Incidence Of Iron Deficiency Research Articles

The relationship between iron deficiency and allergic diseases

One of the most important trace elements of the human body is iron. This trace element is the most common on earth, with about a third of the world’s population suffering from iron deficiency. According to WHO, the incidence of iron deficiency in the population can range from moderate - 5-19.9%, to high-more than 40%. The main causes of iron deficiency are: insufficient intake from food, impaired absorption or pathological losses. Allergic diseases can cause the formation of iron deficiency as a result of all of the above causes. At the moment, the relationship between iron deficiency and the development of allergic reactions is being investigated. It is known that functional iron deficiency contributes to the development of allergies and exacerbates the course of symptoms in people with allergies. In this article, we summarize the data on the effect of iron deficiency on the immune processes of the human body and predisposition to the formation of atopy.

Inadequate food diversity and food taboo associated with maternal iron deficiency among pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City, Indonesia.

Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. The most common cause is nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. Adequate nutritional intake from food is essential during pregnancy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between food access and intake patterns with the incidence of iron deficiency among pregnant women living in the slum settlement in Makassar City. This research is a sub-study of the Indonesian Birth Cohort Study based in Makassar City. This sub-study used a cross-sectional design and recruited 173 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters using total sampling. All data were collected using a structured questionnaire and recorded using KoboToolbox software. Serum ferritin levels were examined for iron status using the ELISA method at the Microbiology Laboratory Unit at Hasanuddin University Teaching Hospital. The statistical data were analyzed using STATA version 14 with Chi-square analysis and logistic regression. The prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City was 78%. Logistic regression analysis showed that inadequate food diversity (AOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.17-5.69; P = 0.019) and food taboos (AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.26-6.26; P = 0.011) were significantly associated with the incidence. Most pregnant women living in slum settlements in Makassar City experienced iron deficiency. Pregnant women who experience iron shortages have been connected to food taboos and dietary diversity.

Association of iron deficiency with chronic suppurative otitis media in adults

Background Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease globally. Current research suggests a possible association between anaemia and the development of CSOM. Objectives The objective of this trial was to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in adults aged 20–60 years. Materials and methods A consecutive sampling case-control study was used. The study participants were divided into a case group (42 children diagnosed with CSOM) and a control group (42 children with normal ears). Haemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes (MCV), serum iron level (SI), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin (TF), ferritin (Fer) were tested in all the participants, and the results were compared with the normal ranges of the World Health Organization (WHO). The comparative analysis of cases and controls was performed using the Fisher extract test, independence t-test, or Mann–Whitney U test. p-value <.05 was considered statistically significant for correlation. Results There were 61 patients with CSOM and 61 controls included in the study. In the case group, 16 out of 61 patients (26.2%) had low ferritin levels and in the control group, 1 out of 61 patients (1.6%) had low ferritin levels (p < .001). In the case group, 6 (9.8%) of 61 patients had IDA, and in the control group, there were no patients with IDA among 61 patients (p = .027). There were significant differences in SI, UIBC, and Fer parameters between the groups. Conclusions In adult patients, the incidence of iron deficiency was higher in CSOM patients than in controls. Iron deficiency may be considered a potential risk factor for chronic suppurative otitis media, and serum iron parameters should be evaluated in these CSOM patients and further studies should be conducted to better understand the potential link between iron deficiency and CSOM.

Awareness and practices in preventing maternal iron deficiency among pregnant women living in urban slum areas in Makassar City, Indonesia.

During pregnancy, the body requires more complex nutritional intake. Therefore, problems with fulfilling nutrition during pregnancy occur often. One of the most common nutritional problems in pregnancy is iron deficiency anemia, the most widespread micronutrient problem and the most difficult to overcome worldwide. This study aimed to determine awareness and prevention behavior associated with the incidence of iron deficiency in pregnant women living in urban slum areas. This was a cross-sectional study. The data collection used KoboToolbox, an Android-based tool. Iron status was examined by serum ferritin level assay using ELISA at the Microbiology Laboratory Unit of Hasanuddin University Hospital. The prevalence of pregnant women who experienced iron deficiency was 78%. The logistic regression analysis showed that poor awareness (AOR = 3.03, CI 95% 1.26-7.29, P = 0.013) and practices in taking iron enhancers (AOR = 2.85, CI 95% 1.18-6.92, P = 0.020) became the main factors associated with iron deficiency among pregnant women. Poor awareness and practices regarding consuming iron enhancers increased the risk of iron deficiency among pregnant women living in urban slum areas. Iron deficiency is a major health concern for pregnant women, especially those living in slum settlements, which must be addressed. A more optimal healthcare system for pregnant women may reduce the incidence of iron anemia in pregnancy by improving health promotion and optimizing healthcare services.

Reactions of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) Genotypes for Blast Resistance and Yield in Wukari and Takum Taraba State, Nigeria

Finger millet contains high level of methionine, tryptophan, vitamin B, fibre and minerals such as phosphorus, iron, calcium, which serve a good source of balance diet formulations for hypertension, obesity, diabetic patients, pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, people leaving with HIV, malnourished people, incidence of iron deficiency (anemia), and calcium deficiency causing rickets in young children. Production constraints responsible for the low yields have been identified as pests, blast and Striga, drought, low soil fertility, labor intensity, high weed infestation, low yielding varieties, lodging, and poor attitude to the crop. Finger millet blast about 50% yield losses. This disease has been identified as the highest priority constraint to finger millet production in Nigeria, since most landraces and a number of other genotypes are highly susceptible. Field trials were conducted on 22 germplasm (U 15, P224, ACC 32, ACC14, KNE814, IE 3779, KNE 628, KNE 688, KNE 1149, Etiyo Brown, Gulu E, Kala, RW 127(IE 6613), KNE 392, GBK 029681, ACC 3953, GBK 011136A, KNE 689, KNE 1034, Emiroit, Red local check and Black local check) from ICRISAT and farmers in 3 replicates at Wukari and Takum in 2019, to assess for blast disease resistance and yield. A significant negative correlation (0.52) was found between blast severity and DF (days to flowering) suggesting that late/medium flowering varieties are more resistant than the early ones as indicated by genotypes KNE814, IE 3779, KNE 628, KNE 688, KNE 1149, Gulu E,, KNE 392, GBK 029681, ACC 3953, GBK 011136A, KNE 689, KNE 1034, Emiroit and Red (local check) varieties, which were medium maturing and highly resistance to blast disease, with foliar blast severity (1.07 - 3.0), neck blast (1.5 - 2.5) and finger blast (11 - 25 %), NET (3.45 - 4.38), NFPH (5.80) and subsequently highest yield (1565 - 1887 kg/ha), compared to black local variety with the highest foliar blast severity (4.00 - 6.70), neck blast (2.7 - 4.40), finger blast (32 - 36 %), NET (2.50 - 2.70), NFPH (3.30 - 4.70) and lowest yield (688 - 989 kg/ha), respectively in Wukari and Takum locations. Hence, these varieties resistant to foliar, neck, finger blast diseases, good yield parameters are recommended as sources of germplasm for genetic improvement and further research.

Reactions of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) Genotypes for Blast Resistance and Yield in Wukari and Takum Taraba State, Nigeria

Finger millet contains high level of methionine, tryptophan, vitamin B, fibre and minerals such as phosphorus, iron, calcium, which serve a good source of balance diet formulations for hypertension, obesity, diabetic patients, pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, people leaving with HIV, malnourished people, incidence of iron deficiency (anemia), and calcium deficiency causing rickets in young children. Production constraints responsible for the low yields have been identified as pests, blast and Striga, drought, low soil fertility, labor intensity, high weed infestation, low yielding varieties, lodging, and poor attitude to the crop. Finger millet blast about 50% yield losses. This disease has been identified as the highest priority constraint to finger millet production in Nigeria, since most landraces and a number of other genotypes are highly susceptible. Field trials were conducted on 22 germplasm (U 15, P224, ACC 32, ACC14, KNE814, IE 3779, KNE 628, KNE 688, KNE 1149, Etiyo Brown, Gulu E, Kala, RW 127(IE 6613), KNE 392, GBK 029681, ACC 3953, GBK 011136A, KNE 689, KNE 1034, Emiroit, Red local check and Black local check) from ICRISAT and farmers in 3 replicates at Wukari and Takum in 2019, to assess for blast disease resistance and yield. A significant negative correlation (0.52) was found between blast severity and DF (days to flowering) suggesting that late/medium flowering varieties are more resistant than the early ones as indicated by genotypes KNE814, IE 3779, KNE 628, KNE 688, KNE 1149, Gulu E,, KNE 392, GBK 029681, ACC 3953, GBK 011136A, KNE 689, KNE 1034, Emiroit and Red (local check) varieties, which were medium maturing and highly resistance to blast disease, with foliar blast severity (1.07 - 3.0), neck blast (1.5 - 2.5) and finger blast (11 - 25 %), NET (3.45 - 4.38), NFPH (5.80) and subsequently highest yield (1565 - 1887 kg/ha), compared to black local variety with the highest foliar blast severity (4.00 - 6.70), neck blast (2.7 - 4.40), finger blast (32 - 36 %), NET (2.50 - 2.70), NFPH (3.30 - 4.70) and lowest yield (688 - 989 kg/ha), respectively in Wukari and Takum locations. Hence, these varieties resistant to foliar, neck, finger blast diseases, good yield parameters are recommended as sources of germplasm for genetic improvement and further research.

Preterm Infants on Early Solid Foods and Iron Status in the First Year of Life-A Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction of solid foods and iron status in the first year of life of preterm infants are highly discussed topics. The aim of this study was to examine whether two timepoints of introduction of standardized solid foods in preterm infants have an impact on ferritin and other hematologic parameters important for iron status in the first year of life. This is a secondary outcome analysis of a prospective, randomized intervention trial in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants randomized to an early (10–12th week corrected age) or a late (16–18th week corrected age) complementary feeding group. Iron status was assessed with blood samples taken at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months corrected age. In total, 177 infants were randomized (early group: n = 89, late group: n = 88). Ferritin showed no differences between study groups throughout the first year of life, as did all other parameters associated with iron status. At 12 months corrected age, the incidence of iron deficiency was significantly higher in the early feeding group. There is room for improvement of iron status in VLBW preterm infants, regular blood checks should be introduced, and current recommendations may need to be a reconsidered.

Prevalence and incidence of iron deficiency in European community-dwelling older adults: an observational analysis of the DO-HEALTH trial

Background and aimIron deficiency is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. However, data on its prevalence and incidence among older adults is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of iron deficiency in European community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 70 years.MethodsSecondary analysis of the DO-HEALTH trial, a 3-year clinical trial including 2157 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 70 years from Austria, France, Germany, Portugal and Switzerland. Iron deficiency was defined as soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) > 28.1 nmol/L. Prevalence and incidence rate (IR) of iron deficiency per 100 person-years were examined overall and stratified by sex, age group, and country. Sensitivity analysis for three commonly used definitions of iron deficiency (ferritin < 45 μg/L, ferritin < 30 μg/L, and sTfR–ferritin index > 1.5) were also performed.ResultsOut of 2157 participants, 2141 had sTfR measured at baseline (mean age 74.9 years; 61.5% women). The prevalence of iron deficiency at baseline was 26.8%, and did not differ by sex, but by age (35.6% in age group ≥ 80, 29.3% in age group 75–79, 23.2% in age group 70–74); P < 0.0001) and country (P = 0.02), with the highest prevalence in Portugal (34.5%) and the lowest in France (24.4%). As for the other definitions of iron deficiency, the prevalence ranged from 4.2% for ferritin < 30 µg/L to 35.3% for sTfR–ferritin index > 1.5. Occurrences of iron deficiency were observed with IR per 100 person-years of 9.2 (95% CI 8.3–10.1) and did not significantly differ by sex or age group. The highest IR per 100 person-years was observed in Austria (20.8, 95% CI 16.1–26.9), the lowest in Germany (6.1, 95% CI 4.7–8.0). Regarding the other definitions of iron deficiency, the IR per 100 person-years was 4.5 (95% CI 4.0–4.9) for ferritin < 45 µg/L, 2.4 (95% CI 2.2–2.7) for ferritin < 30 µg/L, and 12.2 (95% CI 11.0–13.5) for sTfR–ferritin index > 1.5.ConclusionsIron deficiency is frequent among relatively healthy European older adults, with people aged ≥ 80 years and residence in Austria and Portugal associated with the highest risk.

Usia dengan Kejadian Anemia dan Defisiensi Zat Besi pada Ibu Hamil

This study aims to describe the iron profile of pregnant women at risky ages in the Kepahiang District. The method used is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The research sample was 100 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters randomly from 14 working areas of the Public Health Center in Kepahiang Regency. Determination of anemia and iron deficiency status is carried out based on blood sampling to measure hemoglobin levels and serum iron levels. The results showed that most of the respondents (55%) were at risky age and almost all (75%) had anemia and as many as 51 respondents had iron deficiency. The bivariate analysis results obtained a value of p = 0.049 and PR = 2.820 for the relationship between age and the incidence of anemia and p = 0.003 and PR = 3.789 for the relationship between age and the incidence of iron deficiency. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between age and the incidence of anemia and between age and iron deficiency in pregnant women in Kepahiang Regency.&#x0D; Keywords: Anemia, Deficiency, Pregnant Women, Age, Iron

Incidence of iron deficiency and its pathogenesis in patients with H. pylori infection

606 patients (405 men and 201 women) with HP infection were examined, 121 (m 67; f 54) found clinical or clinical and laboratory signs of iron deficiency, the frequency of iron deficiency in the examined group of patients with HP was 19.9% (16.8-23.3; CI 95%). 25 (20.7%) were diagnosed with anaemia, 66 (54.5%) patients had a latent deficit of iron, 30 patients (24.8%) showed only a decrease in TS, which is typical for pre-latent iron deficiency. 38 (31.4%) patients had a «true» iron deficiency, 44 (36.4%) patients had a combined variant of iron deficiency, and 39 (32.2%) iron deficiency developed as a result of chronic inflammation. There was a significant difference in the level of hepcidin in patients with different options for iron deficiency. In patients with “isolated” iron deficiency, it was 12.4 ± 2.3 ng/ml, vs 48.2-± 20.2 ng/ml vs 189.7 ± 31.1 ng / ml in patients with a combined pathogenic variant of iron deficiency and in patients with iron deficiency of chronic inflammation, respectively.

Incidence of Iron Deficiency and the Role of Intravenous Iron Use in Perioperative Periods.

Iron deficiency is a major problem in worldwide populations, being more alarming in surgical patients. In the presence of absolute iron deficiency (depletion of body iron), functional iron deficiency (during intense bone marrow stimulation by endogenous or exogenous factors), or iron sequestration (acute or chronic inflammatory conditions), iron-restricted erythropoiesis can develop. This systemic review was conducted to draw attention to the delicate problem of perioperative anemia, and to provide solutions to optimize the management of anemic surgical patients. Systemic reviews and meta-analyses, clinical studies and trials, case reports and international guidelines were studied, from a database of 50 articles. Bone marrow biopsy, serum ferritin levels, transferrin saturation, the mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were used in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. There are various intravenous iron formulations, with different pharmacological profiles used for restoring iron. In surgical patients, anemia is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Therefore, anemia correction should be rapid, with parenteral iron formulations—the oral ones—being inefficient. Various studies showed the safety and efficacy of parenteral iron formulations in correcting hemoglobin levels and decreasing the blood transfusion rate, the overall mortality, the postoperative infections incidence, hospitalization days, and the general costs.

Clinico-Demographic Profile of Febrile Seizure and Its Association With Iron Deficiency

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction: Febrile seizure (FS) is recognised as the most frequent type of seizure in children (age six months to five years). This observational study was conducted in our hospital to assess any possible association of febrile convulsion with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and to see the incidence of iron deficiency in six months to five years old children.&#x0D; Methods: Eighty eight Simple febrile seizure patients of age six months to five years fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled between April 2018–March 2019. A pre-designed proforma including detailed history, physical examinations, systemic examinations and relevant investigations were filled-up.&#x0D; Results: Eighty eight subjects with FS were studied. Occurrence of IDA was 67.04% among them. Age was significantly associated with haemoglobin (Hb%) (p-value = 0.000), severity of anaemia (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) (p-value = 0.000), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p-value = 0.000) and serum ferritin (p-value = 0.000). However, no significant association between Hb% and gender was found (p-value = 0.890).&#x0D; Conclusions: Considering the clinico-demographic context of the present study and extent of anxiety and worries of parents of FS children, it is imperative to initiate FS prevention and control programme. Nearly two-third of study subjects had significant low serum ferritin indicating association of simple febrile seizure with IDA. However, prevalence of IDA as a risk factor for FS needs to be studied on adequate and representative sample so that iron supplementation could be started as an inbuilt strategy of simple febrile seizure management.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

The incidence of iron deficiency anemia post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy: a systematic review.

The physiological and anatomical changes that occur as a consequence of bariatric surgery result in macro- and micro-nutritional deficiencies, especially iron deficiency. The reported incidence of iron deficiency and associated anemia after bariatric surgery varies widely across studies. The aim of this systematic review is to quantify the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on the incidence of iron deficiency. Databases including Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Helthstar, Scopus, Cochrane (CDSR), LILACS, and ClinicalKey were searched for original articles with additional snowballing search. Search terms included Obesity, nutrient deficiency, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, bariatric surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and sleeve gastrectomy. Original articles reporting the incidence of iron deficiency and anemia pre- and post-RYGB and SG from January 2000 to January 2015 with minimum 1-year follow-up were selected. Data extraction from selected studies was based on protocol-defined criteria. There were 1133 articles screened and 20 studies were included in the final analysis. The overall incidence of iron deficiency was 15.2% pre-operatively and 16.6% post-operatively. When analyzed by procedure, the incidence of iron deficiency was 12.9% pre-RYGB versus 24.5% post-RYGB and 36.6% pre-SG versus 12.4% post-SG. The incidence of iron deficiency-related anemia was 16.7% post-RYGB and 1.6% post-SG. Risk factors for iron deficiency were premenopausal females, duration of follow-up, and pre-operative iron deficiency. Prophylactic iron supplementation was reported in 16 studies and 2 studies provided therapeutic iron supplementation only for iron-deficient patients. Iron dosage varied from 7 to 80mg daily across studies. Iron deficiency is frequent in people with obesity and may be exacerbated by bariatric surgery, especially RYGB. Further investigation is warranted to determine appropriate iron supplementation dosages following bariatric surgery. Careful nutritional surveillance is important, especially for premenopausal females and those with pre-existing iron deficiency.

Iron Deficiency in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: A Cross-Sectional Survey from a Single Institution in China.

BackgroundParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic disorder that often manifests with chronic intravascular hemolysis. Iron deficiency in patients with PNH is most often due to urinary losses of iron secondary to chronic intravascular hemolysis.Material/MethodsThis cross-sectional survey assessed the prevalence of iron deficiency in a Chinese population of PNH patients who were enrolled between May 2012 and October 2014.ResultsA total of 742 PNH cases were selected by FLARE and classified as classical PNH (15.36%), PNH in the setting of another specified bone marrow disorder (12.26%), and subclinical PNH (72.38%). The median age of all the patients was 32 years (range 5–77 years). The overall prevalence of iron deficiency was 17.9% among all the PNH patients enrolled in the survey, 76.3% (87/144) among those with classical PNH, 33.0% (30/91) among those with PNH in the setting of another specified bone marrow disorder, and 3.0% (16/537) among the subclinical PNH patients. The incidence of iron deficiency among classical PNH patients was higher than that in the other 2 subcategories (P-value=0.000). Multivariate analyses showed that age and disease duration were independent risk factors for iron deficiency in classical patients.ConclusionsThis survey shows that PNH patients were prone to iron deficiency, especially patients with classical PNH.

The Incidence of Iron Deficiency in Hospitalised Cardiac Patients and its Relationship to Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy

The Incidence of Iron Deficiency in Hospitalised Cardiac Patients and its Relationship to Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy

Effect of Placental Transfusion on Iron Stores in Moderately Preterm Neonates of 30–33 weeks Gestation

To assess the effect of placental transfusion by delayed cord clamping (DCC) of 60s or cord milking (CM) on serum ferritin levels at hospital discharge and 3 mo of postmenstrual age (PMA) in preterm neonates of 30 to 33 wk gestation in comparison to early cord clamping (ECC) within 10s. This mixed longitudinal study was conducted in moderately preterm neonates of 30 to 33 wk gestation born in a level III unit in Northern India with the study sample nested within a randomized controlled trial on placental transfusion. Intervention was delayed cord clamping for 60s or cord milking compared with early cord clamping (within 10s). Primary outcome measure was serum ferritin levels at discharge. Secondary outcome measures were serum ferritin levels at 3 mo PMA, incidence of anemia, need for blood transfusion and incidence of iron deficiency by 3 mo PMA. Out of the 215 randomly chosen infants, serum ferritin levels were estimated at least at one time point (at discharge or at 3 mo PMA) in 197 neonates [placental transfusion - 107; early cord clamping - 90]. Amongst them, ferritin level was estimated at discharge in 141 neonates, at 3 mo PMA in 76 neonates and at both time points in 20 neonates. Median (IQR) serum ferritin (μg/L) at discharge was significantly higher in placental transfusion group in comparison to the ECC group [399 (309,600) (n = 79) vs. 254 (190,311) (n=62); p<0.001]. Median (IQR) ferritin level at 3 mo PMA was not different between the study groups [20 (14,57) (n= 39) vs. 24 (8,52) (n=37); p=0.2]. The incidence of anemia by 3 mo PMA was significantly lesser in the placental transfusion group. No difference was observed in anemia requiring blood transfusion and iron deficiency by 3 mo PMA between the groups. In 30 to 33 wk preterm neonates, placental transfusion resulted in significantly higher serum ferritin at discharge in comparison to early cord clamping. However, this benefit did not persist till 3 mo PMA.

Calculation of Haem Iron Intake and Its Role in the Development of Iron Deficiency in Young Women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health.

Total iron intake is not strongly associated with iron stores, but haem iron intake may be more predictive. Haem iron is not available in most nutrient databases, so experimentally determined haem contents were applied to an Australian Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate haem iron intake in a representative sample of young women (25–30 years). The association between dietary haem iron intakes and incident self-reported diagnosed iron deficiency over six years of follow-up was examined. Haem iron contents for Australian red meats, fish, and poultry were applied to haem-containing foods in the Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies V2 (DQESv2) FFQ. Haem iron intakes were calculated for 9076 women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) using the DQESv2 dietary data from 2003. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between haem iron intake (2003) and the incidence of iron deficiency in 2006 and 2009. Multiple logistic regression showed baseline haem iron intake was a statistically significant predictor of iron deficiency in 2006 (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.91; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.84–0.99; p-value: 0.020) and 2009 (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82–0.99; p-value: 0.007). Using the energy-adjusted haem intake made little difference to the associations. Higher haem iron intake is associated with reduced odds of iron deficiency developing in young adult Australian women.

Potentially effective therapy of heavy menstrual bleeding with an oestradiol-nomegestrol acetate oral contraceptive: a pilot study

BackgroundHeavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) exceeding 80 mL per cycle leads to considerable adverse impact on a woman’s iron metabolism, incidence of iron deficiency and anaemia, as well as her functioning in society.The objective of the study is to determine the potential efficacy of a Monophasic oestradiol-17β-nomegestrol acetate (E2/Nomac) combined oral contraceptive pill on measured menstrual blood loss as a pilot study in 12 women with objectively demonstrated HMB (>80 mL per cycle). The pilot study aimed to recruit 20 women.MethodConsented women completed the HMB questionnaire. The blood was taken for haemoglobin, transferrin, iron saturation, TIBC, serum iron and ferritin. Women were given verbal and written detailed instructions for MBL collection for three control cycles and four treatment cycles.ResultsForty-three women were enrolled, but 31 were ineligible and withdrawn (mainly for failure to meet eligibility criteria). Twelve women entered the treatment phase and commenced the E2/nomegestrol acetate (NOMAC) 24/4 combined pill treatment on the first day of their fourth cycle. All women with complete MBL measurements had >50% reduction in MBL on treatment (exact 95% confidence interval for proportion with MBL reduction >50%: 69 to 100%). The mean percent reduction in MBL between pretreatment and during treatment was 76.9%, and the median was 79% with a range of 53.7 to 100%.ConclusionsThis pilot study indicates that the E2/NOMAC COC will provide a useful potential option for treating HMB in women with FIGO classification AUB-E (primary endometrial causes) but requires a larger placebo-controlled study for confirmation.

Clinical study of relationship between iron deficiency, anemia and cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer

Clinical study of relationship between iron deficiency, anemia and cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer

Iron status in sickle cell disorders

Background: There is a general view that patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) reveal iron overload and that iron deficiency anemia is uncommon in them because of the availability of an adequate iron source from increased red cell turnover and blood transfusions. However, there are reports of iron deficiency in a proportion of these patients, which can often be missed because they exhibit already anemic condition. Objective: To evaluate the iron status and to determine the incidence of iron deficiency in sickle cell disorders including subjects with SCD, sickle cell trait (SCT), and compound heterozygosity. Materials and Methods: A total of 155 subjects were included in study; 138 of these showed homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS) and 17 sickle cell trait (AS). Presence of HbS was detected by solubility test, followed by hemoglobin phenotype determination by automated HPLC. The measurement of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity was done by ferrozine method, serum ferritin by radioimmunoassay, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) by using ProtoFluor-Z Hematofluorimeter, while hematological parameters were determined using a Sysmex Kx21 autoanalyzer. Result: Of the 155 patients studied, 7 (4.5%) showed iron deficiency and 33 (21.3%) showed iron overload. Iron and serum ferritin values in transfused patients were significantly higher than in nontransfused patients. The mean reticulocyte count was significantly lower in iron deficient group than that in iron sufficient group. The ZPP values were elevated in all iron deficient and the 39 of 148 iron sufficient/overloaded subjects; however, ZPP values were much higher in the iron deficiency group. Conclusion: A state of iron deficiency may be present in SCD and SCT patients. Therefore, we recommend that patients with SCD and SCT should be screened for iron deficiency by conventional laboratory tests.