Incidence Of Gonococcal Infections Research Articles

Analysis of the epidemiological situation and dynamics of the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in the Russian Federation over a ten-year period (2012–2022)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are socially significant diseases and require close attention due to the multifactorial causes that influence their spread. In 2012–2022, the Russian Federation maintained a downward trend in the incidence of STIs (from 267.6 to 91.3 cases per 100 thousand population), established since 1998 in all age groups. In 2022, compared to 2012, the incidence rates decreased: syphilis — by 42.7%; gonococcal infection — by 77.7%; trichomoniasis — by 75.8%; chlamydial infections — by 72.1%; anogenital herpetic infection — by 51.2%; anogenital (venereal) warts — by 36.5%. But at the same time, in 2021 and 2022, there was an increase in the incidence of syphilis and gonococcal infection: compared to 2019, the increase in the incidence of syphilis was 25.9%, and that of gonococcal infection — 5.2%. The increase in the incidence of syphilis was largely due to an increase in this indicator in the Central (from 18.1 to 37.3 cases per 100 thousand population) and Northwestern (from 14.5 to 16.2 cases per 100 thousand population) federal districts ( FO). An increase in the incidence of gonococcal infection in 2022 compared to 2019 was observed in the Central (+26.3%), Northwestern (+31.2%) and Ural (+27.6%) Federal Districts.

Gonococcal Infections

Gonococcal Infections

Gonococcal Infections

Gonococcal Infections

Gonorrhea as a Moving Target: How Do We Sharpen Our Aim and Strengthen Our Arrows?

J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013;35(2):174–176 G is the second most commonly diagnosed and reported sexually transmitted infection in Canada,1 and is an important cause of cervicitis, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The rate of gonorrhea in Canada reached its lowest point in 1997 after two decades of decline. Since then, there has been a steady increase, and the incidence of gonococcal infections more than doubled in Canada from 1997 to 2006.1

Risk Factors of HIV Co-Infection and Sexual Behaviours in Patients with Gonococcal Infection in a STI′s Clinic in Madrid

Introduction: During the past decade, the incidence of gonorrhoea has increased in Spain, mainly affecting the community of men who have sex with men. The objective of the present study was to describe the cases of gonococcal infection at a referral centre for sexually transmitted diseases in Madrid, as well as the factors associated with co-infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed of all of the cases of gonococcal infection that were diagnosed in 2010 at the Sandoval Health Centre of Madrid. Clinical histories, diagnostic tests, and sociodemographic and risk-behaviour questionnaires were analysed. Results: Eighty-three per cent of the patients who were diagnosed with gonorrhoea were men who had engaged in sex with men, and 29% tested positive by serological screening for HIV. In the multiple logistic regression model the following factors were associated with the HIV co-infection: having a positive history of one or more sexually transmitted diseases (OR=57.44; 95% CI: 6.78-486.50), having a stable partner who was HIV-positive (OR=23.13; 95% CI: 2.44-219.36), having a concomitant syphilis diagnosis (OR=8.88; 95% CI: 1.90-41.37), having engaged in unprotected, insertive anal intercourse (OR=6.10; 95% CI: 2.52-14.76), and having engaged in high-risk sexual contacts while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs (OR=2.73; 95% CI: 1.13-6.62). Conclusions: In the present study, a greater incidence of gonococcal infection and HIV co-infection was observed in men who had engaged in sex with men. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on the routine screening for sexually transmitted diseases and the targeting of education and health-promotion initiatives to highrisk communities

A Pilot Study on Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates From Nepal

Despite a sharp decline in the incidence of gonococcal infection in developed countries during the last decade gonorrhea remains one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries and a global health problem. In the absence of effective vaccine control of gonococcal infection mainly depends on identification and treatment of the infected individuals and reductions in sexual risk behavior. Early and successful antibiotic treatment of gonococcal infection is important for cure of the patient prevention of complications and to reduce transmission. Strategies for control of gonorrhea have relied on the use of highly effective and often single-dose therapy administered at the time of diagnosis. Information on antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is therefore important to guide selection of an appropriate antimicrobial agent. Antimicrobial resistance in gonococci often spreads rapidly between countries and infected travelers often appear for treatment in countries distant from the place of contact. Hence local and regional antimicrobial resistance data are important for management of gonorrhea. Specific data on the incidence of gonorrhea and antimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae in Nepal is lacking. A pilot study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of current recommendations for treatment for gonorrhea which is a single oral dose of 500 mg ciprofloxacin. (excerpt)

Incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in Hokkaido, Japan, 1998 to 2001.

The objective of this study was to provide precise data on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Hokkaido. The goal of this prospective surveillance, study was to clarify the STD incidence between 1998 and 2001 in Hokkaido, Japan. The incidence of gonococcal infection in men was found to be 127-199 per 100 000 people per year, which was three or four times higher than that for women. Female genital chlamydial infection had an incidence of 300-400 with a female to male ratio of two or three to one. Younger adults had higher incidences of gonococcal and chlamydial infections than older people. In conclusion, the current study of STDs revealed high incidences of gonococcal and chlamydial infections in the Hokkaido area, and there was no decreasing trend in STD incidence during these 4 years.

A novel approach to outcome evaluation.

A novel approach to outcome evaluation.

Chlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the most important complication present in the female lower genital tract, causing major medical, social and economic problems. Although PID can be caused by multiple microorganisms, it results most frequently from the ascent of sexually transmitted Chlamydia.trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections from the cervix to the upper genital tract. The importance of cervical chlamydial infection in the pathogenesis of PID is well recognized. Recent data from many developed countries have shown a striking decrease in the incidence of gonococcal infections, while the rates of chlamydial infections remain high in most countries. Complications of PID are common and usually irreversible. Emerging evidence suggests that universal or selected screening of defined populations for cervical chlamydial infection leads to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of PID. Recent technological advances should further enhance efforts to prevent chlamydial infection and PID. Gene amplification-based diagnostic tests, screening by testing first-void urine, and single dose antimicrobial therapy greatly facilitate chlamydia control programmes. Thus, screening for chlamydia is the key approach in the secondary prevention of PID. The obvious challenge is to make screening for chlamydia the standard for health care for young, sexually active individuals. Since PID is the most important consequence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections, it is also imperative to develop better treatments to prevent the long-term sequelae of this disease. The development and implementation of new and effective intervention programmes for prevention and control of PID is one of the major challenges for the year 2000 and beyond.

Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, and Reproductive Health

Chlamydial and gonococcal and infections are the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infections. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is the most important complication of chlamydial and gonococcal infections causing major medical, social, and economic problems. Worldwide, the magnitude of PID-related morbidity is enormous. Recent data from many developed countries have shown a surprisingly rapid downward trend in the incidence of gonococcal infections. This has been accompanied by a much slower downward trend in the incidence of chlamydial infections, suggesting that the epidemiologic control measures effective against gonorrhoea are generlly not effective against chlamydia. Development and implementation of safe and effective intervention programmes for the prevention and control of chlamydial infections is one of the major challenges in the 1990s. Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of PID and PID-related sequelae has come with better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of C. trachomatis infection. C. trachomatis is a strong immunogen which stimulates both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and can induce immune system perturbations that may assist its own survival in the infected host. Understanding the interactions of these organisms with the immune system is of paramount importance in the prevention of consequences. Gynaecologists play an important role in the primary prevention of STDs by questioning patients about high risk sexual behaviour, by encouraging screening tests for those at risk, by assuring that male sex partners are evaluated and treated, and by counselling about safer sex practices.

The eradication of gonorrhoea

The continued global survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is inevitable because of its immunobiology,1 the seeming lack of natural or acquired immunity, human sexual behaviour, and the frequency of asymptomatic infection. Nevertheless, endemic gonorrhoea could be eradicated from Britain in the 1990s. Sweden has achieved this public health goal, and many other developed countries report dramatic reductions in incidence.2 In Britain reported cases of gonorrhoea have declined every year since 1977, with a particularly big decrease in 1987. Many health districts have already achieved the nationally set target for 1995 of fewer than 49 cases per 100 000 population aged 15-64.3 Geographical variation in the incidence of gonorrhoea in England is, however, considerable, with some urban areas still substantially above this target.4 Has any one factor been decisive in recent successes in controlling gonorrhoea? Certainly, radical innovations in treatment cannot take the credit. Effective drugs have been available throughout the rise and fall in the incidence of gonococcal infection during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Effective treatment is, however, a key component in control and has required some major …

Declining trends in some sexually transmitted diseases in Belgium between 1983 and 1989.

To examine trends in some sexually transmitted diseases in Belgium and to discuss them in the light of the European background. Analysis of the time trends of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae infections diagnosed by a network of microbiological laboratories, and of male urethritis diagnosed by a network of general practitioners. Belgium. Reports of C trachomatis and N gonorrhoeae infections by a network of microbiological laboratories, and of male urethritis by a network of general practitioners, to the Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology. Whereas an increase in the number of C trachomatis infections, more pronounced among women, was observed up to 1986, a small decrease has been observed afterwards in males. The mean number of chlamydial infections per laboratory and per year was 4.2 in 1983, 15.7 in 1986 and 13.9 in 1989. A decrease in the number of N gonorrhoeae infections, more pronounced among men, has been observed. The mean number of cases of gonorrhoea per laboratory and per year was 10.9 in 1983 and only 2.2 in 1989. The same declining trend has been observed in another surveillance programme of male urethritis, based on a network of general practitioners. The number of cases of male urethritis per 100 patient encounters went down from 0.06 in 1982-3 to 0.04 in 1988-9. The declining trend in Western Europe in incidence of gonococcal infections and of urethritis in men is also occurring in Belgium, but genital chlamydial infections remain an important public health problem.

Epidemiology of conococcal disease in Hong Kong

Records as early as 1819 show that gonococcal disease was a common problem in Hong Kong particularly amongst the armed forces. However in the subsequent years thl3 has varied as a result of legal control of prostitution, changing attitudes towards western medicine, wars, establishment of Venereal Disease clinics. (1928) and antibiotic treatment. In the thirteen years following the first use of penicillin and introduction of wider social hygiene activities there was a continuous yearly decrease in cases of gonococcal infection. In 1953, 1I625 cases were reported (775 per 100000 population 15 years and over) compared with 5096 cases in 1965 (210 per 100000). By 1978 the incidence had decreased to 65 per 100000 although there had been two peaks in 1968 and 1972 with rater reported respectively as 350 and 305 per 100000. From 1979 until 1987 the incidence of gonococcal infection increased gradually but decreased in 1988 and preliminary figures for 1989 suggest a possible substantial further reduction. In 1988, 491 cases (110 per 100000) were reported, a drop of 18.5% from 1987 and of these cases 87% were men and 13% were women. A total of 89% of the cases occurred in persons aged less than 10 years, 15.3% in persons aged 30-39 years, 67.2% in persons aged 20-29 years and 6.5% in teenagers. Whilst the incidence of gonococcal infection dropped among male teenagers, more teenage girls were affected particularly in the 13-16 age group. Another change noted over the last five years has been the number of ca3es infected abroad. In 1983, it was 19% and this has risen to 24.4% in 1988 with the six most commonly involved countries being Macau, China, Korea, Thailand, Phillipines and Taiwan. The greatest increase was from China, 10 cases (4.9%) in 1983 to 261 cases (25.7%) in 1988. Laboratory monitoring of gonococcal isolates for penicillin resistance has shown that the prevalence of resistant strains has varied over the last five years and currently stands at 53% Tor the first quarter of 1989 (60% of these are PPNG).