Incidence Of Drug Addiction Research Articles

Current Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders and Its Dynamics in the Republic of Crimea: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: The study of the prevalence of narcological disorders is an integral part of the monitoring of the drug situation allowing identification of the main trends in the situation with the use of narcotic drugs. Objective: To analyze the level and structure of non-medical use of prescription drugs among the population of the Republic of Crimea and to assess their dynamics in 2020–2021. Materials and methods: The subject of the study was quantitative indicators characterizing the spread of drug use disorders in the Republic of Crimea. The information base of the study included data and materials of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Crimea. We processed data of the statistical reporting documentation for 2020–2021, Forms No. 37, Information on patients with alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, and No. 11, Incidence of substance use disorders. Incidence and prevalence rates were estimated per 100 thousand population. The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: We established an increase in the incidence of substance use disorders in the Republic of Crimea in 2020–2021 from 38.3 to 42.9 per 100 thousand population (by 12.01 % in the year 2021 compared to 2020) and an increase in the overall incidence of drug addiction and abuse from 566.5 to 578.3 per 100 thousand population (2.08 %). We noted a slight decrease in opium addiction, transition to new synthetic drugs, and an increase in the proportion of a combined use of narcotic drugs. Males aged 20 to 59 years predominate among drug users. Conclusions: Our findings show a consistently high prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs among the population in the Republic of Crimea, an increase in the incidence and prevalence of drug addiction and in the number of doctor’s visits among drug abusers, and a growth of drug overdose deaths.

Направления уголовной политики в сфере противодействия незаконному обороту наркотиков

Criminal policy at the present stage in the field of combating drug trafficking shows some success. The presented scientific article examines the dynamics of crimes related to the illegal circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances for the period from 2017 to 2021. In the course of the study, it was revealed that there is a certain downward trend in this type of crime, and there is also a downward trend in the overall incidence of drug addiction. However, the proportion of crimes in the field of drug trafficking in the Russian Federation is very high, and averages 9.0%, that is, every year law enforcement agencies detect about 200 thousand illegal acts related to drug trafficking, which is a direct threat to the national security. Information is presented on the subjects of the Russian Federation with the highest degree of criminogenic involvement from crimes in the field of drug trafficking. An analysis of the structure of crimes made it possible to determine the main types of drug crimes, as well as the main methods of their commission, taking into account modern realities, which will make it possible to determine the main directions of anti-drug policy. It is concluded that crimes related to drug trafficking are one of the mass and organized types of crimes, due to the fact that many criminal elements are involved in their sale and illegal production. In conclusion, some measures are proposed to counter this type of crime, taking into account the emergence of new forms of illegal activity (including the use of innovative communication technologies).

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАРКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РАССТРОЙСТВ В КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ В 2014-2019 ГОДАХ

Period 2014-2019 characterized by a certain increase in social instability in Russia, which led to an increase of social risk factors for drug addiction. In the Kursk region, at the same time, there have been changes in the regulation of anti-drug prevention, a large number of specialists have been trained, and a movement of competent volunteers has developed. In this regard, the epidemiological data for 2014-2019 are of particular interest. For the period from 2005 to 2019 the primary incidence of alcohol use disorders in Russia decreased from 147.4 to 48.3, in the Kursk region – from 106 to 53.5 cases per 100 000 population per year. Of the adjacent regions in 2019, a lower incidence rate than in the Kursk region was noted only in the Belgorod region – 39.4 cases per 100,000 population. Primary incidence of disorders associated with the use of narcotic active substances, during 2014-2019 in Russia as a whole decreased from 15 to 9.8, in the Kursk region – from 11.3 to 4 new cases per 100 000 inhabitants per year. In 2019, the detection rate of primary incidence of drug addiction and substance abuse was significantly higher than in the Kursk region in Bryansk and Lipetsk. Despite favorable trends, it was noted that the coronavirus pandemic and the restrictions introduced to combat it can have a significant impact on the risk factors for drug addiction, which requires the adaptation of preventive programs to new conditions.

Early life maternal deprivation attenuates morphine induced inhibition in lateral paragigantocellularis neurons in adult rats

Early life stress can serve as one of the principle sources leading to individual differences in confronting challenges throughout the lifetime. Maternal deprivation (MD), a model of early life stress, can cause persistent alterations in brain function, and it may constitute a risk factor for later incidence of drug addiction. It is becoming more apparent that early life MD predisposes opiate abuse in adulthood. Although several behavioral and molecular studies have addressed this issue, changes in electrophysiological features of the neurons are yet to be understood. The lateral paragigantocellularis (LPGi) nucleus, which participates in the mediation of opiate dependence and withdrawal, may be susceptible to modifications following MD. This study sought to find whether early life MD can alter the discharge activity of LPGi neurons and their response to acute morphine administration in adult rats.Male Wistar rats experienced MD on postnatal days (PNDs) 1–14 for three h per day. Afterward, they were left undisturbed until PND 70, during which the extracellular activities of LPGi neurons were recorded in anesthetized animals at baseline and in response to acute morphine.In both MD and control groups, acute morphine administration induced heterogeneous (excitatory, inhibitory, and no effect) responses in LPGi neurons. At baseline recording, the interspike interval variability of the LPGi neurons was attenuated in both inhibitory and excitatory responses in animals with the history of MD. The extent of morphine-induced discharge inhibition was also lower in deprived animals compared to the control group.These findings suggest that early life MD induces long-term alterations in LPGi neuronal activity in response to acute administration of morphine. Therefore, the MD may alter the vulnerability to develop opiate abuse in adulthood.

Influence of drug addiction on oral pathology and peculiarities of dental care for drug addicts (literature review)

The results of the analysis of drug abuse incidence in 2018–2019 indicate that the situation has worsened and the incidence of drug addiction in Ukraine tends to increase. Drug abuse leads to a large number of negative changes in various systems and organs of the body (nephropathy, respiratory diseases, liver cirrhosis, diseases of the circulatory system (infectious endocarditis), surgical pathology (necrotizing fasciitis), hepatitis, as well as to mental and behavioral disorders.Аim. Grounding on the analysis of literature sources, to investigate the influence of drug abuse and drug-influenced lifestyle on oral cavity pathology and the peculiarities of dental care for drug addicts.Among dental diseases in drug addicts, caries and non-carious lesions of the hard tissues of the teeth account for the largest share. Modern literature describes studies showing that the carious process in the hard tissues of the teeth of addicted patients develops very rapidly, often affecting the cariesimmune areas. In drug addicted patients, significant changes in the composition of the oral fluid are observed, in particular, imbalance of macro- and microelements, enzyme activity. Scientists have connected changes in the content of calcium in the oral fluid of drug-addicted patients both with its release from the crystal lattice of hard tissues of teeth during the development of numerous carious cavities, and with impaired absorption. One of the determining factors for the occurrence of hard tissue diseases of the teeth and other organs and tissues, is insufficient oral hygiene in drug addicted patients. A study of the dental status of drug addicted patients who have been taking drugs for more than 5 years, once or twice a day, indicates a significant prevalence of caries in this group of patients and a high index of DMFT, low hygiene, which is indicated by high OHI-S.The general principles of dental treatment are described in the literature, in particular treatment regimens of periodontal diseases in drug addicts. However, there is insufficient amount of information regarding the stages and features of the treatment of hard dental tissue diseases in these patients.Conclusions. The study of the negative impact of drugs on dental status is necessary for quality treatment and prevention of dental diseases in addicted patients. Providing dental care to drug addicts should be based on determining the optimal time and establishing good communication, both with the drug addict and with his family.

DYNAMICS OF MANIFESTATIONS OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF HIV INFECTION IN RELATION WITH THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION FOR ADDICTION (IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN)

The aim of the study is to characterize the trends in the development of the epidemic process of HIV infection in connection with the epidemiological situation of drug addiction in the Republic of Tatarstan.Materials and methods. The official statistical data on the incidence of HIV infection and drug addiction in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period 1987–2016, the data on the prevalence for 2001 and 2016 are analyzed.Results. Direct correlation of the prevalence of HIV infection and prevalence of drug addiction in the different territories of the Republic of Tatarstan were identified for 2001 data (r=0,81, p<0,001) and for 2016 (r=0,82, p<0,001). A statistically significant increase in the incidence of HIV infection in the population against the background of a decrease in the incidence of drug addiction was demonstrated. In the early stages of the epidemic in the region HIV infection spread mainly through injecting drug use and, in recent years, HIV has been sexually transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact.Conclusion. The output of infection outside the population of injecting drug users and the prevalence of sexual transmission of HIV in recent yearsare a reflection of adverse trends in the direction of generalization of the epidemic of HIV infection.

PREVALENCE OF OPTICAL DRUG ABUSE, INCLUDING COMBINED WITH HIV INFECTION, IN THE PRIMORSKIY KRAI

The purpose of the study was to study the dynamics of the spread of narcological diseases, opium addiction, including HIV-related co-infection in Primorsky Krai in 2004–2016 in comparison with the indicators ofRussiaand the Far Eastern Federal District. Materials and methods. The official statistics, the data on the registration of narcological diseases of the Regional Clinical Hospital «Regional Narcological Dispensary», the data on the registration of HIV infection in the State Regional Clinical Hospital «Regional Clinical Hospital № 2 — Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases» were used. Results. Against the background of a decrease in the primary incidence of drug addiction in theRussian Federation, there has been an increase in Primorsky Krai, the main factor of HIV infection in the province remains intravenous drug use, which has an impact on the spread of the incidence of HIV infection. Conclusion: An analysis of the prevalence and prevalence of opiate addiction and HIV infection reflects the direct relationship between injecting drug use and HIV infection. The presented materials reveal the patterns of drug abuse, which is necessary for clarifying the reasons for the broad expansion of drugs, for resolving the issues of organizing narcological care, including those with comorbid pathology.

The impact of addictive disorders on the HIV and syphilis coinfection

IntroductionOne of the main risk factors for both HIV-infection and syphilis is addictive behavior.The objective of the study was to determine the impact of addictions on the HIV and syphilis coinfection.MethodSixty-five HIV-infected patients with syphilis were examined by a clinical method.ResultsThe sample included 45 men (average age 32.09 ± 9.83) and 20 women (average age 31.7 ± 5.97). All patients were characterized by risky behavior. Seventy-one percent of men belonged to the category of men who have sex with men (MSM). Eighty-five percent of women had drug dependence (as compared to 61% for men who have sex with women (MSW) and 19% for МSМ; P < 0.05). Women were more likely to have opiate dependence (P < 0.001; as compared to men). We revealed a high incidence of drug addiction and alcoholism with the prevalence of dependence on opioids (F11; 55.0%; 7.7%), polysubstance use (F19; 25.0%; 23.1%) and alcoholism (F10; 50.0%; 61.25%) among women and MSW respectively (P < 0.05 as compared to MSM). Only 50% of women and 23% of MSW were in remission. MSM regularly consumed stimulants and cannabinoids without developing dependence.ConclusionsInjecting drug use is typical of women and MSW and plays a leading role in the risk factors for HIV infection and syphilis. Addictive behavior among MSM increases risky sexual behavior and thus influences infection with HIV and syphilis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Analysis of coagulation tests, proteins C and S, and plasma fibrinogen in addicts and non-addicts with coronary artery disease

Given the high incidence of drug addiction in the society and high prevalence of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in opium users, this study was conducted to evaluate the coagulation tests and plasma levels of proteins C and S, and fibrinogen in opium users with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The results indicated that the plasma level of fibrinogen in addicted patients was higher than that of non-addicted patients (p=0.001), but the findings of coagulation tests and proteins C and S levels revealed no significant difference between groups.

A comparison of Jewish and Non-Jewish addicts in institutional treatment programs

The Jews in the treatment programs manifest characteristics which indicate higher status and less involvement with criminal activities (indicated by number and type of arrest than non-Jews in the same programs. However, in contrast to the general Jewish population, Jewish addicts exhibit lower levels of status (educational and occupational attainment) and family solidarity. Although arrested less frequently than non-Jews, almost three-fourths of Jewish addicts have arrest records, most with more than one arrest. Considering the generally low incidence of Jewish arrests (two percent) in Miami, Jews in drug treatment are a unique population of deviants. Further evidence of this deviance from the general Jewish experience is offered in their higher drunkenness arrest incidence and their high percentage of alcoholics. Also, the very high percentage of divorce and separation is evidence of deviance from traditional Jewish behavior. Although the present study utilized no measure to further validate empirically Glatt's theories of alienation from and lack of participation in Judaism, Jewish customs and interests, the addicts' consistent demonstration of deviance from normative Jewish behavior might well encourage further investigation. Factors used to explain the low incidence of alcohol use among Jews have been related to Jewish tradition, ritual, custom, family solidarity and group pressure. Previous research questions whether or not these factors also relate, to other forms of addiction. Our findings indicate that there is still a low incidence of drug addiction among Jews, as evidenced in the institutional program. The characteristics of these addicts give evidence to support the hypothesis that the absence of those traditional Jewish factors are prominently manifested in a higher incidence of alcoholism and drunkenness, very high divorce and separation rates, lower educational attainment, and a high incidence of arrest.