the development of urolithiasis. Due to the increase in patients with diabetes mellitus, patients with obesity, metabolic syndrome, the development of urolithiasis under these conditions becomes an even greater problem and needs further research in terms of the etiology, pathogenesis, as well as serious risk factors in its occurrence. Thorough examination of metabolic disorders, local pathological changes of the urethro-renal complex, possible risk factors depend on the consequences of the disease and the frequency of relapse. The ability to identify risk factors for the formation of concrements will contribute to reducing the incidence of urolithiasis, its prevention and metaphilactic recurrence.

Incidence of urinary calculi in patients with abdominal symptom

Incidence of urinary calculi in patients with abdominal symptom

Survey of clinical epidemiology of urinary calculi patients in Hubei province

Objective A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the clinical epidemiology of urinary calculus in Hubei province to provide the population characteristics, stone distribution characteristics, treatment methods, surgical costs and other clinical epidemiological data of patients with urinary calculus, and to provide clinical evidence for the development of prevention and treatment measures for urinary calculi. Methods According to the geographical position, local tertiary hospitals were selected as survey objects and medical records such as age, sex, occupation, stone position, type of operation, and cost of surgical treatment of urinary stone disease were retrospectively investigated between January, 2015 and December, 2017. Result A total of 193 784 patients were enrolled in this study from 27 hospitals in Hubei province. In which, 76 209 were admitted to the hospital for urinary calculus, accounting for 39.33%. Among them, 49 460 patients were males (64.90%) and 26 749 were females(35.10%), which the ratio was 1.85∶1. All age groups can suffer from urinary calculus, with the peak age range from 41 to 70 years old with 58 985 cases, accounting for 77.40%. The main proportion of patients with urinary calculus were farmers with 21 818 cases (28.63%), comparing with workers (9.74%), business man(5.58%), government employees (5.14%), retirees(11.25%) and unemployed(12.58%). A total of 71 439 patients with upper urinary calculus and 4 770 patients with lower urinary calculus and the ratio of upper and lower urinary calculus was 14.98∶1. From 2015 to 2017, 23 567 patients with urinary calculi underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy, and 14 681 patients underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The average operation cost of patients with urolithiasis was 18 395.52 RMB, 18 566.31 RMB, 19 080.91 RMB in 2015, 2016, 2017 respectively. Conclusion Hubei province is an area with high incidence of urinary calculus, accounting for 39.33%. The high incidence age is 41-70 years. The occupation composition is mainly farmers. In the past three years, the cost of surgery gradually increased. Key words: Hubei province; Urinary calculus; Epidemiology

A case-control study on the risk factors of urinary calculus in Uyghur children in the Kashi region.

The incidence of urinary calculus (UC) is very high in Uyghur children in the Kashi region of Xinjiang, China, which seriously affects the growth and life quality of these children. This study was aimed at investigating the risk factors of UC in Uyghur children in Kashi region. One hundred fifteen Uyghur children (age <7 years) with UC who were treated in First People's Hospital in Kashi were enrolled in the case group. A 1:1 case-control study with a questionnaire was performed. The results showed that, among the 115 UC patients, there were more boys (71.3%) than girls (28.7%), and most cases had an onset age of 1-3 years (75.7%). A lower than primary school education in the mother, drinking unboiled water, water intake <500 mL/day, and eating too much sweets were risk factors [odds ratio (OR) = 2.385, 9.160, 3.263, and 8.945, respectively], whereas vegetable intake and exposure to summer sunshine of <2 h/day were protective factors against UC onset (OR = 0.154 and 0.344, respectively). Analysis of UC-related factors in 99 cases of <3-year-old children revealed that breastfeeding was also a protective factor (OR = 0.007), whereas frequent cow's milk intake within 5 months (OR = 2.414) and frequent "panada" intake (OR = 2.529) were risk factors. The occurrence of UC in Uyghur children in the Kashi region is mainly affected by maternal educational background, quality of drinking water, water intake volume, and dietary pattern. Furthermore, geography may also have a role.

Animal Protein and the Risk of Kidney Stones: A Comparative Metabolic Study of Animal Protein Sources

We compared the effect of 3 animal protein sources on urinary stone risk. A total of 15 healthy subjects completed a 3-phase randomized, crossover metabolic study. During each 1-week phase subjects consumed a standard metabolic diet containing beef, chicken or fish. Serum chemistry and 24-hour urine samples collected at the end of each phase were compared using mixed model repeated measures analysis. Serum and urinary uric acid were increased for each phase. Beef was associated with lower serum uric acid than chicken or fish (6.5 vs 7.0 and 7.3 mg/dl, respectively, each p <0.05). Fish was associated with higher urinary uric acid than beef or chicken (741 vs 638 and 641 mg per day, p = 0.003 and 0.04, respectively). No significant difference among phases was noted in urinary pH, sulfate, calcium, citrate, oxalate or sodium. Mean saturation index for calcium oxalate was highest for beef (2.48), although the difference attained significance only compared to chicken (1.67, p = 0.02) but not to fish (1.79, p = 0.08). Consuming animal protein is associated with increased serum and urine uric acid in healthy individuals. The higher purine content of fish compared to beef or chicken is reflected in higher 24-hour urinary uric acid. However, as reflected in the saturation index, the stone forming propensity is marginally higher for beef compared to fish or chicken. Stone formers should be advised to limit the intake of all animal proteins, including fish.

Acute cyst rupture, hemorrhage and septic shock after a shockwave lithotripsy in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

The incidence of urinary calculi in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) ranges from 10 to 36%. Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) for urinary calculi in ADPKD was reported to be a safe and effective treatment option. However, there is a potential risk of cyst rupture and traumatic hemorrhage because of shockwaves. A 39-year-old female with polycystic kidneys and upper ureter stone was treated with SWL and developed life-threatening complications of cyst rupture, traumatic hemorrhage and septic shock. She was initially treated with supportive care in the intensive care unit, but in the end nephrectomy was performed.

Urolithiasis: the role of imaging

AbstractThe incidence of urinary calculi is increasing, as is the diagnostic ability of medical imaging. The authors review imaging modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary stone disease, and explain how imaging has a key role in management of patients with nephrolithiasis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons

Urolithiasis in pregnancy: Survey in clinical epidemiology

This study examined the association of pregnancy with urolithiasis and provided new insights into urolithiasis in pregnancy. A total of 462 subjects were studied from January 2004 to December 2009 in Foshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, China. Among the 462 subjects, 162 cases of urolithiasis during pregnancy (UPG) were selected as the observation group, 150 cases of no urolithiasis during pregnancy (NUPG) served as pregnancy control group, and 150 cases of no pregnancy (NPG) at reproductive age who took part in physical examination were randomly assigned into non-pregnant control group. At the same time, the patients in observation group were divided into the following sub-groups: no symptomatic urinary calculus (NSUC) and symptomatic urinary calculus (SUC) groups; SUC group was further divided into surgical intervention (SI) and conservative management (CM) groups. The general information and the data of blood and urine were collected and compared among the groups. The results showed that the incidence of urinary calculi in pregnant women was lower than that in non-pregnant women, the formation of urinary stone was associated with the change of metabolism of protein and sugar in pregnant women, and the surgical intervention was a practicable alternative to treat the clinical intractable symptomatic urinary calculi in pregnancy.

Comparison of Two Environmental Regimes for Culture of Australian Snapper, Pagrus auratus, Larvae in Commercial‐scale Tanks

Abstract The performance of Australian snapper, Pagrus auratus, larvae from 4 to 33 days posthatch (dph) under two environmental rearing regimes was evaluated in 2000‐L commercial‐scale larval rearing tanks (N = 3 tanks/treatment). The treatments were the following: (1) a varying regime of salinity (20–35 ppt), temperature (24 C), and photoperiod (12 light [L] : 12 dark [D] to swim bladder inflation and then 18L : 06D) and (2) a constant regime of salinity (35 ppt), temperature (21 C), and photoperiod (14L : 10D). The final total length (TL) and wet and dry weights (mean ± SEM) of larvae grown in the varying regime were greater (15.6 ± 0.5 mm; 42.4 ± 3.4 mg wet weight; and 7.3 ± 0.6 mg dry weight) than those of larvae grown in the constant regime (11.1 ± 0.2 mm; 12.9 ± 0.8 mg wet weight; and 2.1 ± 0.2 mg dry weight). By 33 dph, larvae in the varying regime were fully weaned from live feeds to a formulated pellet diet and were suitable for transfer from the hatchery to a nursery facility. In contrast, larvae in the constant regime were not weaned onto a pellet diet and still required live feeds. Neither survival (Treatment 1, 14.2 ± 3.0% and Treatment 2, 13.3 ± 1.9%) nor swim bladder inflation (Treatment 1, 70.0 ± 17.3% and Treatment 2, 70.0 ± 11.5%, by 13 dph) was affected by rearing regime. The incidence of urinary calculi at 7 dph was greatest initially in the varying regime; however, by 19 dph, when larvae were 8.0 ± 0.28 mm TL, very few larvae in this treatment had urinary calculi. In contrast, many larvae in the constant regime had developed urinary calculi and this continued until the end of the experiment. The incidence of urinary calculi was not associated with larval mortality. Extrapolation of the snapper larval growth curves for the constant larval rearing regime predicts that a further 15–18 d, or approximately 1.5 times longer, will be required until these larvae attain the same size and development of larvae reared in the varying regime.

Clinical analysis of urinary calculus and acute renal failure due to urinary calculus in children

Objective The incidence of urinary calculus in children has increased in last years.We were aimed to explore the high risk factors causing urinary calculus,clinical presentation,diagnosis and treatment methods for acute renal failure caused by ureterolith in pediatric patients.Methods There were 35 admitted patients of urinary calculus in our hospital from 2002 to 2007,we described their presentation features as well as diagnosis methods,medical treatment and prognosis.Results All the patients were diagnosed by B-ultrasonics and KUB X-ray.Twenty four patients of all were combined with acute renal failure(ARF),the course waspositively correlated to blood urea nitrogen(r=0.549,P=0.007)and creatinine(r=0.575,P=0.004). The ratio of the patients with radiopaque calculus in ARF group was less than that of the patients without ARF(X2=8.70,P=0.006).The level of serum uric acid was significantly higher in ARF gmup than that of the patients without ARF(t=3.04,P=0.009).We treated the ARF patients with cistoscope drainage as well as conservative treatment or hemodialysis.All obstructed kidneys were relieved with medical treatment,and no renal sequel remained.The urine volume of them was increased,symptoms of urinemia were disappeared,BUN and creatinine were normal after operations.Conclusion Most children with urinarv calculus have no classical symptoms.B-ultrasonics is the best way for diagnosing the obstruction of upper urinary tract resulted from multiple lithiasis.Acute renal failure caused by ureterolith should be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.Removing the ureterofith is the most important.Correcting water and electrolyte disturbance is also important,Preventing recurrence of stones and follow-up is advised. Key words: Cistoscope; Urinary calculus; Acute renat failure

Dietary changes and the incidence of urinary calculi in the U.K. between 1958 and 1976

A retrospective study has shown that the annual number of hospital in-patient discharges for urinary calculi in the U.K. increased by 45% between 1958 and 1969. The annual rate of discharges in the U.K. as a whole and in the various regions of the country was related to the real expenditure on food with a delay of 2 yr between the consumption of food and discharge from hospital for stones. The period of inflation between 1970 and 1976 caused a reduction in the expenditure on food. This coincided, 2 yr later, with a levelling off and, in some regions, a reduction in the number of discharges for calculi. Analysis of dietary composition over the period 1956–1976 revealed no relationship between the number of discharges for stones and the household consumption of calcium, oxalate, magnesium, phosphorus, refined carbohydrate or total protein. There was, however, a marked correspondence between the number of discharges for stones and the consumption of animal protein, particularly that derived from meat, fish and poultry. A fall in the consumption of dietary fibre and an increase in dietary acid may also have contributed to the observed changes in the pattern of stone-formation during the period of study. Mechanisms are suggested by which an increased intake of animal protein may increase the risk of stone-formation.

THE IMPACT OF BIOCLIMATIC, CONDITIONS OF THE ARID ZONE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF URINARY CALCULUS

It has long been assumed that the hot, dry climate of Central Asia, particularly Turkmenia, and the chemical makeup of both drinking water and soils are among the factors that account for a high incidence of urinary calculus disease among residents of the arid zone. An analysis of 170 kidney stones removed surgically from residents of the Turkmen SSR shows a predominance of whewellite (calcium oxalate) stones, linked to the calcium types of landscape characteristic of the arid zone, and urate stones (particularly in indigenous children), linked to the high consumption of meat characteristic of the area. The incidence of urinary calculus is also fostered by the hot, dry climate, which causes blood to flow to the skin surface, thus reducing the rate of circulation in internal organs and fostering the precipitation of urinary constituents in the form of stones.

Production feeding of lambs with diets based on grain. 1. Whole wheat plus sodium buffers or sodium chloride

Lambs fattened on wheat diets were given supplements of sodium buffers and sodium chloride, and feed intake, body weight changes, and plasma mineral levels were measured. During the 84-day feeding period, daily feed intakes were 42 per cent higher and body weigh: increased by 36 per cent when wheat was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate and disodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium chloride. When the diet was supplemented with disodium hydrogen phosphate body weight gains and feed intakes were lower than with the other supplements. This supplement also produced a high incidence of urinary calculi and this was not overcome by increasing the calcium level in the diet. The importance of these results in relation to grain feeding and buffer supplementation is discussed.

Relationship of dietary mineral intake to serum mineral level and the incidence of urinary calculi in lambs.

Relationship of dietary mineral intake to serum mineral level and the incidence of urinary calculi in lambs.

INCIDENCE OF URINARY CALCULI IN SHEEP AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DIETARY PHOSPHATES.

INCIDENCE OF URINARY CALCULI IN SHEEP AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DIETARY PHOSPHATES.

Relationship of Dietary Mineral Intake to Urinary Mineral Excretion and the Incidence of Urinary Calculi in Lambs

Relationship of Dietary Mineral Intake to Urinary Mineral Excretion and the Incidence of Urinary Calculi in Lambs

Influence of dietary chlortetracycline on incidence of urinary calculi in sheep.

SummaryTwo hundred seventy-six wether feeder lambs were divided into 7 lots for 98-day fattening period. The animals were selffed total mixed ground milo-molasses-alfalfa-cottonseed hull diets calculated to contain the same total digestive nutrients with urea or cottonseed meal as a source of supplementary nitrogen. Twenty-six deaths from urinary calculi occurred. There were significantly fewer death losses in groups of lambs fed diets containing 10 mg chlortetracycline/lb of feed than in lambs receiving control diets. Also, fewer deaths occurred among lambs fed diets containing urea than among those receiving cottonseed meal as a source of nitrogen. Observations of calculi in the kidney of 146 of the remaining lambs at slaughter revealed a lower incidence and less calculi in those lambs having received chlortetracycline in the diet. The possibility of a physiological effect of dietary chlortetracycline on the reduction of renal calculi formation and subsequent death from urinary calculi is suggested.

Influence of dietary sodium chloride on incidence of urinary calculi in sheep.

SummarySixty wether lambs were divided into 12 lots of 5 each and fed the experimental diets for a 105-day period. The animals were group fed all they would consume twice daily. The variables included in the diets were the presence and absence of potassium acid phosphate (K2HP04), a 10% level of sodium chloride, a 30% level of beet pulp, and the ash of the same amount of beet pulp. Fourteen cases of urinary calculi resulted in the 60 sheep. None of these cases occurred in the 30 sheep which received the 10% level of sodium chloride. Eleven of the 14 cases of calculi occurred in those lots receiving added potassium acid phosphate in the diet, while 3 occurred in its absence. Beet pulp or beet pulp ash had no effect on the incidence of urinary calculi.