Incidence Of Chlamydial Infection Research Articles

Factors Associated with Chlamydia Infection among Female Sex Workers in West Jakarta: Analysis of the 2018-2019 Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey

Background: Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally. Female sex workers (FSW), especially in urban areas, face a higher risk of infection due to their risky work environment and lifestyle. Jakarta is a city that has cosmopolitan and urban characteristics with an active sex industry. This research was conducted to determine the factors associated with the incidence of chlamydia infection among FSWs in West Jakarta.Methods: The research was conducted using a cross-sectional design by analyzing data from the 2018-2019 Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey (IBBS). The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the chi-square test. Prevalence ratio (PR) was used as the measure of association.Results: Of the 283 FSWs involved in the study, the positivity rate of chlamydia infection in West Jakarta reached 42.8%. Significant risk factors for chlamydia infection among FSWs in West Jakarta include younger age, divorced status, recently becoming a sex worker, and having ≥ 5 customers per week.Conclusion: The high rate of chlamydia infection among FSWs in West Jakarta highlights the need to increase outreach to FSWs in order to educate them about STIs and encourage them to perform regular screenings, especially for young FSWs.

Bird Mortality and Incidence of Chlamydial Infections Among Poultry Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria

Bird mortality has been frequently reported among poultry farmers, and the prevailing circumstances in the poultry farms seem most favourable for incidental cross-infections, notably Chlamydia infections among poultry farmers. This study therefore has investigated Bird mortality and incidence of Chlamydia infections among poultry farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. A total of 127 poultry farmers, comprising 66 females and 61 males aged 21-60 years were evaluated for Chlamydia and other microbial infections using Endo cervical swab, urethral swab, from female, male workers respectively, as well as nasal/mouth secretions from sick birds, for microbiological cultures. Two (2) mls of venous blood was also collected from each farmer for serological detection of Chlamydia Antibody using Chlamydia kit. Three hundred and sixty (360) Sick birds comprising 18 sick birds from each of the 20 poultry farms studied were collected with sterile swab sticks, and then transported to the laboratory in transport medium for processing immediately for isolation and identification of microorganism using appropriate media. Each of the 20 poultry farms randomly selected has grown their birds for at least ten (10) weeks before study recruitment, and the number of deaths recorded in each farm was obtained. Of the 20 farms with 10,200 birds 427 (4.3%) deaths were obtained. A total of 360 sick birds evaluated microbiologically, 157 (43.6%) were infected with either bacteria or fungi or a combination of the two. Three hundred and sixty (360) birds, poultry farm workers evaluated, 6(1.7%) Chlamydia antibody was reported, 16 (4.4%) Aspergillus sp; 48(13.3%) Bacillus sp; 98(27.2%) Staphylococcus sp; 108(30.0%) E. coli, and 18 (5.0%) Salmonella sp. These microbial agents isolated in the study could be responsible for the recorded proportion bird deaths from the poultry farms investigated. At the time, the microbial agents isolated from the urine, urethral and Endo cervical swabs of the poultry farmers appeared similar to those from the mouth secretion of sick bird, thus suggesting that the poultry farmers may have acquired the pathogens from the birds following cross-infection.

Decrease in the incidence of chlamydia infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

<h3>Background</h3> Dickkopf 1 (DKK1) is associated with tumor progression. However, whether DKK1 influences the tumor response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade in colorectal cancers (CRCs) with deficient...

Chlamydia Infection Among Adolescent Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive and Shorter-Acting Hormonal Contraceptive Users Receiving Services at New York City School-Based Health Centers.

One concern regarding long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use among female adolescents is the potential for sexually transmitted infection acquisition. Few studies investigate chlamydia infection among adolescent LARC users compared with other hormonal contraceptive method (non-LARC) users. We hypothesized that incident chlamydia infection would be similar in these 2 groups and that it would not be associated with adolescent LARC use. Secondary data analysis of electronic health records of adolescents who started using LARC (n=152) and non-LARC methods (n=297) at 6 New York City school-based health centers between March 2015 and March2017. Demographic characteristics, sexual risk factors, and occurrence of chlamydia infection over a period of 1year were compared in the 2 groups using χ2 tests and t tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between LARC use and chlamydia infection adjusting for relevant covariates. Among 422 adolescent patients tested the year after method initiation, 48 (11.4%) had at least 1 positive chlamydia test. The proportions of LARC users and non-LARC users with chlamydia infection were not statistically significantly different (10.9% vs 11.6%; P=.82). Multivariable analysis showed that LARC use was not associated with greater chlamydia risk (adjusted odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.43). Adolescent LARC users did not have significantly higher chlamydia infection occurrence compared with non-LARC users the year after method initiation. Concern for chlamydial infection should prompt recommending condom use but should not be a barrier to recommending adolescent LARC use.

Hematogenous dissemination of Chlamydia muridarum from the urethra in macrophages causes testicular infection and sperm DNA damage†

The incidence of Chlamydia infection, in both females and males, is increasing worldwide. Male infections have been associated clinically with urethritis, epididymitis, and orchitis, believed to be caused by ascending infection, although the impact of infection on male fertility remains controversial. Using a mouse model of male chlamydial infection, we show that all the major testicular cell populations, germ cells, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and testicular macrophages can be productively infected. Furthermore, sperm isolated from vas deferens of infected mice also had increased levels of DNA damage as early as 4 weeks post-infection. Bilateral vasectomy, prior to infection, did not affect the chlamydial load recovered from testes at 2, 4, and 8 weeks post-infection, and Chlamydia-infected macrophages were detectable in blood and the testes as soon as 3 days post-infection. Partial depletion of macrophages with clodronate liposomes significantly reduced the testicular chlamydial burden, consistent with a hematogenous route of infection, with Chlamydia transported to the testes in infected macrophages. These data suggest that macrophages serve as Trojan horses, transporting Chlamydia from the penile urethra to the testes within 3 days of infection, bypassing the entire male reproductive tract. In the testes, infected macrophages likely transfer infection to Leydig, Sertoli, and germ cells, causing sperm DNA damage and impaired spermatogenesis.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Chlamydial Infection and Trachomatous Inflammation Following Mass Azithromycin Distribution

ABSTRACTBackground: Mass azithromycin distributions are effective for clearing ocular strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, yet infection frequently returns in areas with hyperendemic trachoma. A better understanding of the factors associated with chlamydial reinfection could be helpful to plan trachoma elimination strategies.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in a trachoma-hyperendemic region of Ethiopia in 2003. As part of a larger cluster-randomized trial, 21 villages were treated with a single mass azithromycin distribution and all children 5 years and younger were monitored for ocular chlamydia and clinically active trachoma at baseline and at 2 and 6 months following the treatment.Results: In 20 villages with available data, azithromycin treatment coverage was 88.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85.7–91.8%). In total, 1005 children tested negative for ocular chlamydia at the 2-month visit, of whom 41 became infected by 6 months (1.0 incident chlamydia infections per 100 person-months, 95%CI 0.7–1.4). The presence of intense trachomatous inflammation (TI) at baseline was associated with incident infection at 6 months (incidence rate ratio 1.91, 95%CI 1.03–3.55). Ocular chlamydia infections clustered more within households than communities: (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.01 for communities and 0.29 for households six months posttreatment). Younger children were more likely to have persistent clinically active trachoma (P = 0.03).Conclusions: More intensive antibiotic distributions may be warranted for younger children, for children with TI, and for households containing children with ocular chlamydia infections.

The Risk Factors Analysis Occurrence of Chlamydia Infection to Direct Female Seks Workers (DFSW) in Indonesia

Chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Based on data of IBBS 2015 in Indonesia, the highest prevalence of chlamydia occurred in direct female sex worker group (32.21%). This study a STIs to determine the risk factors for chlamydia infection in direct sex workers. This research uses Cross-Sectional study design. The population of this study were all direct female sex workers as many as 3,789 people with samples in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria as many as 3.114 people. The prevalence of direct female sex workers with chlamydia infection was 1.018 (32.4%). The result of the analysis showed that there was a relationship between age (PR: 0.541 95% CI: 0.456-0.643) and length of work as FDSW (PR: 1,.60, 95% CI: 1.087-1.512) chlamydia infection in female sex workers in Indonesia. most dominant variable has an effect on the incidence of chlamydia infection that is long working as FDSW after controlled by age (PR 1.282 95% CI: 1.087-1,.12). It is expected for the government to improve the implementation of prevention program of chlamydia not only among female sex worker but also proactive to customer.

Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis co-infections

Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis co-infections

The Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibody to Chlamydia trachomatis in infertile Women at the University Hospital, Syria

Chlamydia trachomatis is considered one of the major Causes of sexually transmissible bacterial infection throughout the world. Infection can result in serious reproductive pathologies, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility in women. Since there have been no previous studies dealing with chlamydial trachomatis in Syria, this study was conducted to define the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in female infertility. Method: it was a case- control study during the period from March to December 2015 Two groups of patients (n=23 infertile patients and n=21control patients) were enrolled in the study we obtained information about socio-demographic characteristics, and sexual behavior. Chlamydia trachomatis infection was detected by Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies specific to Chlamydia trachoamtis. Chlamydia trachoamtis antibodies were positive in 4/23 (17.1%) of the 23 infertile women while 1/21 (4.7%) in control group was positive. The difference was not statistically significant. But prevalence of Chlamydia trachoamtis antibody were high in infertile women. In view of the high incidence of Chlamydial infection in Syrian women with infertility. we recommend screening for anti. C.trachomatis antibodies using ELISA as part of routine investigations for infertility.

Chlamydia screening is not cost-effective at low participation rates: evidence from a repeated register-based implementation study in the Netherlands

ObjectiveIn three pilot regions of the Netherlands, all 16–29 year olds were invited to participate in three annual rounds of Chlamydia screening. The aim of the present study is to...

Frequency and risk factors for incident and redetected Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active, young, multi-ethnic women: a community based cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate the frequency and risk factors for incident and redetected Chlamydia trachomatis infection in sexually active, young, multi-ethnic women in the community.DesignCohort study.Setting20 London universities and Further Education colleges.Participants954...

Chlamydial Infection and Its Role in Male Infertility

Introduction. Chlamydia trachomatis is an established cause of tubal factor infertility; however its role in male fertility is not as clear. We sought to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia in infertile men and evaluate its impact on male reproductive potential. Materials and Methods. We compared the incidence of Chlamydia in our infertile male population with that reported in the literature. We then reviewed the impact of Chlamydia infection on male fertility. Results. The incidence of Chlamydia infection in our population of infertile men was 0.3%. There is considerable variability in the reported incidence, likely due to variation in the population studied, and detection technique. The optimal testing method and sample are presently unclear. The effect of Chlamydia on male reproductive function is also variable in the literature, but appears to be relatively minimal and may be related primarily to sperm DNA fragmentation or female partner transmission. Conclusions. The prevalence of Chlamydia in the infertile male population is low and routine testing is not supported by the literature. For high-risk infertile men, nucleic acid testing of urine +/− semen is the most sensitive method to detect Chlamydia. A validated testing system for semen needs to be developed, so that a standardized methodology can be recommended. In this way the full implications of Chlamydia on male fertility can be elucidated.

Chlamydial Testing Practice Effectiveness in a High Incidence Area of Northern Canada: An Aggregate Data Analysis and Chart Review

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infections are increasing in Canada and its North, with female rates several times higher than males. Understanding testing practices may aid in the development of strategies to reduce chlamydial rates. Research questions: To what effect are testing frequencies contributing to the difference in chlamydial rates between females and males? Which testing approaches are most effective in identifying chlamydia infections? Methods: Aggregated data for 2009 to 2012 of Northern Saskatchewan chlamydial testing was analyzed utilizing age, gender, and positivity. Additionally, a chart review on testing practices was conducted on 400 chlamydial tests at a Northern medical clinic. Results: In an area of high incidence of chlamydia infections, the annual incidence of chlamydia for females was 2.49 times the rate in males. Women’s testing rates were 3.46 times the rate in males. However, men had a 1.52 fold greater rate of positivity. For one medical clinic, contact tracing returned the greatest percent positive cases, with 50% positivity. Females were identified to be high risk, and tested significantly more often, than males. Routine tests on patients 30 years old and over were 35.3% of the total tests, although male and female positive rates in these ages were 0.72% and 0.85% respectively. Discussion: If males were tested to a similar frequency as females, male rates may increase. Female and male chlamydia rates were over 4000/100,000 until age 30, suggesting that screening recommendations include both sexes in these ages, especially in high incidence populations. Contact tracing resulted in the most percent positive cases, highlighting its importance. While routine screening occurred frequently, many occurred in older age groups with low prevalence, producing very few positive results.

Impact of a Labour Disruption Affecting Local Public Health on the Incidence of Chlamydia Infections in Toronto

IntroductionLabour disruptions that interrupt services can be a natural experiment to examine the effect of halting a program. A five-week municipal labour disruption in Toronto during the summer of 2009 provided an opportunity to investigate the impact of reduced sexual health services.MethodsWe examined the incidence of reported chlamydia in Toronto during the five years (2004–2008) preceding the labour disruption and during the periods just before, during, and after the labour disruption. Comparisons of actual reports for 2009 were made to immediately adjacent periods around the labour disruption, to historical trends and to forecasted rates. Interrupted time series analysis was used to test for significant differences in the trend of reported chlamydia incidence.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the trend of reported chlamydia incidence around the time of the strike. However, there was a small but significant increase in the incidence of reported chlamydia, particularly among females under 25 years old immediately following the labour disruption. The reported incidence for this group was higher than would be expected based on annual increases and projected seasonal trends.ConclusionsThere was a small increase in incidence of reported cases of chlamydia for certain groups that went beyond what is expected during the time immediately following the labour disruption. While causation cannot be implied from our ecological study, public health services may play a role in the control of sexually transmitted infections, even in the short-term. This underscores the need for future work to understand whether the changes observed can be attributed to the absence of these services.

P3.316 Estimating Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea Burden Within the US Army - A Review of Passive Surveillance Systems to Identify Incident Infections

BackgroundThe burden of sexually transmitted infections (STI) within the US military is primarily assessed through review of case reports for notifiable conditions (e.g., Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis). The degree to...

Comparison between Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome and uncomplicated pelvic inflammatory disease

Results FHCS accounted for 14.3% of total cases of pelvic infl ammatory disease at our medical institution. Patients of both groups visited with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. The most common symptom was the right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain (78.0%) in the FHCS group and the pelvic pain (75%) in the uncomplicated PID group. The incidence of pelvic organ tenderness and cervical motion tenderness was lower in the FHCS group as compared with the uncomplicated PID group. FHCS group was associated with signifi cantly higher C-reactive protein level in comparison to that of uncomplicated PID group (P = 0.0175). In addition, higher incidence of chlamydial infection was noted in FHCS group.

Increase in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Sweden: Time for New Strategies

Despite extensive Chlamydia screening of asymptomatic young women in a variety of health care settings (Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 2005), the incidence of Chlamydia infections has continuously increased in Sweden since the mid-1990s. Since 1988, C. trachomatis, together with other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), is regulated under Swedish law, which consists of contact tracing, mandatory partner notification, and compulsory testing of suspicious partners. Between 1988 and 1994, the prevalence of Chlamydia decreased by 62% in Sweden, a trend that, however, eventually gave way in 1995. After 1995, the prevalence of Chlamydia increased each year, reaching the same level in 2005 as in 1988. The decrease in Chlamydia, which was observed after 1988, took place at the same time that large campaigns for safer sex were in progress because of the risk of HIV. The changes in sexual behavior to fewer sexual partners that took place during this period were due to the acute awareness of HIV infection. When the fear of HIV diminished once it became obvious that there was no spread of HIV in the general population, as had been confirmed by the vigorous testing in Sweden (Christenson & Stillstrom, 1995), a reverse trend was observed. HIV was never introduced into the general population in Sweden. The spread of HIV has largely been restricted to three subpopulations: men who have sex with men, intravenous drug abusers, and heterosexuals from endemic areas. The heterosexual transmission in this group had occurred before its arrival in Sweden. This trend to safer sexual practice was observed in several countries in Western Europe during the same period and, as in Sweden, was interrupted in the mid1990s (Fenton & Lowndes, 2004). Genital infections that are caused by Chlamydia are the most common sexually transmitted infections in Sweden, as well as in the rest of the Western world (Low et al., 2006). Chlamydia is the only STD that affects the general population in Sweden. The Swedish strategy to combat Chlamydia is based on extensive screening of young women and partner intervention and all testing and treatment are free of charge. Evidence for the long-term effectiveness of Chlamydia screening programs are lacking (Gotz et al., 2005; Low & Egger, 2002). Regrettably, large-scale screening of asymptomatic women has not reduced the prevalence of Chlamydia in Sweden or in other Scandinavian countries (Hiltunen-Beck et al., 2003; Westh & Kolmos, 2003). Most screening programs for asymptomatic Chlamydia infections are based on the assumption that there is a high-risk of complications after an asymptomatic Chlamydia infection, a conception that has lately been questioned. Recent data indicate that there has been an overestimation of the risk for pelvic complications (Boeke, van Bergen, Morre, & van Everdingen, 2005; van Valkengoed et al., 2004) and that the natural course of asymptomatic Chlamydia infections is a high degree of clearance (Morre et al., 2002). In men, there are no conclusive studies showing that men infected with Chlamydia are less fertile than uninfected men (Kraus & Bohring, 2003). Overestimation and uncertainty of the incidence of complications will produce misleading results about the cost-effectiveness of the screening programs. To develop a more effective screening strategy, it is important to define persons at risk. Although the importance of targeting high-risk persons has been extensively discussed, the difficulty still lies in defining these groups. Persons with a prior notification for Chlamydia infection or patients attending S. Sylvan (&) B. Christenson Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Uppsala County Council, Smittskyddsenheten, Dag Hammarskjolds vag 17, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: staffan.sylvan@lul.se

Incidence of Chlamydia infection among asymptomatic women pesented for routine Papanicolaou smear: experience in South-Western Victoria, Australia

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common STI. If the condition is left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, secondary STIs and other complications. Chlamydia infection is often asymptomatic until serious complications have developed. A recent study by Ward, Rodger and Jackson has shown that opportunistic screening for this infection could potentially lead to significant healthcare cost savings. Chlamydia trachomatis can be detected either by a urine test with ligase chain reaction (LCR) assays or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays from an endocervical swab. Treatment is usually simple and effective with azithromycin.

Women presenting with lower abdominal pain: A missed opportunity for chlamydia screening?

Many young women presenting with lower abdominal pain are referred to general surgeons with possible appendicitis. For some of these patients there will be a gynaecological cause for their pain. There has been a steady increase in the incidence of Chlamydia infections and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among the general population. Therefore, are general surgeons considering this as a diagnosis for lower abdominal pain in women? One hundred and ninety three women who had been admitted with lower abdominal pain to a single hospital between 1999 and 2001 were identified using computerised records and the notes were examined. One hundred and eighty six women were included in the audit. Investigations and treatments instigated for these patients were then carefully recorded. Seventy-four patients underwent appendicectomy, of which 59 were histologically confirmed. Eighty-nine patients (47.8%) of admissions had no final diagnosis and were not screened for Chlamydia trachomatis. Sexual history was recorded in only 51% of admissions. Vaginal swabs were sent in only 7.3% of admissions. Current guidelines for Chlamydia trachomatis screening produced by the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) include screening in women presenting with lower abdominal pain as well as those with post-coital or intermenstrual bleeding. Most women who present with classical symptoms of PID will present to gynaecological specialities for further management. However, a significant number of women presenting atypically will be referred to surgeons to exclude gastrointestinal causes for their lower abdominal pain. These women could and probably should be screened for Chlamydia trachomatis.

To study incidence of chlamydial genital tract infections using enzyme immuno assay-antigen detection and cell culture methods

Endocervical swabs from 315 patients were screened for chlamydial infection by using Enzyme Immuno Assay technique for antigen detection. Of these, 190 patients were of infertility and 125 patients were with history suggestive of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). 100 age matched controls were also screened for the detection of chlamydial antigen by using EIA. The overall incidence of chlamydial infection in this study group was 15.2%. 21 (11.05%) of the infertility patients and 27 (21.6%) of the pelvic inflammatory disease cases were found to be positive for chlamydial antigen. The prevalence rate was found to be high in the age group of 31–40 years in both study groups i.e. infertility group (14.7%) and PID) group (50%). All the ELISA positive cases (48) and randomly selected (10) age matched controls were screened by tissue culture using McCoy cell line. In the tissue culture, 44 of the 48 samples were found to be positive and none of the controls groups were found positive. 4 samples showed discordant results possibly due to the presence of non-viable organism or inhibitory material present at the sample site. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with respect to tissue culture are 100% and 71% respectively. The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of the ELISA are 91.6% and 100% respectively. The efficiency of the test was found to be 93.1%.