Incidence Of Diarrhea In Piglets Research Articles

Clostridium butyricum Probiotic Feed Additive: Modulation of Sow Milk Metabolomics and Mitigation of Pre-Weaning Piglet Diarrhea.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of Clostridium butyricum probiotic feed additive on sow and piglet performances, together with alterations in the lipidomic and metabolomic profiles of sow milk. Sixty-four Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows and 794 piglets were included. Sows were divided into two groups; i.e., (i) conventional gestation diet (control; n = 35) and (ii) conventional diet added with 10 g/sow/day of probiotic C. butyricum spores (treatment; n = 29) from one week before the estimated farrowing day until weaning (29.6 ± 4.8 days). The sow and piglet performances and incidence of piglet diarrhea were recorded. Changes in gross chemical composition, fatty acid and non-volatile polar metabolite profiles of sow colostrum, transient milk and mature milk were evaluated. The results showed that relative backfat loss in the treatment group (-2.3%) was significantly lower than in control group (11.6%), especially in primiparous sows (p = 0.019). The application of C. butyricum probiotics in sows significantly reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets (p < 0.001) but no other effect on piglet performance was found. Lipidomic and metabolomic analyses revealed variations in sow colostrum and milk biomolecular profiles, with indicative compounds significantly altered by feeding with the C. butyricum probiotics. In conclusion, the use of C. butyricum probiotics in sows may improve sow body condition and reduce diarrhea incidence in piglets, with underlying changes in milk composition that warrant further investigation. These findings support the potential of C. butyricum as a beneficial feed additive in swine production.

Management Interventions to Reduce Incidence of Diarrhoea in Piglets during Pre Weaning Period

A study was carried out at an organized pig farm in Kalyani, West Bengal, to assess effectiveness of management practices like teat dipping and floor mopping on reduction of bacterial load and diarrhoeal incidence during pre-weaning period in piglets. Twenty lactating sows of Ghoongroo breed along with their newborn piglets (146 nos.) during pre-weaning period were studied. In group 1 (control) floor of each farrowing pen was washed with normal water. In group 2, additionally teats of each sow were treated with 10% povidone iodine dip. In group 3 floor of each farrowing pen was washed with normal water followed by mopping with 0.25% potassium permanganate. In group 4 both sow teat dipping and sty floor mopping with disinfectant was done. It was observed that the average bacterial load during the total pre-weaning period of 8 weeks was 48.4x103± 5.3 x103 cfu/cm2 in control group, whereas the average bacterial load was 34.0 x103±1.2X103 and 7.18 x102±0.10 x102 cfu/cm2 before and after teat dip application in group 2, and 32.5 x103±1.3 x103 cfu/cm2 and 6.98 x102±0.11 x102 cfu/cm2 in group 4, respectively, indicating positive impact of teat dipping as well as disinfectant floor mopping in reducing the bacterial loads of sow teats. Regular teat dipping and sty floor mopping can improve the body growth of piglets, by reducing the occurrence of piglet diarrhoea. Thus, the chances of economic losses in pig production unit can be reduced.

265 Effect of L-glutamine and enzyme supplementation of liquid creep feed from d 8 to 28 of age on pre-weaning growth and health of pigs

Abstract The provision of liquid creep feed has been shown to increase dry matter intake (DMI) compared with dry creep feeding. The greater DMI associated with liquid feeding means that it could be used as an effective route for feed additive supplementation of suckling pigs to optimize growth and health at weaning. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of L-glutamine or enzyme supplementation of liquid creep feed on growth and medication usage in suckling pigs. Sows (n = 60) were blocked on parity, previous number of piglets weaned and body weight (BW) at d 107 of gestation, and randomly assigned to one of 3 dietary treatments from d 8 of age to weaning at d 28: 1) liquid starter (control); 2) control supplemented with 10 kg of L-glutamine per tonne of starter diet (glutamine); and 3) control supplemented with a cocktail of enzymes (lipase, protease and α-amylase included at 200 g, 50 g and 112.5 g, respectively per tonne of starter diet; enzymes). Individual piglets were weighed on d 8, 14, 21 and 27 of age. Litter dry matter intake, the volume of antibiotics and anti-inflammatories administered per pig and per sow were recorded for the pre-weaning period. Data were analyzed using the mixed models procedure in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.) with treatment as a fixed effect, and day post-partum as the repeated measure. Block was included as a random effect and the number of pigs/litter at d 8 and the average pig BW at d 8 were included as co-variates when significant in the model. Means separation was by Tukey’s adjustment for multiple comparisons. The piglet nested within sow was the experimental unit. The DMI of creep feed did not differ between treatments (P &amp;gt; 0.05). From d 14 to 21, glutamine decreased average daily gain (ADG) by 7% compared with the control (P &amp;lt; 0.05). However, ADG did not differ between treatment groups from d 8 to 14 or from d 21 to 27. Body weight was not affected by treatment at d 8 or 14 (P &amp;gt; 0.05). However, at d 21, glutamine tended to reduce BW by 2% compared with the control (P = 0.09) and at d 27, it tended to reduce BW by 2% compared with the control and enzymes (P = 0.08). The volume of antibiotics or anti-inflammatories administered to piglets or sows was not affected by treatment. However, glutamine tended to increase diarrhea incidence by 12% between d 8 and 27 compared with the control (P = 0.09). In conclusion, supplementing liquid creep feed with 10 kg of glutamine/tonne of feed reduced pre-weaning growth and tended to increase diarrhea incidence in piglets. In addition, supplementing liquid creep feed with enzymes had no effect on pre-weaning growth and medication usage in piglets.

Simultaneous feeding of calcium butyrate and tannin extract decreased the incidence of diarrhea and proinflammatory markers in weaned piglets.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets.MethodsSeventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples.ResultsNo significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate- and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum.ConclusionAssociation between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.

Maternal dietary uridine supplementation reduces diarrhea incidence in piglets by regulating the intestinal mucosal barrier and cytokine profiles.

Nucleotides play an important role in the regulation of cellular energy and protein homeostasis, which facilitate the repair, recovery and repletion of tissue function. This study tested the effects of maternal uridine (UR) supplementation during late pregnancy and lactation of sows on the immune function of the small intestine in neonatal and suckling piglets. Results showed that compared to the control group, maternal dietary UR supplementation significantly decreased incidence of diarrhea in suckling piglets (P < 0.01); and increased both duodenal and ileal average villus height (P < 0.01) as well as villus height/crypt depth in ileum (P = 0.017) in neonatal piglets. RT-qPCR results showed that maternal UR supplementation decreased mRNA expression of claudin-1 in jejunum and ileum of neonatal piglets (P < 0.05), while significantly increased mRNA expression of claudin-1 in duodenum and jejunum of suckling piglets. Furthermore, in suckling piglets, maternal dietary UR supplementation increased mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-1β in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), increased IL-10 expression in both jejunal and ileal mucosa (P < 0.05) and increased mRNA expression of IKB and TLR4 in ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). These results suggest that maternal dietary supplementation with UR contributed to reducing incidence of diarrhea by regulating cytokine secretion and intestinal mucosal barrier function in suckling piglets. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Longitudinal development of the gut microbiota in healthy and diarrheic piglets induced by age-related dietary changes.

Diarrhea is one of the most common enteric diseases in young piglets. Diverse factors such as an unstable gut microenvironment, immature intestinal immune system, early supplementary feeding, and weaning often induce dysfunction of gut microbiota, thus leading to a continuing high incidence of diarrhea in piglets. However, few studies have characterized the gut microbiota of diarrheic piglets following changes in diet and during the development of intestinal physiology. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the dynamic establishment of fecal microbiota in six healthy piglets in response to age‐related changes in the diet: sow‐reared, early supplementary creep‐feeding (sow‐reared + starter diet), and weaning (solid nursery diet). We compared the gut microbiota of these six healthy piglets with those of diarrheic piglets during each of the three dietary stages (n = 10 sow‐reared, n = 10 early supplementary creep‐feeding, and n = 5 weaning). We found that weaning (solid nursery feeding) was the primary factor leading to dynamic colonization by microbiota in healthy piglets, and diarrhea primarily affected the microbial communities of piglets before weaning. Healthy piglets showed a continuous decrease in Lactobacillus and Escherichia, as well as a gradual increase in Prevotella with the transition to solid food. An altered relationship between Prevotella and Escherichia may be the main cause of diarrhea in preweaned piglets, whereas reduced numbers of Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Bulleidia, and Treponema that are responsible for the digestion and utilization of solid feeds may be related to the onset of postweaning piglet diarrhea. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) functional analysis indicated that a reduction in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism induced by intestinal dysbacteriosis in diarrheic piglets was one of the major causes of diarrhea at the three dietary stages. These findings provide insights into developing an intervention strategy for better management of diarrhea in piglets.

Immune Response of Piglets Receiving Mixture of Formic and Propionic Acid Alone or with Either Capric Acid or Bacillus Licheniformis after Escherichia coli Challenge.

This study aims to evaluate whether diets containing mixture of formic and propionic acid alone or supplemented with either capric acid or Bacillus Licheniformis can alleviate immune inflammatory response of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 30 weaning pigs were assigned to 5 diets, without additive (CON), with antibiotics (ATB), with 1% organic acid (OA; 64% formic and 25% propionic acid), with OA plus 0.2% capric acid (OA + CRA), and with OA plus 0.02% probiotic (Bacillus Licheniformis; OA + PB). After oral challenge with ETEC on day 10, the feces and plasma of all pigs were collected at different time points. Four additive treatments all decreased rectal temperature (RT) at 9 h and fecal scores (FS) at 24 h after challenge (P < 0.05), while at 9 h after challenge, inclusion of OA induced a decrease of RT compared with OA + CRA and OA + PB (P < 0.05). In plasma, concentration of interleukin (IL)-1β was reduced with the addition of ATB and OA at 24 h and 48 h after challenge and it is lower in OA group than OA + CRA group at 24 h after challenge (P < 0.05). Diets with ATB, OA, and OA + PB caused a decrease of the concentrations of IL-6 in plasma at 9 h after challenge (P < 0.05). The four additives treated piglets showed decreased concentrations of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ at 9 h and 24 h after challenge, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, OA supplementation alleviated the inflammatory response and reduced diarrhea incidence in piglets challenged with ETEC. However, no further improvements were observed when OA supplemented with CRA or probiotics.

Additional effect of coated sodium butyrate 30% in the piglets feeding during the nursery phase

In this study, the objective was to assess the growth performance, rectal microbiological profile, serum and immunological standards, and incidence of diarrhoea in piglets in the nursery phase fed diets with and without the addition of coated sodium butyrate 30% (SB). A total of 80 crossbred piglets (40 entire males and 40 females), with an average initial body weight of 9.47 ± 1.03 kg, were distributed in a randomised block design, with four treatments repeated twice in the two blocks and five piglets of the same gender per experimental unit. The treatments comprised a combination of two feeds, formulated based on corn and soybean meal with and without 0.1% SB inclusion as an additional product, and both genders, fed from of the pre-starter I diet. SB did not affect (p &gt; 0.05) the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of the piglets, but efficiently (p = 0.05) controlled the incidence of diarrhoea. The average values of the characteristics measured in the blood of the piglets were within the normal physiological parameters of the species. The inclusion of SB in commercial feed did not alter the growth performance and rectal microbiological profile of nursery piglets under low sanitary challenge conditions. However, the organic acid efficiently reduced gastrointestinal disorders that cause diarrhoea, with diarrhoea incidence rates of 2.68 and 4.46% for piglets fed with and without the inclusion of the additional organic acid, respectively.

Effects of dietary supplementation with lysozyme during late gestation and lactation stage on the performance of sows and their offspring.

This study investigated the effects of supplementing sow diets with lysozyme during the late gestation to lactation stage on the performance of sows and their offspring. Sixty sows (Yorkshire × Landrace, 3 to 6 of parity) at day 85 of gestation were allocated to the following 3 dietary treatments: 1) sows fed a basal diet from late gestation to lactation (control, n = 20), 2) sows fed a basal diet with lysozyme 150 g/t (LZM 150, n = 20), and 3) sows fed a basal diet with lysozyme 300 g/t (LZM 300, n = 20). During the lactation period, sows fed diets containing lysozyme had increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.01) and decreased weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI, P < 0.05), but there were no significant effects on backfat during the trial among treatments. Sows fed lysozyme diets had increased (P < 0.05) serum concentration of total protein (TP) compared with those fed the control diets. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) of the sows increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 of lactation, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased (P < 0.05) on day 7 of lactation, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) had a tendency to increase (P = 0.05) during the lactation. Milk concentration of IgA increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 and 7 of lactation and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) on day 21 of lactation. No significant differences among the dietary treatments were observed in placental tissue mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), or the concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, or secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Moreover, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in stillborn in sows fed lysozyme diets. The diarrhea rate decreased (P < 0.05) and serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and IL-10 increased (P < 0.05) in piglets from sows fed the diets containing lysozyme compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. The serum concentrations of TP increased (P < 0.05), and albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLB) had a tendency to increase (P = 0.08, P = 0.06) in piglets from sows fed the diets containing lysozyme compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, this study indicates that feeding sows diets supplemented with lysozyme from the late gestation through lactation stage increased sow ADFI during the lactation, shortened the WEI, and improved the maternal and offspring health status as indicated by immunological characteristics and a reduced incidence of diarrhea in piglets.

INFLUENCE OF A MICROBIAL ADDITIVE ON THE PRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF PREGNANT SOWS, AS WELL AS, HEMATOCHEMICAL AND DIARRHEAL INCIDENCE IN THEIR OFFSPRING

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive behavior in sows, as well as the hematochemical profiles and the incidence of diarrhea in piglets when using a microbial preparation fermented in byproducts of the agroindustry. We used 14 breeding sows, CC21 hybrids (Yorkshire - Landrace/L35 Duroc) and their offspring, divided into two groups: T1, Control and T2, microbial preparation A. T2, contained Lactobacilus acidophilus y Kluyveromyces fragilis L-4 (UCLV). The microbial additive was developed in a substrate composed of molasses, torula yeast and soy milk. 20 ml of microbial preparation were applied to the sows from the last third of gestation until weaning; and the piglets were supplied with 1 ml in mono dose for 2 weeks and subsequently increased to 1.5; 2 and 3 ml per animal respectively. A completely randomized design was used. The productive performance of sows and piglets was evaluated, such as weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, incidence of diarrhea and mortality, and blood profile and blood chemistry. With the use of microbial preparation weight gain, weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio varied (P&amp;lt;0.05) between treatments, indices of diarrhea and mortality were lower (P &amp;lt;0.05) in T2. Blood profiles and blood biochemistry differed (P&amp;gt;0.05) between treatments (T1 and T2). In conclusion, the use of microbial preparation in the diet of pigs improves the productive parameters, decreases the incidence of diarrhea and blood profiles vary in some cases in the categories studied

Desempenho de porcas lactantes em função da ordem de parto

Realizou-se o trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da ordem de parto sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas lactantes. Foram utilizadas 200 porcas lactantes, distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos: 1ª e 2ª; 3ª a 5ª; 6ª e 7ª; e 8ª a 11ª ordem de parto, com 40, 81, 32 e 47 repetições, respectivamente. A ordem de parto não influenciou (P&gt;0,05) o número de leitões desmamados, peso dos leitões e leitegada ao desmame, ganho de peso dos leitões e leitegada e mortalidade. Verificou-se maior (P&lt;0,05) ocorrência total e percentual de diarreias em leitões de porcas de terceira a quinta ordem de parto. O pior escore fecal foi verificado em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. A ordem de parto também influenciou (P&lt;0,05) o percentual de incidência média diária de diarreia nos leitões, com maior incidência em leitões de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto. Concluiu-se que a ordem de parto das porcas não influencia o desempenho produtivo das porcas lactantes, ainda que leitões oriundos de porcas de primeira e segunda ordem de parto apresentem maior incidência diária de diarreia e maior grau de severidade das diarreias.

Dose Effects of Apical versus Basolateral Zinc Supplementation on Epithelial Resistance, Viability, and Metallothionein Expression in Two Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines.

Zinc supplementation is used to reduce diarrhea incidence in piglets and it has been shown in vitro that the antisecretory effects are maximal after basolateral zinc application. To examine whether the application site and dose of zinc also influence passive ion permeability and viability, porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal epithelial cells were treated with increasing zinc concentrations (0-200μM) at either the apical or basolateral side. Transepithelial electrical resistance and viability decreased and expression of metallothionein and the efflux zinc transporter 1 increased most prominently when zinc was added in high concentrations at the basolateral side of IPEC-J2 cells. Zinc transporter 4, a zinc importer, was not affected. Heat shock protein 70 mRNA expression increased only after basolateral addition of 200μM zinc in IPEC-J2 cells. Thus, zinc can elicit toxic effects especially when added at the basolateral side, with IPEC-J2 cells being more susceptible than Caco-2 cells.

Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 modulates epithelial integrity, heat shock protein, and proinflammatory cytokine response in intestinal cells.

Probiotics have shown positive effects on gastrointestinal diseases; they have barrier-modulating effects and change the inflammatory response towards pathogens in studies in vitro. The aim of this investigation has been to examine the response of intestinal epithelial cells to Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), a probiotic positively affecting diarrhea incidence in piglets, and two pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, with specific focus on the probiotic modulation of the response to the pathogenic challenge. Porcine (IPEC-J2) and human (Caco-2) intestinal cells were incubated without bacteria (control), with E. faecium, with enteropathogenic (EPEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) each alone or in combination with E. faecium. The ETEC strain decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in both cell lines compared with control cells, an effect that could be prevented by pre- and coincubation with E. faecium. Similar effects were observed for the increased expression of heat shock protein 70 in Caco-2 cells. When the cells were challenged by the EPEC strain, no such pattern of changes could be observed. The reduced decrease in TER and the reduction of the proinflammatory and stress response of enterocytes following pathogenic challenge indicate the protective effect of the probiotic.

Supplementation transgenic cow’s milk containing recombinant human lactoferrin enhances systematic and intestinal immune responses in piglets

Lactoferrin (LF) plays an important role in the body's immune system. However, the immunomodulatory effects of supplementation transgenic cow's milk containing recombinant human LF (rhLF) on the systemic and intestinal immune systems in infants remain unclear. Our laboratory has used genetic engineer to produce transgenic cow secreted rhLF. To assess the immune responses we took piglets as an animal model for infants. Eighteen piglets at 7 days of age were fed ordinary milk, 1:1 mix of ordinary and rhLF milk, or rhLF milk (LFM) for 30 days. The incidence of diarrhea in piglets in natural condition was observed. The protein abundances of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, IgE, histamine, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 interferon, tumor necrosis factor in the plasma, spleen or intestine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intestinal structure was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. The mRNA levels of immune and allergy-related genes were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that LFM-fed significantly reduced incidence of diarrhea, enhanced humoral immunity, T helper (Th) 1, and Th2 cell responses, improved the structure of the intestinal mucosal and did not induce food allergy. LFM increased mRNA levels of toll-like receptor 2 and nuclear factor-κB p65 and decreased that of FCεRI β. In conclusion, rhLF-enriched formula could improve systematic and intestinal immune responses and did not elicit food allergies in neonatal piglets.

Desempenho e ocorrência de diarreia em leit&amp;#245;es alimentados com soro de leite

The influence of whey on the piglet performance and diarrhea incidence in three initial weeks of the initial phase was studied. Thirty suckling piglets weaned at 21 days of age and weighting 6.0 ± 0.4 kg were randomized in one of the three treatments related with whey concentration on regular diet: 1) 0 % (T1); 10 % (T2) and 20 % (T3) of whey and kept individually. The characteristics of the feces were observed and classified according to score level of diarrhea. There was no difference in daily weight gain, however, for the animals underwent the T1, feed intake of the diet was lower (p<0.05) which caused less feed conversion. The incidence and the scores for diarrhea were different (p<0.05) between the treatments. The score 3 of diarrhea, liquid feces, indicates the severity of the process and it was more frequent (p<0.05) in T1. The inclusion of whey on the diet increased the fed consumption and reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets at initial phase of development.

Intestinal growth and morphology is associated with the increase in heat shock protein 70 expression in weaning piglets through supplementation with glutamine1

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of oral Gln supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 in weaning piglets. A total of 65 piglets after weaning at 21 d of age (d 0) were used in this experiment. Five piglets were randomly selected and euthanized initially at d 0 to determine baseline values for the expression of Hsp70 in the small intestine. The remaining piglets were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments and received 0 or 1 g of oral Gln/kg of BW every 12 h. After piglets were humanely killed at d 3, 7, and 14 postweaning, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of piglets were sampled to evaluate intestinal morphology and the expression and localization of Hsp70. The results indicated that oral Gln supplementation increased plasma concentrations of Gln compared with those in control piglets (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and ADFI were greater in piglets orally supplemented with Gln than in control piglets during the whole period (P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea in piglets orally supplemented with Gln was 24% less than (P = 0.064) that in control piglets at 8 to 14 d after weaning. The weights of the jejunum and ileum were greater in piglets orally supplemented with Gln compared with those of control piglets relative to BW on d 14 postweaning (P < 0.05). The villus height and the villus height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and the ileum were greater in piglets receiving oral Gln on d 14 postweaning (P < 0.05) than in control piglets. These results indicate that Gln supplementation can influence the intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. The expression of hsp70 mRNA and Hsp70 proteins in the duodenum and jejunum was greater in piglets supplemented with Gln than in control piglets (P < 0.05). However, Gln supplementation had no effect on the expression of hsp70 mRNA and Hsp70 proteins in the ileum. Moreover, the localization of Hsp70 in the cytoplasm indicated that Hsp70 has a cytoprotective role in epithelial cell function and structure. These results indicate that Gln supplementation may be beneficial for intestinal health and development and may thus mitigate diarrhea and improve growth performance. The protective mechanisms of Gln in the intestine may be associated with the increase in Hsp70 expression.

Probiotics and antibiotics as additives for sows and piglets during nursery phase

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the use of probiotics in diets for sows and piglets on performance and morphophysiologic parameters and the incidence of diarrhea in piglets during 28 days after weaning. A total of 120 pigs weaned at 21 days of age from 24 litters whose sows (primiparous) received probiotics or antibiotics from the 94th day of gestation until weaning. It was used a complete randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial (probiotics or antibiotics for sows and three diets for piglets - antibiotics, probiotics or probiotic-antibiotic combination) with four replicates of five animals to evaluate the performance and incidence of diarrhea. At 28 days of experiment, two animals from each plot were sacrificed for histological parameter measurement of the pH of the stomach, jejunum and cecum. The association antibiotics+ probiotics in the diet of pigs resulted in greater weight gain and feed intake in animals born from of sows which received probiotics during the gestation and lactation phases. When females received antibiotics, the piglets receiving only probiotics showed higher consumption, but there were no differences for feed conversion. The use of antibiotics + probiotics in diets for piglets reduced the pH of the cecum and, when associated with the use of probiotics for sows, villous:crypt ratio in the jejunum increased. The use of growth promoters did not affect stomach pH neither the incidence of diarrhea. Supply of probiotics in the diet of sows during the gestation and lactation phases associated to the use in the diet of piglets after weaning is effective in maintaining animal performance, to histophysiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract and control of diarrhea during the nursery phase.

Survey on the prevalence of diarrhoea in pre-weaning piglets and on feeding systems as contributing risk factors in smallholdings in Central Vietnam

A cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of diarrhoea in pre-weaning piglets, and on management and feeding systems under farm conditions was carried out in Thua Thien Hue Province. Faecal samples were collected from 63 piglets without, and 90 piglets with diarrhoea to determine the occurrence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and different E. coli antigens (K88, K99 and 987P). The prevalence of diarrhoea was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season (33% vs 18%) and the results indicated differences in prevalence between areas. Salmonella and E. coli were found to the same extent in faeces from piglets without and with diarrhoea. All E. coli antigens were isolated from piglets without and with diarrhoea. However, the frequency was much higher in piglets suffering from diarrhoea. In piglets with diarrhoea antigen K88 was found in 26% and 20% of the samples, antigen K99 in 37% and 24% of the samples, and antigen 987P in 31% and 32% of the samples collected in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Nutrient supply for sows and for piglets was low in comparison with feeding standards, which may be a contributory factor to the high incidence of diarrhoea in piglets. Thus, the nutrition of sows as well as piglets could be important components in the aetiology of the disease and needs to be studied further.

Feed‐induced Lectins in Piglets

The effect on various biological variables of a special weaner feed (FD) with the capacity to induce endogenous synthesis of feed induced lectins (FIL), and a commonly used commercial diet (CD) was evaluated in 891 piglets in four different experiments. The FD diet was found to induce a high activity of FIL (FIL = 0.94 +/- 0.03 units/ml. blood), as compared to CD (FIL < 0.20 units/ml. blood). The FIL values did not decrease after weaning. The incidence of diarrhoea in piglets fed FD 0-14 days post-weaning was 12 +/- 5 per cent, as compared to 41 +/- 9 per cent in the CD group, the difference being significant. Daily weight gain 0-35 days after weaning was 67 +/- 15 grams greater in the FD group than among those fed CD. The consumption of FD was double that of CD in the period before weaning (at 5 weeks), and some 40 per cent more in the postweaning period up to 9 weeks of age.

Polyol mixture supplementation in the diet of breeding sows and piglets

In a factorial 2x2 experiment the use of a polyol mixture (sugar alcohols) in the diet of sows and piglets was investigated. The trial was performed with 26 sows divided into two groups. The polyol sows were fed 180 g polyol mixture daily, and for polyol group piglets the polyol supplementation in creep feed was 5 %. The average number of piglets per litter in the control group was 10.3 and in the polyol group 9.2. The addition of polyols to the diet of sows had only a small effect on the performance of piglets. The piglets receiving polyols in creep feed gained during 1—21 days post partum 21.1 % more than controls and during the rest of the lactation period 7 % more (P &gt; 0.05). The incidence of diarrhoea in piglets of polyol groups was slightly higher compared with controls. The consumption of creep feed supplemented with polyols tended to be higher than consumption of control feed. Colostrum and milk samples were taken for analysis within 12 h after feeding and 7 and 21 days thereafter. The protein and lactose contents of colostrum and milk were slightly higher and the fat content lower from sows receiving polyols, but the differences were not significant. The mineral and amino acid composition was also analysed.