Incidence Of Upper Respiratory Infections Research Articles

The incidence of upper respiratory infections in children is related to the concentration of vanadium in indoor dust aggregates.

It has been reported that the disease-initiated and disease-mediated effects of aerosol pollutants can be related to concentration, site of deposition, duration of exposure, as well as the specific chemical composition of pollutants. To investigate the microelemental composition of dust aggregates in primary schools of Vilnius and determine trace elements related to acute upper respiratory infections among 6-to 11-year-old children. Microelemental analysis of aerosol pollution was performed using dust samples collected in the classrooms of 11 primary schools in Vilnius from 2016 to 2020. Sites included areas of its natural accumulation behind the radiator heaters and from the surface of high cupboards. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, W, Sb, Sn, Zr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, and As) in dust samples were analyzed using a SPECTRO XEPOS spectrometer. The annual incidence rates of respiratory diseases in children of each school were calculated based on data from medical records. The mean annual incidence of physician-diagnosed acute upper respiratory infections (J00-J06 according to ICD-10A) among younger school-age children was between 25.1 and 71.3% per school. A significant correlation was found between vanadium concentration and the number of episodes of acute upper respiratory infections during each study year from 2016 to 2020. The lowest was r = 0.67 (p = 0.024), and the highest was r = 0.82 (p = 0.002). The concentration of vanadium in the samples of dust aggregates varied from 12.7 to 52.1 parts per million (ppm). No significant correlations between the other trace elements and the incidence of upper respiratory infections were found, which could be caused by a small number of study schools and relatively low concentrations of other heavy metals found in the samples of indoor dust aggregates. A significant and replicable correlation was found between the concentration of vanadium in the samples of natural dust aggregates collected in primary schools and the incidence of acute upper respiratory infections in children. Monitoring the concentration of heavy metals in the indoor environment can be an important instrument for the prevention and control of respiratory morbidity in children.

Registered incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infections diagnosed by primary care physicians in Poland - 5-year retrospective analysis of the national health insurance database.

Upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs), caused by a variety of viruses and sometimes by bacteria, represents the most common acute illness in primary health care. The aim of the study was to explore the registered incidence of URTIs in Poland in the period between 2015-2019, and its burden on the health care system. A retrospective analysis was carried out of all medical encounters in Poland registered within the national billing database of public healthcare services. Medical services provided due to acute URTIs were classified according to the ICD-10 codes. Registered Incidence Rate (RIR) was calculated yearly, in a 100,000 population. A generalised additive model was used to calculate the Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR). In the analysed 5-year period, acute URTI was diagnosed in 24.3 million patients (61.7% of the whole population registered in PHC). The RIR of all acute URTIs in PHC was 50,762/100,000/year. Nearly 99% of consultations in this group of patients were provided by PHC physicians. Only 0.8% were referred to an OSC consultation and 0.4% were hospitalised. In PHC, indeterminate URTIs were most frequently diagnosed. The estimated IRR for children aged 1-4 years was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.64; 1.66, p<0.01) and for men 0.79 (95% CI: 0.79; 0.79; p<0.01). In the studied period, the number of patients consulted for acute URTI decreased slightly in PHC, but significantly in specialist services. The registered incidence of URTIs in Poland burdens mainly PHC physicians. Women and children aged 1-4 years are more frequent users of medical services related to URTIs. It appears that strategies for increasing patient empowerment to provide efficient self-care reducing the utilisation of PHC services are needed.

Increase in upper respiratory tract infections after the Covid-19 pandemic‘

This cross-sectional study evaluated the number of patients with a diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and with antibiotic prescriptions from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) between January 2019 and December 2022. The number of patients with UTRI diagnoses and antibiotic prescriptions per practice and the duration of sick leave per patient were compared over time. A total of 1,403,907 patients from general practices (GP) were included, 48% of whom were female. The number of URTI patients per practice was significantly higher in 2022 than in 2019 (732 vs. 464, 58%, p&lt;0.001) and this was observed for both women (56%, p&lt;0.001) and men (60%, p&lt;0.001). The post-pandemic increase in the number of URTI diagnoses correlated with age and was highest in the age group between 18–30 years (22%, p&lt;0.001) and lowest in older patients &gt;70 years (3%). Both the number of patients per practice on sick leave due to URTI (184 vs. 92) and the average duration of sick leave (+2 days) increased from 2019 to 2022. Our data suggest a dramatic increase in the incidence of URTI among all demographic subgroups in Germany between 2019 and 2022, which was associated with a tremendous impact on socioeconomic variables such as the frequency or duration of sick leave. These data could be of great importance in current pandemic management and the management of future pandemics.

Individualised supplementation of micronutrients does not ameliorate severity and incidence of upper respiratory infections

Individualised supplementation of micronutrients does not ameliorate severity and incidence of upper respiratory infections

Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials to Evaluate the Incidence of Pneumonia, Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Febrile Neutropenia in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Isatuximab

Introduction Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cell and accounts for approximately 13% of all haematologic malignancies. Isatuximab is an anti CD38 IgG1 monoclonal antibody which binds to and kills myeloma cells through antibody-dependent cellular-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and direct induction of apoptosis. The incorporation of isatuximab to standard treatment in patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) has shown to significantly improve efficacy, with notable toxicities. We performed a combined analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to determine the risk of pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and febrile neutropenia in patients with RRMM treated with isatuximab. Methods We systematically conducted a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and meeting abstracts from inception through June 30 th, 2023. Phase III RCTs utilizing isatuximab in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma that mention pneumonia, URTIs and febrile neutropenia as adverse effects were incorporated in the analysis. Mantel-Haenszel (MH) method was used to calculate the estimated pooled risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q- statistic. Random effects model was applied. Results A total of 600 patients with RRMM from 2 phase III RCTs (ICARIA-MM and IKEMA) were eligible. ICARIA-MM and IKEMA compared isatuximab (I) + pomalidomide (P) + dexamethasone (d) vs Pd, and isatuximab (I) + Carfilzomib (K) + dexamethasone (d) vs Kd respectively. The randomization ratios were 1:1 in ICARIA-MM, and 3:2 in IKEMA studies. The I 2 statistic for heterogeneity was 0, suggesting homogeneity among RCT. The incidence of any-grade pneumonia was 30.1% in study group vs 25.8% in control group (RR, 1.19; 95% CI: 0.91 - 1.54; P=0.20). High-grade pneumonia rate was nearly 4% higher in isatuximab group compared to control arm but RR was not statistically significant at 1.26 (95% CI: 0.90 - 1.75; P = 0.18). More events of any-grade URTIs were reported in study arm (36.8%) versus 23.2% in control arm with RR of 1.55 (95% CI: 1.20- 2.01; P = 0.0008). The incidence of high-grade URTIs was low in both groups: 3.3% in study group versus 1.47% in control arm (RR, 2.25; 95% CI: 0.72 - 6.98; P = 0.16). Febrile neutropenia was noted in 20 (6%) of patients in study group compared to 5 (1.8%) in control group with RR of 3.52 (95% CI: 1.40- 8.83; P = 0.007). Conclusions Our meta-analysis showed that the addition of isatuximab to standard anti-myeloma regimen contributed to higher incidence of any-grade URTIs and febrile neutropenia in patients with RRMM, with RR of 1.55 for any-grade URTIs and RR of 3.5 for febrile neutropenia. However, risks of high-grade URTIs, any-grade and high-grade pneumonia were found to be statistically not significant between the two groups. Early recognition and proper supportive care are required to improve any-grade URTIs and febrile neutropenia.

Chest Therapy sebagai Media Intervensi Fisioterapi Suplemen Bagi Anak dengan Kondisi Common Cold di Kelurahan Setabelan

Common cold is an Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) that often occurs in babies and children. The World Health Organization states that the incidence of URI in developing countries with under-five mortality rates above 40 per 1000 live births is 15% -20% per year at the age of under five. In Indonesia, 14% of under-five deaths are caused by the common cold. The prevalence of children under five getting the common cold in Indonesia is estimated at 3 to 6 times per year. Mitra's description showed that there was a high number of children aged 1-4 years who experienced the common cold in the last 3 months at the Setabelan Community Health Center, totaling 135 children. The aim of the activity is to increase parents' understanding and attitudes in dealing with children who suffer from the common cold. The method used was a lecture and discussion method using leaflet media accompanied by a demonstration of sputum removal techniques and evaluating community knowledge and understanding with pre-tests and post-tests carried out by the Setabelan Village community. The counseling received a positive response from the children's parents with an increase in post-test scores and the emergence of skills in sputum removal techniques.

The Efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) on the Incidence and Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection-A Double Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are caused by bacteria or viruses, with the most common causes being the common cold and influenza. The high occurrence of URTI means therapies that are effective with minimal side effects are in constant demand. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a signaling lipid previously shown to be effective in improving the incidence of URTIs. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of PEA (Levagen+) on URTI incidence, duration, and severity. Participants (n = 426) consumed either 300 mg of Levagen+ or a placebo (maltodextrin) twice daily for 12 weeks. Participants completed the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey 24 questionnaire daily upon the commencement of symptoms until symptoms subsided. The Levagen+ group reported fewer URTI episodes (39 vs. 64) compared to the placebo group. The Levagen+ group reported a significant reduction in the median severity score of URTI symptoms for scratchy throat (3 vs. 7) and cough (2 vs. 7) compared to the placebo group. The results of this study show Levagen+ to be safe and effective in reducing the incidence and symptoms associated with URTIs.

The Multi-Strain Probiotic OMNi-BiOTiC® Active Reduces the Duration of Acute Upper Respiratory Disease in Older People: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Clinical Trial.

Immunosenescence is the adverse change in the human immune function during aging, leaving older people more prone to an increased risk of infections and morbidity. Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are very common among older people, often resulting in continued morbidity and mortality. Therefore, approaches, such as consuming probiotics, that shorten the duration or even reduce the incidence of URTIs in older people are being studied. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a multi-strain probiotic OMNi-BiOTiC® Active, which contains 11 live probiotic strains, on the incidence, duration, and severity of URTIs in older people. In this randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study, 95 participants, with an average age of 70.9 years in the probiotic group and 69.6 years in the placebo group, were randomly allocated to two groups: 1010 cfu per day of the multi-strain probiotic intervention OMNi-BiOTiC® Active (49) or placebo (46). The incidence of URTIs in older people after 12 weeks supplementation with OMNi-BiOTiC® showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.5244). However, the duration of the URTI infections was statistically significantly different between the groups (p = 0.011). The participants that consumed the probiotic had an average duration of illness of 3.1 ± 1.6 days, whilst participants that received the placebo had symptoms for an average of 6.0 ± 3.8 days (p = 0.011). Statistically significant differences in lymphocyte counts in both groups after supplementation (p = 0.035 for the probiotic group and p = 0.029 for the placebo group) and between both groups were found (p = 0.009). Statistically significant differences in eosinophil (p = 0.002) and basophil counts (p = 0.001) in the probiotic groups before and after supplementation with probiotics were also found. Supplementation with the multi-strain probiotic OMNi-BiOTiC® Active may benefit older people with URTIs. Larger randomised controlled clinical trials are warranted. Clinical Trial Registration; identifier NCT05879393.

Impact of community health interventions on maternal and child health indicators in the upper east region of Ghana

BackgroundThis paper reports on results of a health system strengthening implementation research initiative conducted the Upper East Region of northern Ghana. Transformative interventions to accelerate and strengthen the health delivery were implemented that included empowering community leaders and members to actively participate in health delivery, strengthening the referral systems through the provision of community transport systems, providing basic medical equipment to community clinics, and improving the skills of critical health staff through training.MethodsA mixed method design was used to evaluate the impact of the interventions. A quantitative evaluation employed a flexible research design to test the effects of various component activities of the project. To assess impact, a pre-versus–post randomized cluster survey design was used. Qualitative research was conducted with focus group data and individual in depth interviews to gauge the views of various stakeholders associated with the implementation process.ResultsAfter intervention, significant improvements in key maternal and child health indicators such as antenatal and postnatal care coverage were observed and increases in the proportion of deliveries occurring in health facilities and assisted by skilled health personnel relative to pre-intervention conditions. There was also increased uptake of oral rehydration salts (ORS) for treatment of childhood diarrhoea, as well as marked reductions in the incidence of upper respiratory infections (URI).ConclusionsA pre-and post-evaluation of impact suggests that the programme had a strong positive impact on the functioning of primary health care. Findings are consistent with the proposition that the coverage and content of the Ghana Community-based Health Planning and Services programme was improved by program interventions and induced discernable changes in key indicators of health system performance.

Comparison of the Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on the Immune Function of Male University Football Players.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of long-term prebiotic and synbiotic supplementations on the immunosuppression of male football players after daily high-intensity training and a one-time strenuous exercise. A total of 30 male university student-athletes were recruited and randomly assigned to the prebiotic (PG, n = 15) or synbiotic group (SG, n = 15), receiving a prebiotic or synbiotic once per day for six weeks. Physiological assessments were conducted by a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and an exhaustive constant load exercise (75% VO2max test). Inflammatory cytokine and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were measured. VO2max, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and lactic acid elimination rate (ER) were used to evaluate aerobic capacity. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) complaints were evaluated using a questionnaire. URTI incidence and duration were significantly lower in the SG group than that in the PG group (p < 0.05). At baseline, SIgA and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels in the SG group (p < 0.01) as well as IL-1β and IL-6 in the PG group (p < 0.05) were significantly increased, and IL-4 concentration was markedly reduced in the PG group (p < 0.01). The concentrations of IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were significantly reduced in the PG and SG group immediately after the constant load exercise. Significantly decreased HRmax and enhanced ER (increased by 193.78%) were detected in the SG group, not in the PG group, during the constant load experiment (p < 0.05) and the recovery period (p < 0.01), respectively. However, VO2max value was not changed. These data suggest that synbiotic supplementation for six weeks has a more positive effect than prebiotics on the immune function and athletic performance of male university football players.

Effect of Processed Soybeans (Tofu and Tempeh) Consumption, and Exercise on Upper Respiratory Tract Immunity.

IgA is widely used as Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) risk marker, as a lower concentration in sIgA indicates a higher incidence of URTI. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different types of exercise; combined with Tempeh consumption in increasing sIgA concentration in saliva sample. 19 sedentary male subjects aged 20-23 were recruited and assigned into 2 groups based on the exercise type, endurance (n=9), and resistance (n=10). These subjects underwent 2 weeks of Tofu and Tempeh consumption, then were assigned to do exercises based on their groups. This study showed an increased mean value of sIgA concentrations in the endurance group; the baseline value, after food treatment, and after food and exercise treatment were 71.726 ng/mL, 73.266 ng/mL, and 73.921 ng/mL, respectively for Tofu treatment; and 71.726 ng/mL, 73.723 ng/mL, and 75.075 ng/mL, respectively for Tempeh treatment. While in the resistance group, there was also an increase in the mean value of sIgA concentrations; baseline, after food treatment, and after food and exercise treatments were 70.123 ng/mL, 71.801 ng/mL, and 74.430 ng/mL, respectively for Tofu treatment; and 70.123 ng/mL, 72.397 ng/mL, and 77.216 ng/mL, respectively for Tempeh treatment. These results indicated that combining both Tempeh consumption and moderate intensity resistance exercise was more effective to increase sIgA concentration. This study showed that combining moderate intensity resistance exercise with consumption of 200 gr Tempeh for 2 weeks was more effective in increasing sIgA concentration; compared to endurance exercise and Tofu consumption.

Prevalence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Study of 2 167 453 Outpatients.

Although the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on global healthcare systems is declining, long-term sequelae such as long COVID syndrome and other disease dynamics not primarily associated with COVID-19 remain a challenge. Recent data suggest that the incidence of non-COVID upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) is increasing sharply in the post-pandemic period, but there is a lack of real-world data from Germany in this respect. This cross-sectional study evaluated the number of patients with a diagnosis of URTI from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) between January 2019 and December 2022. The number of UTRI diagnoses per practice and the duration of sick leave per patient were compared over time. A total of 1 872 935 individuals (1 403 907 patients from general practices (GP) and 469 028 patients from pediatric offices) were included, 48% of whom were female. The number of URTI patients per practice was significantly higher in 2022 than in 2019 (732 vs 464, 58%, P < .001), and this was observed for both women (56%, P < .001) and men (60%, P < .001). The post-pandemic increase in the number of URTI diagnoses correlated with age and was highest in the age group between 18 and 30 years (22%, P < .001) and lowest in older patients >70 years (3%). In pediatric patients (<18 years), the increase was highest in the age group ≤5 years (89%). Both the number of patients per practice on sick leave due to URTI (184 vs 92) and the average duration of sick leave (+2 days) increased from 2019 to 2022. Our data suggest a dramatic increase in the incidence of URTI among all demographic subgroups in Germany between 2019 and 2022, which was associated with a tremendous impact on socioeconomic variables such as the frequency or duration of sick leave. These data could be of great importance in current pandemic management and the management of future pandemics.

Do COVID-19 pandemic-related behavior changes affect perioperative respiratory adverse events in children undergoing cardiac interventional catheterization?

BackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) suddenly broke out in China in December 2019. Pandemic-related behavioral changes can cause perioperative respiratory adverse events in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Here, we compared the incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs) in CHD children with and without upper respiratory infection (URI) undergoing the cardiac catheterization before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis prospective observational single-center study was based at a tertiary care center in Shanghai, China. A total of 359 children with CHD with and without recent URI were included between January 2019 and March 2021. The overall incidence of PRAEs (laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coughing, airway secretion, airway obstruction, and oxygen desaturation) in non-URI and URI children undergoing elective cardiac catheterization was compared before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A logistic regression model was fitted to identify the potential risk factors associated with PRAEs.ResultsOf the 564 children enrolled, 359 completed the study and were finally analyzed. The incidence of URIs decreased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic (14% vs. 41%, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the overall PRAEs also significantly declined regardless of whether the child had a recent URI (22.3% vs. 42.3%, P = 0.001 for non-URI and 29.2% vs. 58.7%, P = 0.012 for URI, respectively). Post-operative agitation in children without URI occurred less frequently during the pandemic than before (2.3% vs. 16.2%, P = 0.001). Behaviors before the COVID-19 pandemic (odds ratio = 2.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76–4.58) and recent URI (odds ratio = 1.79, 95% CI 1.09–2.92) were associated with PRAEs.ConclusionsCOVID-19 pandemic-related behavioral changes were associated with a reduction in PRAEs in non-URI and URI children undergoing elective therapeutic cardiac catheterization.

Bovine colostrum supplementation in prevention of upper respiratory tract infections – Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

Graphical abstract • Among health benefits of bovine colostrum supplementation (BCS), prevention from the upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) is best known. • The need to update existing meta-analyses along with meta-regression is of high importance. • We provide data that BCS significantly decreases the risk of developing the URTI with the assessed random RR=0.68, p=0.001. Prevention from the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is one of the best known of the numerous health benefits of bovine colostrum supplementation (BCS). We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of colostrum supplementation to counteract URTIs. We systematically searched available databases and performed random-effect meta-analyses of the incidence of self-reported URTIs, their duration and severity. For the risk ratio (RR) of URTIs, our systematic review involved 445 randomized participants in 7 trials and was significantly diminished upon BCS (RR = 0.64 with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.498–0.822; z = − 3.493, p < 0.001). This effect was found to be somewhat dependent on the supplementation duration (coefficient = 0.015, standard error = 0.008, Z = 1.89, p = 0.056). Our systemic review and meta-analysis including more than triple number of participants as compared to previous analysis of this kind, strongly confirms that BCS significantly reduces the incidence of URTIs. We also demonstrated that the efficacy of BCS can depend to some extend on the duration of supplementation, but neither on the dose size, sex distribution nor physical activity lifestyle.

Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00424-022-02760-1.

Effects Of Probiotics Supplementation On Aerobic Capacity And Inflammatory Markers In Male Soccer University Student-athletes

PURPOSE: The aims of the study was to determine the effect of 6 weeks probiotic supplementation on the aerobic capacity and inflammatory markers of athletes after strenuous exercise. METHODS: 30 male soccer university student-athletes from Beijing Sport University were recruited and randomly assigned into the prebiotic group (CG) and probiotic group (PG) (n = 15 per group). CG group supplemented daily with prebiotics (including galactose oligosaccharide, inulin, and maltitol), PG group supplemented with a multi-species probiotic (8 × 109 CFU), including Lactobacillus casei Zhang, Lactobacillus Plantarum P-8, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis V9. The height and weight were measured before and after supplementation. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test and 12-minute running test were used to assess aerobic capacity. Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after VO2max test. Serum inflammatory markers and salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) were detected by ELISA. During the 6 weeks, subjects were requested to completed a upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) questionnaire. RESULTS: The time to exhaustion was prolonged by 8.68% and the distance of 12-minute running was increased from 3101.33 ± 35.05 m to 3190.67 ± 28.00 m (P < 0.01) in PG group, while no obvious change in CG group. The incidence and duration of URTI during training significantly decreased by 56.10% (P < 0.01) and 33.26% (P < 0.05) in PG group vs. CG Group, respectively. In the basal state, the level of SIgA in PG group was significantly increased (from 7.63 ± 0.29 pg/mL to 8.72 ± 0.34 pg/mL, P < 0.05), while the level of C-reactive protein and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in CG group was markedly decreased by 37.90% and 23.40% (P < 0.05), respectively. Immediately after VO2max test, IL-4 increased by 58.60% in the PG group (P < 0.05), IL-10 increased from 152.10 ± 29.64 pg/mL to 219.28 ± 55.44 pg/mL (P < 0.05), and IL-6 decreased by 11.67% in the CG group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Probiotics supplementation showed improved aerobic capacity. Both prebiotics and probiotics supplementation had inhibitory effects on inflammation. Prebiotics have a better effect on the basal state, while probiotics is more capable immediately after VO2max test. Supported by the Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Fees of Central Universities (2021TD002).

Risk Factors of Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Incidence (Non-Covid-19): A Case Study in the Work Area of the Sukorejo Primary Healthcare Center, Pacitan Regency

Introduction: Acute Upper respiratory tract infection was the highest case among the other diseases in Sukorejo Primary Healthcare Center, Pacitan Regency. Health protocol policies have an impact on healthy living behavior, which can prevent COVID-19 and acute upper respiratory infection (non-COVID-19). Rumors in the community stated that all acute upper respiratory infections had been tested for COVID-19, and were declared positive for COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with acute upper respiratory tract infections (non-COVID-19).Methods: This study was conducted in an analytic observational method with a case-control study design. There were 61 subjects in the case and 61 subjects aged 26-65 years in the control groups. Sampling was done by simple random sampling for the case and purposive sampling for the control group. Data were analyzed by chi-square tests and logistic regression models.Results: Based on bivariate analysis, the inappropriate use of masks, smoking, inappropriate hand washing habits, high density on room occupancy, and inappropriate house ventilation area were the risk factors of acute upper respiratory tract infections (non-COVID-19). After controlling for the other variables, smoking habits (OR=2.723; 95%Cl=1.216-6.098; p=0.015), inappropriate house ventilation area (OR=2.569; 95%Cl=1.149-5.743; p=0.022), high density in room occupancy density (OR=2.425; 95%Cl=1.087-5.410; p =0.031) and the inappropriate use of masks (OR=2.320; 95%Cl=1.021-5.173; p=0.045) were the risk factors of acute upper respiratory tract infection (non-COVID-19) incidence.Conclusion: The risk factors of acute upper respiratory tract infection (non-COVID-19) incidence were smoking habits, inappropriate house ventilation, high density in room occupancy and the inappropriate use of masks

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Trends in a Psychiatric Institute in Singapore.

To compare the incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) between inpatients at the Institute of Mental Health in Singapore and the general population over 8 years to determine the effectiveness of our infection control strategies. Data for cases of influenza and URTI at our institute between January 2012 and December 2019 were collected. National data were derived from weekly infectious disease bulletins that report daily averages of people attending polyclinics/surgeries with influenza and URTI. Interrupted time series analyses were used to determine the impact of infection prevention and control strategies on incidence. Over the 8 years, there were 1607 cases of URTI involving 182 clusters, equal to 3.16 cases per 10 000 patient-bed-days. 965 (60%) cases and 95 (52%) clusters occurred in long-stay wards, whereas 642 (40%) cases and 87 (48%) clusters occurred in acute wards. The median cluster size was 12 in the long-stay wards and 7 in the acute wards (p < 0.0001). The spikes in cases in June and December may be attributed to the increased staff and visitor mobility during school vacations in June and December. Strategies implemented during the study period did not significantly reduce the incidence of URTI. Previous strategies implemented in 2005 to meet accreditation standards are more likely to be contributors. Infection control strategies of our institute appear to be effective, because the incidence of URTI was lower in our institute than in the community. The similar incidence of URTI in acute and long-stay wards indicates that service-user turnover is not a contributor. Rather, staff and visitors are more likely to be the vector. The larger clusters in long-stay wards indicates a greater risk of transmission in such settings. Increased activity in our institute during school vacations may be associated with an increase in cases in June and December. It is difficult to determine if strategies implemented during the study period successfully reduce the incidence of URTI.

SERUM LEVEL OF SOME CYTOKINES IN CHILDREN 6-10 YEARS OLD WITH HIGH FREQUENCY OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

Objective: improved diagnosis of immune disorders in children aged 6-10 years old, who are often ill od upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), on the basis of these data, further investigation of serum equalities of cytokines, a way of diagnosing with indications in healthy children.&#x0D; Materials and methods. There were 60 children of 6 to 10 years of age, from which 2 groups were formed: 1). children who are often ill with URTI (n=30); 2). children, who do not get sick often URTI (n=30).&#x0D; Results. among children of 6-10 years of age, as often ill with URTI, the frequency of registration of high indications in place of interleukin-6 blood serum (by 53.3%, p&lt;0.05), TNF (by 63.3%, p &lt;0.05) and low indications for interleukin-10 (by 33.3%, p&lt;0.05), it was established that there was a high probability (odds ratio) of an increase serum interleukin-6, TNF and a decrease in interleukin-10 as a reference value, it is associated with the presence of an increased incidence of URTI in children.&#x0D; Conclusion. in children aged 6-10 years, as they often fall ill with URTI, may tend to intensify pro-inflammation of the immune reactions, which still does not ensure a decrease in serious illness on URTI and unsafe side of the development of opportunistic diseases.

HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA

Backgropund: Developmental problems in children in Indonesia and in developing countries are generally caused by two things, namely poor nutritional conditions and infectious diseases. The high number of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is caused by one of the factors that must also be known by the public is the nutritional status including malnutrition. Aime: This study aims to find the correlation between of nutritional status with the incidence of ispa in toddlers in the tompaso health center of minahasa regency. Method: This research used quantitative with a cross sectional approach. Sampling in this study using the Purposive Sampling method obtained the number of samples as many as 62 respondents. The study was conducted by calcilating of z-score nutritional status of toddlers according to WHO and according to health professional assesment. The data analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: The results of the study based on the characteristics of nutritional status obtained 30 toddlers have good nutritional status, 12 toddlers were over-nourished , 11 toddlers were obese, and 9 toddlers were malnourished. Then, there were 32 toddlers who were experiencing URTI and there were 30 toddlers who did not or had previously experienced URTI. Data analysis showed p = 0.003 &lt; = 0.05. Conclusion: this study concluded there was a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of URTI in children under five at the Tompaso Public Health Center, Minahasa Regency.Keywords: Nutritional Status; Upper Respiratory Tract Infection; Toddler.