Incidence Of Perosis Research Articles

Choline requirements of White Pekin ducks from hatch to 21 days of age

A dose-response experiment with 8 dietary choline levels (302, 496, 778, 990, 1,182, 1,414, 1,625, and 1,832 mg/kg) was conducted with male White Pekin ducks to estimate the choline requirement from hatch to 21 d of age. Three hundred eighty-four 1-d-old male White Pekin ducks were randomly assigned to 8 dietary treatments, each containing 6 replicate pens with 8 birds per pen. At 21 d of age, weight gain, feed intake, and feed/gain from each pen were calculated for feeding period, and 2 ducks selected randomly from each pen were euthanized and the liver was collected to determine total lipids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. In our study, perosis, poor growth, and high liver fat were all observed in choline-deficient ducks and incidence of perosis was zero when dietary choline was 1,182 mg/kg. As dietary choline increased, the weight gain and feed intake increased linearly or quadratically (P < 0.05). On the other hand, as dietary choline increased, the total lipid and triglyceride in liver decreased linearly and liver phospholipid increased linearly (P < 0.05), and the lipotropic activity of choline may be associated with increasing phospholipid at a high dietary choline level. According to broken-line regression, the choline requirements for weight gain and feed intake were 810 and 823 mg/kg, respectively, but higher requirement should be considered to prevent perosis and excess liver lipid deposition completely.

THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT AND ENZYME HYDROLYSIS OF RAPESEED MEAL ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

An experiment was conducted on the effect of heat treatment and conditions of enzyme hydrolysis of Tower and Midas rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal (RSM) on the concentration of nitriles and goitrin in the meals and their biological effect when fed to broiler chickens. Autolysis of raw meals resulted in a high level of nitriles in Midas RSM and a low level of nitriles in Tower RSM. In heated meals, goitrin was the principal hydrolysis product being high in Midas and low in Tower RSM. An increase in incubation time and freeze-drying after hydrolysis reduced the total nitriles. Non-hydroxy epithionitriles were most susceptible to treatments imposed and a hydroxy nitrile, 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene, was least affected by freeze-drying. Feeding 20% raw or heated Tower RSM hydrolyzed in different ways had little effect, compared to the soybean control, on rate of growth, feed efficiency, mortality or incidence of perosis. Thyroid gland weights in the treated groups were two to three times greater than the controls. Feeding 20% raw or heated Midas meal decreased rate of growth and increased feed required per unit of gain. The growth depression was greater with raw Midas RSM than with the heated meal. Thyroid gland weights in the groups fed Midas RSM, either raw or heated, were larger than for Tower RSM. Thyroid gland weights were 4–20 times as large as the controls. Raw or heated Midas RSM prepared by pre-hydrolysis and freeze-drying (PHFD) caused a greater decrease in rate of gain than other Midas meals in which 2% raw or heated ground Midas rapeseed was included in the rations fed.

Choline Concentration and Availability in Rapeseed Meal

Three rapeseed meals were analyzed and found to contain 4650, 5060, and 5720 mg choline per kilogram, respectively. Three broiler diets formulated with 20% of the respective rapeseed meals, and each containing in excess of 1500 mg choline per kilogram, did not promote as rapid growth as did a control soybean meal diet containing 1000 mg choline per kilogram. Incidence of perosis was higher with the rapeseed meal diets than with the soybean meal diets. Addition of choline to the soybean meal diet affected neither growth nor incidence of perosis in the birds fed this diet. Supplementary choline increased growth and decreased incidence of perosis in the birds fed the rapeseed meal diets. In a second experiment to study availability of choline from rapeseed meal, chicks were fed a diet containing 28% rapeseed meal and 2310 mg choline per kilogram or a soybean meal diet supplemented with choline to provide a total of 2110 mg choline per kilogram. The freeze-dried contents of the lower intestine contained 4.92 mg choline per gram from the rapeseed meal-fed chicks and 2.45 mg/g from the soybean meal-fed chicks. The results of the third experiment showed that unabsorbed choline in the intestine was associated with an increase in bacterial production of trimethylamine. The caecal contents of chicks fed 28% of dietary rapeseed meal contained significantly more trimethylamine than those of chicks fed a control soybean meal diet although both diets contained 2310 mg choline per kilogram.

Failure of Excess Glycine to Aggravate Choline-Deficiency Perosis in the Young Chick

Early work on the enlarged hock disorder (i.e., perosis) in young chicks (Jukes, 1941a,b) and poults (Scott, 1950) suggested that excess levels of dietary glycine or its precursors may accentuate the incidence and severity of this condition. These observations together with those wherein a casein-gelatin diet (high in glycine) has been implicated as causative (Nelson and Scott, 1953) suggested that the effect of glycine on choline-deficiency perosis needed reevaluation. Though perosis is an extremely complex condition that can be produced experimentally by an inadequate intake of several different nutrients, it is generally recognized that the syndrome occurs with greatest rapidity when resulting from an inadequate intake of choline (Scott and Netke, 1969).The assay presented in Table 1 was designed to assess the effects of graded levels of dietary glycine, ranging from deficient to superadequate, on growth rate and incidence of perosis in young chicks fed a choline-free purified diet.…

Effect of Diet and Manganese Level on Growth, Perosis and 54Mn Uptake in Chicks

Broiler-type chicks were used to study the effect of graded levels of manganese in a purified diet and in two practical-type diets (one without and one with 14.5% feather meal) on growth, incidence of perosis, the in vivo uptake of 54Mn by certain tissues and in vitro uptake of 54Mn by erythrocytes. Generally, growth was unaffected by the manganese levels except that chicks fed the purified diet containing no added manganese achieved very poor growth. The incidence of perosis was decreased by manganese additions but was not eliminated. An inverse relationship was observed between dietary manganese and the percentage of 54Mn taken up by liver, kidney, spleen and muscle. The first added increment of manganese in the diet had the greatest effect in reducing the uptake of 54Mn by intramuscular dose. The inconsistent 54Mn tibia uptake was probably affected by bone size. Erythrocytes incubated with 54Mn took up some of the isotope, but the amount failed to reflect the manganese content of the diet. No appreciable amount of manganese appeared to be tied up by the feather meal diets as evidenced by tissue and excretion data.

Studies on Manganese Requirement and Interactions in the Diet of Young Turkeys

ONLY limited data have been published concerning the young turkey’s dietary manganese requirement. Mussehl and Ackerson (1939) fed poults a basal diet containing 35 parts per million (p.p.m.) of this element. Manganese carbonate and manganese sulfate were added in quantities to provide 35 and 350 p.p.m. of the element, respectively. There was no significant improvement in the growth rate in lots receiving added manganese; in addition, there were no observable cases of perosis. Poults tolerated 350 p.p.m. of added manganese without negative response. Ringrose et al. (1939) supplemented a low-manganese (10 p.p.m. or less) basal diet with 20, 40, 60 and 80 p.p.m. of the element as manganese sulfate. The experiment was conducted with Bronze poults from day-old to eight weeks of age. The incidence of perosis was gradually lowered and growth rate was increased with 20 p.p.m. or more of added manganese. Perosis was not entirely prevented with any …

Zinc Requirement of the Chick: Factors Affecting Requirement

Abstract EARLY experiments by Titus (1932), Insko, Lyons and Martin (1938) and Lyons, Insko and Martin (1938) failed to show zinc to be a dietary essential for the chick. More recently, Mehring, Brumbaugh and Titus (1956) observed no beneficial effect upon growth of chicks from increasing the amount of zinc consumed from 42 to 820 mg. of zinc per kg. of diet. In studies on perosis, Wilgus, Norris and Heuser (1937), found that zinc as well as manganese had a beneficial effect upon the incidence of perosis, but under the conditions of their experiments manganese was shown to be the primary deficiency. Therefore, it was not until 1957, as a result of studies by O’Dell and Savage, that a true zinc deficiency was recognized in the chick. Edwards, Young and Gillis (1958), Moeller and Scott (1958), Morrison and Sarett (1958), Patrick (1958), and Roberson and Schaible (1958) have confirmed the original…

Effect of zinc upon growth and incidence of perosis in turkey poults.

SummaryTurkey poults fed a purified ration containing an isolated soybean protein (Drackett C-1) developed perosis. Addition of zinc to the ration improved growth and markedly reduced the incidence and severity of the perotic condition. Approximately 40 ppm of zinc, in addition to the 26 ppm contained in the basal ration, were required for optimum growth.

The effect of floor type and the choline content of the diet upon the incidence of perosis in chickens

1. A series of experiments, involving the use of three hundred and forty Rhode Island Red x Light Sussex day-old cockerels, was carried out to determine (a) the influence of floor type on the incidence of perosis, and (b) a method of lowering the high incidence of perosis which may occur when chicks are fed the experimental diet no. 124 originally described by Damet al.(1951).2. It was found that the incidence of perosis was about 60% higher in groups of chicks raised on wiremesh floors than in groups of chicks similarly raised on wooden floors.3. Neither the area of the floor space nor the level of manganese in the diet influenced the incidence of perosis.4. When the calculated choline content of the diet was 500 mg./kg. the incidence of perosis was 60% but when it was raised to above 800 mg./kg. the incidence fell to about 15%. This could not be reduced further by further increasing the choline content.5. Since the rate of body-weight gain increased as the choline content of the diet was raised to 1400 mg./kg. it is suggested that diet no. 124 may be improved from both the points of view of perosis prevention and of growth rate if the choline content is raised to 1500 mg./kg. of diet.

Effect of Phosphorus, Vitamin E and Environment on Growth and the Incidence of Perosis in Turkeys

SCOTT (1953) reported that vitamin E is one of the factors concerned in the prevention of an enlarged hock disorder in turkeys. Slinger et al. (1954) obtained evidence to substantiate this finding and also observed that phosphorus aided in reducing the incidence and severity of perosis in 16 to 24 week old turkeys. In that work complete prevention of perosis was achieved in porch-reared birds when the mash contained 0.7 percent inorganic phosphorus and 5.0 I.U. of supplementary vitamin E per pound under conditions where an all mash program was used for the first 8 weeks and mash and oats were offered free choice for the 8 through 24 week period.The present experiment was made in an attempt to obtain further information on the effect of phosphorus and vitamin E in preventing perosis in turkeys. However, in this work it was of interest to ascertain the influence of varying …

Some Observations on Perosis in Chicks

Summary The addition to the Olsson rachitogenic diet of 0.02 per cent. MnSO4.4H2O with or without 0.2 per cent. choline chloride caused a significant reduction in the incidence of perosis, whereas addition of 0.2 per cent. choline chloride alone had no effect. In the course of routine assays of vitamin D3 in various oils and concentrates, the incorporation of 0.02 per cent. MnSO44H2O into the Olsson diet reduced the incidence of perosis from 2.57 to 0.31 per cent. Weekly radiographic examinations over a period of 20 weeks of chicks with slightly abnormal hock joints, showed that in some birds these abnormalities became more severe and finally developed into typical perosis. In other birds the changes slowly disappeared and the hock became normal. The time of fusion of the bones of the hock was the same in perotic birds as in those pot suffering from the disease.

The Influence of Nicotinic Acid on the Response of Chicks Receiving a Diet High in Corn

Briggs et al. (1943) have reported that chicks receiving a purified diet deficient in nicotinic acid occasionally develop perosis. Briggs (1946) has shown that from 3 to 5 mg. of nicotinic acid per 100 gm. of a purified diet will prevent perosis in turkey poults.Data are presented at this time to show that chicks receiving a simplified diet, high in corn and containing 5 percent gelatin, require nicotinic acid to prevent perosis.The basal mixture consisted of the ingredients indicated in Table 1. Ten day-old female chicks resulting from the cross of a R. I. Red ♂×B. R. ♀ were used for each of the experimental groups.RESULTSThe incidence of perosis and growth to 25 days are recorded in Table 2. The growth response of the chicks receiving the diet containing 76 percent corn was very satisfactory when the ratio was adequately supplemented with the available crystalline vitamins .

The Choline Content of Feeds

The choline content of a number of feeds has been determined. Cereals are poor sources of choline, and animal products are good sources. There was a significant negative correlation between the choline content of the diet and the incidence of perosis in turkey poults.

The Effect of Manganese, Zinc, Aluminum, and Iron Salts on the Incidence of Perosis in Chicks

PEROSIS, also known as slipped tendon or hock disease, is a leg disorder of young growing chicks, characterized by a bowing of the leg at the tibia, metatarsal joint, enlargement with a tendency toward flattening of the joint, and finally slipping of the Achilles tendon from its normal position. Since several articles containing references to this subject have appeared recently, attention will be called in this paper only to those having a direct bearing on the phase of the subject treated herein.Van der Hoorn, Branion, and Graham (1938), found that manganese was necessary for good growth and livability, but that excessive amounts were harmful. Using purified diets, these workers encountered a leg abnormality, presumably perosis, which was prevented by manganese.Wilgus, Norris, and Heuser (1937a) reported that a technical grade of monocalcium phosphate prevented slipped tendon, but that preventive action was due to some contaminating material presumably inorganic in .