Incidence Of Seed-borne Fungi Research Articles

Efficiency of Medicinal Plants to Control Seed Borne Fungi of Sorghum Grains

Seed-borne fungi are the most important constrained factor which causing quantitative losses, produce highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins. Plant based fungicides appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have minimal danger to consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides. In view of the negative public health and economic impacts of storage fungi this study, aimed to determine the efficiency of some plant extracts for reduction or control of seed borne fungi in sorghum grains in agar plate methods. The results obtained revealed that seed treated with Olea europaea leaf extract was found the least in incidence of seed-borne fungi (50%) followed by Capsicum annuum (53.3%) in agar plate methods. Therefore, utilization of these plants as bio-control agents is recommended to reduce the proliferation of storage fungi. Keywords: plant extracts; seed borne fungi; sorghum

Incidence of seed-borne fungi on Lupinus mutabilis depending on a plant morphotype, sowing date and plant density

Incidence of seed-borne fungi on Lupinus mutabilis depending on a plant morphotype, sowing date and plant density

WHEAT GRAINS INFECTION AND CONTROL MEANS WITH PLANT EXTRACTS

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is being attacked by several fungal pathogens, many of them are seed-borne, infesting wheat seeds (grains) are detected by methods as recommended by the ISTA, 1966. Fungi such as Altenaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium spp, Cladosporium spp, Epicoccum spp, Fusarium spp, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium spp, Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphyllium spp.and Trichoderma spp. were isolated from the wheat cultivars i,e Gemmiza 7, Gemmiza 10, Sids 1, Sids 12, Sakha 93, Sakha 94 and Bani sweif 1. Extracts of pomegranate, Neem and Garlic were screened for the potential antimicrobial activity through cup-plate method against three fungi (F. oxysporum, R. solani and A. alternata. All extracts showed inhibitory activites. F. oxysporum, R. solani and A. alternata were the greater portions of the isolated fungi. In vitro studies, seed treatment with 10, 20 and 30 % of concentration of plant extracts for 24 hours showed a complete germination and all seed testing. In vitro studies using cup-plate method were exercised to examine the antifungal activity of three plant extracts i.e., Neem, Pomegranate and Garlic against such fungi associated with wheat seed. F. oxysporum, R. solani and A. alternata were the greater portion of the isolated fungi. However, they were regarded of our main concern in order that they were known of their serious pathogens. Neem leaf extract showed good activity followed by pomegranate peeland garlic leaf extracts. In vivo trials, results of the efficacy of plant extracts against the seed-borne pathogens were just about those cropped up in vitro practises. Effect of fungicides (Rizolex T 50 %) and three plant extracts on the incidence of seed-borne fungi and their effect on seed germination were evaluated. The seed treatment by the fungicides showed that (Rizolex T 50 %) increased the germination percentage and reduced seed mycoflora. Fungal properties of plant products were tested. Efficacy of biocontrol agent against (F. oxysporum, R. solani and A. alternata) was found good in controlling the seed-borne fungi and pomegranate was proved to be good inhibitor of fungi associated with wheat seeds. Thus, the seeds should be treated invariably by less phytotoxic fungicides like Rizolex T 50% and biocontrol agent like Pomegranate to eliminate the seed-borne mycoflora of wheat. The main aim of present study is to ascertain the fungal species and their effect on wheat grains germination.

Evaluation of different treatment on the occurrences of seed borne fungi of Mungbean Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek seed

The efficacy of different treatment measures viz., corbendazim, Benomyle, Vitavax, Neem, Garlic, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were evaluated for the occurrences of seed borne fungi viz., Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp, Alternaria alternata, Rhizopus and Fusarium spp which were isolated from two genotype of Mungbean viz., HUM-4 and HUM-12, from, 180 and 360 days period of storage. Both genotypes were taken from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Science, B.H.U Varanasi. All treatments were found to significantly reduce the incidence of seed borne fungi but did not completely control it. The results showed that the incidence of seed borne fungi was found to be significantly declined when seeds were treated with different treatments but did not completely control it. Seed treated with mungbean seed showed least incidence. Due to an increase in storage period, efficacy of different treatment against seed borne fungi was found to be declined. After 180 days period of storage, effect of treatment was found to be intermediate. Least effect of treatment was shown at 360days period of storage due to an increase in the number of fungal population. Among all treatment, Benomyle, Corbendazim and Vitavax showed minimum occurrences against all fungi followed by Neem, Garlic and T. harzianum. Key words: seed borne fungi, Pulses, mungbean.

Effect of hot water and ultra violet radiation on the incidence of seedborne fungi of okra

Seed samples of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) variety Arka anamika were subjected to hot water treatment at 42, 52 and 62°C for a period of 30 min and UV light treatment for 10, 20, 30 min at 28 ± 2°C. Their efficacy was tested against some seedborne fungal species. Among them, seeds under hot water treatment at 52°C for 30 min and UV light at 20 min were found to be more effective in the improvement of crop, both in greenhouse and field conditions. Ultimately, there was increase in the total number of leaves, fruits, length of the fruit, girth and biomass of the plants. Apart from these the total number of seeds per fruit, 1000 seed weight and ascorbic acid content were also found to be enhanced. These treatments also reduced the incidence of mycoflora in the seeds and thereby enhanced the seed germination percentage and vigour index of the seedlings.

Effect of storage temperature and packaging materials on seed germination and seed-borne fungi of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) in South West Nigeria

A laboratory experiment was conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria to determine the effect of storage temperature and packaging materials on the germination and associated seed-borne fungi of two accessions of sorghum seed (NG/SA/07/0194 and NGB/08/0270). The seeds were stored at three different storage temperature (gene bank temperature -5°C), freezing temperature (-20 ± 2°C) and ambient temperature (25 ± 3°C), while the packaging materials were in an aluminum can, plastic container and polyethylene bag. The result showed that sorghum seeds stored inside gene bank and freezer irrespective of the packaging materials and type of accession retain their viability to the tune of 90.67 to 100%. Whereas seeds stored at ambient temperature had low germination percentage (10.67 to 28.00%) except those stored in aluminum can (41.33%). A total of six seed-borne fungi species were isolated from the two accessions of sorghum seeds irrespective of storage temperature and packaging materials. These included Fusarium, Drechslera, Alternaria, Curvularia, Aspergillus and Penicillium. The incidence of seed-borne fungi were more on seeds stored at ambient temperature (12.00 to 66.33%) irrespective of the storage materials. The results also recorded that the higher the infections by seed-borne fungi, the lower the germination. Key words: Sorghum, fungi, storage condition, packaging material.

Summarizing the regional incidence of seed-borne fungi with the β–binomial distribution

A theoretical probability distribution conveys more information than the mean in summarizing data. We investigated the ability of two discrete probability distributions, binomial and β–binomial, to describe the incidence (proportion) of seed-borne fungi among seed lots. The fit of the distributions to 185 data sets was assessed by either χ2 analysis or a dithered Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. The data sets represented a range of fungi, crops, and geographic regions. The binomial distribution was an adequate fit to only 36% of the data sets, whereas the β–binomial distribution adequately fit 85% of the data sets (P > 0.05). The β–binomial was a better fit than the binomial in 72% of data sets (P < 0.01) based on the likelihood-ratio test, indicating that there was greater variability in seed infection than expected for a binomial (i.e., random) distribution. For a subset of 25 data sets on wheat-seed infection by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, a binary power law analysis indicated that heterogeneity of seed infection (summarized by the θ parameter of the β–binomial) was a function of mean incidence. Therefore, in most instances, the β–binomial captures the observed heterogeneity in the incidence of seed-borne fungi.

Growth Regulator Effects on Soybean Seed Maturation and Seedborne Fungi

Growth regulators (chlorflurenol [methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate], a morphactin, and ethephon [2-chloroethylphosphonic acid] or ethrel) were applied to soybeans (Glycine max) at midseason to alter the rate of maturation and incidence of seedborne fungi. Maturation rate, measured as the length of late-season growth stage intervals, was studied in diverse soybean genotypes to determine the role of plant and seed drydown on seed infection by Phomopsis spp. and Cercospora kikuchii. Chlorflurenol delayed maturity, extended the length of late-season growth stage intervals, and increased seed infection in entries susceptible or moderately resistant to seed diseases (...)