Incidence Of Squamous Metaplasia Research Articles

CLINICAL AND LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRONIC CYSTITIS IN WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS

The study included 348 women with chronic cystitis who were divided into 3 age groups: Group 1 - 20 to 39 years old; Group 2 - 40 to 59 years old; Group 3 - elderly age (60 years and older). Bacterial flora was detected for the total sample in 35.3 % of patients without significant differences between age groups. The results indicate that infection is not the only cause affecting the development and persistence of chronic inflammation of the bladder. The incidences of leukoplakia of the bladder in age groups 1, 2 and 3 were 71 %, 50 % and 11 %, respectively. The survey results revealed increasing severity of symptoms such as pelvic pain and urination disorders with age. The evaluation of urination diaries revealed a decrease in the bladder effective volume with age and an increase in urination frequency in the daytime and at night. A significant increase in symptoms in the presence of leukoplakia was also revealed. High incidence of squamous metaplasia and leukoplakia and increased frequency of exacerbations of cystitis in young women may be associated with the catatoxic, highly reactive type of response of the transitional epithelium of the bladder. Increasing symptoms such as urinary disorders in older women with chronic cystitis may be caused by an adverse effect of systemic metabolic factors of the disease pathogenesis.

Endoskopik sinüs cerrahisi sonrası etmoid sinüs mukozasındaki histopatolojik değişikliklerin değerlendirilmesi

This study aims to evaluate postoperative histopathological changes in ethmoid sinus mucosa in patients undergoing limited or extensive endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) due to chronic rhinosinusitis. A total of 120 patients (74 males, 46 females; mean age 33 years; range 18 to 56 years) with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent limited ESS (n=40), extensive ESS (n=40) and septoplasty or septorhinoplasty (n=40) in our clinic between May 2009 and October 2010 were enrolled. The control group consisted of patients who underwent septoplasty and septorhinoplasty alone. We took samples from the anterior ethmoid sinus mucosa at postoperative sixth months for the patients who underwent ESS and intraoperatively for the control patients. Tissue slices of mucosa samples were investigated under light microscope in terms of epithelial erosion, squamous metaplasia, submucosal fibrosis, basal membrane thickening, submucosal edema and submucosal inflammation. Histopathological findings of limited and extensive ESS groups were compared to each other and the control group. The incidence of squamous metaplasia and submucosal fibrosis was significantly higher in extensive ESS group, compared to limited ESS group (p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively). Both of ESS groups had significantly higher incidences of epithelial erosion, submucosal fibrosis, basal membrane thickening, submucosal edema, submucosal inflammation, compared to the control group (p<0.001). Our study results show that ethmoid sinus mucosa may be still abnormal at the postoperative sixth month following ESS, regardless of the extension of ethmoidectomy. These patients should be followed closely, as they may have recurrent rhinosinusitis in the postoperative period due to impaired mucociliary activity.

Reproductive Lesions in Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Two-Year Oral Treatment with Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds

Results from previously published animal studies suggest that prenatal and postnatal exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) may profoundly affect the reproductive system of both sexes via endocrine disruption. In the present work, we evaluate the toxicity and carcinogenicity of various DLCs, with an emphasis on their effect on the reproductive organs, induced by chronic exposure of female adult Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats. This investigation represents part of an initiative of the National Toxicology Program to determine the relative potency of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls. For fourteen, thirty-one, or fifty-three weeks or for two years, animals were administered by gavage 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD); 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126); 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF); 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153); 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118); a tertiary mixture of TCDD, PCB126, and PeCDF; a binary mixture of PCB126 and 153; or a binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB118. The ranges of treatment-related changes in the reproductive system included chronic active inflammation in the ovary that occurred in the 1,000 and 3,000 microg/kg core groups (two-year exposure) of PCB153 and in the 300 ng/3,000 microg/kg core group of binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB153. Increases in the incidence of acute and/or chronic active inflammation of the uterus were observed in all dosed groups, including the stop-exposure group (withdrawal after thirty-week exposure) of PeCDF and the 1,000 microg/kg and/or higher group dosed with PCB153. The incidence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia was marginally increased in the 92 PeCDF ng/kg group at two years. The incidence of squamous metaplasia was significantly increased in the 44 ng/kg and higher dose group, including the stop-exposure group. The incidence of uterine squamous cell carcinoma was significantly or marginally increased in the 6 ng/kg core and 100 ng/kg stop-exposure groups of TCDD and in the 300 ng/300 microg/kg core group that received the binary mixture of PCB126 and 153. The incidence of uterine carcinoma was marginally increased in the 92 ng/kg PeCDF group at two years and clearly increased in the 1,000 and 4,600 microg/kg PCB118 core group and the 4,600 microg/kg stop group. In the studies of PCB 126, the tertiary mixture, and the binary mixture of PCB126 and PCB118, no increased incidence of any change occurred in the reproductive systems. The range of changes seen with the different compounds suggests that more than one mechanism may have been involved in promoting the female reproductive pathology.

Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of chromium compounds: the association between bronchial metaplasia and neoplasia.

Over the last 40 years, experiments with animals and epidemiology of exposed human populations have established that certain hexavalent chromium-containing compounds are capable of causing cancer whilst trivalent materials are not. More recently, a variety of short-term genotoxicity tests (predictive of carcinogenicity) have clearly demonstrated that Cr[VI] is genotoxic per se, and that all Cr[VI]-containing materials which have been tested are genotoxic. What experiments have failed to demonstrate clearly, however, is which of the myriad of industrially available hexavalent materials are carcinogenic and which are not. In this long-term study we have looked at the incidence of squamous metaplasia in the bronchial epithelium of rats exposed to a range of chromium-containing materials by intrabronchial implantation. Squamous metaplasia is generally considered to be a transformed state from which squamous carcinoma may arise. We have shown that its incidence is increased in all groups exposed to Cr[VI]-materials, and in rats exposed to the reference carcinogen 20-methylcholanthrene. Squamous metaplasia was not increased in rats exposed to Cr[III] materials. Of rats exposed to Cr[VI], only those receiving materials of sparing aqueous solubility developed bronchial squamous carcinoma at statistically significant levels. These results strongly support the hypothesis that although Cr[VI] per se is biologically active, producing genotoxic effects and pathological changes which may predispose to the development of cancer, only Cr[VI] materials of sparing aqueous solubility seem to be capable of evoking a carcinogenic response.

Cancer of the Bladder in Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Since 1963, 10 cases of bladder carcinoma have been detected in 1,052 new admissions to our center. A high percentage of these patients had squamous cell carcinoma and/or squamous elements. This relatively high incidence stimulated a prospective study of 81 spinal cord injury patients either maintained on intraurethral catheter drainage for 10 years or an external appliance for 15 years. There were changes of squamous metaplasia in 19 per cent of the cases but no cancer was detected. It remains undetermined if squamous metaplasia is a pre-malignant lesion. However, the incidence of squamous metaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in paraplegics with chronically infected bladders is not uncommon.Any spinal cord injury patient with hematuria needs a complete bladder evaluation and any long-term paraplegic with chronic infection should undergo cystoscopy and Papanicolaou smears as part of the yearly checkup.

Squamous metaplasia in the healing of chronic colonic ulcers of the rat.

Chronic ulcers of the rat colon were produced by a administering a 3 per cent. hydrogen peroxide enema. Twenty-three per cent. of the animals with chronic ulcers had areas of squamous metaplasia at the wound margins which in some cases covered the defect. Electron microscopy revealed some areas similar to epidermis with the four characteristic cell layers. The cells demonstrated many filaments, membrane-coated granules, keratohyalin granules and keratin. The cells were linked by complex of cytoplasmic bridges and frequent desmosomes. Basal cells often displayed large irregular nuclei with double nucleoli. Other areas demonstrated a grossly irregular surface with marked cellular pleomorphism and defects in the basement lamina. The incidence of squamous metaplasia and squamous-cell carcinoma in the colon of man is discussed. The ultrastructural characteristics of squamous metaplasia in the trachea and bronchi is recorded and compared with those of the colon. It is suggested that as neoplasia has been observed to follow experimental metaplastic lesions in the bronchus, a similar ocurrence could take place in the colon as the squamous cells exhibited similar characteristics.