Incidence Of Cervical Spine Injuries Research Articles

Incidence of cervical spine injury in victims of dismounted blast: a systematic review

IntroductionDismounted blast has the potential to cause life-threatening injuries to multiple simultaneous casualties, including injury to the cervical spine (c-spine). Spinal immobilisation can be costly in terms of time and...

Shifting Trends in the Epidemiology of Cervical Spine Injuries: An Analysis of 11,822 Patients from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System over Two Decades.

Cervical spine injuries (CSIs) are heterogeneous in nature and often lead to long-term disability and morbidity. However, there are few recent and comprehensive epidemiological studies on CSI. The objective of this study was to characterize recent trends in CSI patient demographics, incidence, etiology, and injury level. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to extract data on CSIs from 2002 to 2022. Weighted national estimates of CSI incidence were computed using yearly population estimates interpolated from U.S. census data. Data analysis involved extracting additional information from patient narratives to categorize injury etiology (i.e., fall) and identify CSI level. K-means clustering was performed on cervical levels to define upper versus lower cervical injuries. Appropriate summary statistics including mean with 95% confidence intervals and frequency were reported for age, sex, race, ethnicity, etiology, and disposition. Age between groups was compared using an independent weighted Z-test. All categorical variables were compared using Pearson chi-squared tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Ordinary least squares linear regression was used to quantify the rate of change of various metrics with time. A total of 11,822 patient records met the study criteria. The mean age of patients was 62.4 ± 22.7 years, 52.4% of whom were male and 61.4% of whom were White, 7.4% were Black, 27.8% were not specified, and the remaining comprised a variety of ethnicities. The most common mechanism of CSI was a fall (67.3%). There was a significant increase in the incidence of cervical injuries between 2003 and 2022 (p < 0.001). Unbiased K-means clustering defined upper cervical injuries as C1-C3 and lower cervical injuries as C4-C7. The mean age of patients with upper CSIs was 72.3 ± 19.6, significantly greater than the age of those with lower CSIs (57.1 ± 23.1, p < 0.001). Compared with lower CSI, White patients were more likely to have an upper CSI (67.4% vs. 73.7%; p < 0.001). While Black/African American (7.5% vs. 3.8%) and Hispanic (2.5% vs. 1.0%) patients were more likely to have a lower CSI (p < 0.001). Our study identified a significant increase in the incidence of CSIs over time, which was associated with increasing patient age. Our study detected a pragmatic demarcation of classifying upper injuries as C1-C3 and lower cervical injuries as C4-C7. Upper injuries were seen more often in older, White females who were treated and admitted, and lower injuries were seen more often in young, Black male patients who were released without admission.

The Spine is the Tree of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Radiographic Findings Related to Spinal Injuries in Athletes.

This review article explores spinal injuriesin athletes participating in various sporting activities. It also highlights the various mechanisms of injuries that contribute to spinal injuries in each sport. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE Ovid, and Google Scholar were searched for articles from 2000 to 2022 on spine injuries in sports and radiological studies discussing the various injury patterns among athletes. Studies werescoured in accordance with the inclusion criteria, and relevant data such as the number of participants, sporting activities, spine injuries, and outcomes were retrieved. Fifteen articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Cervical spine injuries are common in athletes who participate in contact sports such as football. Similarly, athletes in collision sports such as football, rugby, and hockey are likely to suffer stingers due to traction and compression injuries. Players engaged in such assoccer, baseball, and swimming, are likely to suffer from spondylolysis. Soccer players are more prone to multiple lesions compared toathletes in sports such as baseball because the sport involves training exercises such as jogging and running without kicking any ball. In swimmers, spondylolysis is common in breaststroke and butterfly styles since they involve repeated flexion and hyperextension of the lumbar spine. CT is essential for diagnosing spondylolysis as it demonstrates the lesions more accurately. Ice hockey is associated with a significant incidence of cervical spine injuries, mostly due to players being constantly checked/pushed from behind. Spine injuries are common in elite athletes across several sports. About 10% of spinal injuries in the United States result from sports activities. In diagnosing spine injuries, imaging modalities such as MRI, CT, or plain radiographs are essential. From a radiologist's perspective, these testshelp immensely in deciding which treatment is required for a particular athlete or how the injury can be optimally managed. Achieving recovery from a specific spine injury usually depends on the kind of injury and the rehabilitation process the athletes undergo before returning to play.

Incidence of Cervical Spine Injuries Associated with Maxillofacial Trauma and its Association with Facial Injury Severity

Incidence of Cervical Spine Injuries Associated with Maxillofacial Trauma and its Association with Facial Injury Severity

Incidence of cervical spine injuries in paediatric patients and their outcome in tertiary care hospital

Objective: The incidence of mortality after cervical trauma in the pediatric population is very high. The purpose of this study was to determine the treatment given, morbidity and mortality of patients with cervical spine injuries, and their outcome after 6 months of management which includes both surgical and conservative treatment. Materials &amp; Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar with a total number of patients n = 187 included in our study. Patients were stratified according to their age, mortality, mechanism of injury (fall, motor vehicle accident, bicycle injuries, &amp;sports-related injuries), level of cervical spine injury, presence of neurologic deficit, presence of bony injury (fractures, &amp;dislocations), ligamentous injuries &amp; SCIWORA. The primary outcome was the functional status at 6 months following treatment. Results: There were 78 females and 109 males. In comparison to the lower cervical spine (C3 – C7), which was involved in 86 patients (46%), the higher cervical spine level (C0 – C2) was involved in 101 patients (or 54%). The most frequent cause of cervical spine injuries in the older age range was a history of a fall, followed by a motor vehicle accident. Among the treatment groups, mortality was highest in patients who underwent surgery. Conclusion: Younger age groups, higher cervical spine levels, and mechanisms of injury such as high energy impact trauma were independent risk factors for increased mortality. Compared to incomplete neurological abnormalities, a complete neurological disability increases mortality.

Incidence of Cervical Spine Injuries Among Patients with Maxillofacial Trauma

A substantial portion of cervical spine injuries occurs due to maxillofacial trauma. A delay in the identification of cervical injuries can result in major neurological issues, paralysis, and even death. Therefore, early detection of cervical fractures in patients with maxillofacial trauma is crucial. Aim: The goal of the study is to assess the incidence of cervico-spinal injuries in patients with oral and maxillofacial trauma. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore for the duration of one year from January 2021 to January 2022. A total of 120 maxillofacial trauma patients treated at the oral surgery department. By using computed tomography, lateral and anteroposterior X-rays; all patients were evaluated for cervical spine injuries. The dependent and independent variables' information was gathered using a structured questionnaire. Results: In 4 (3.3%) patients, cervical spine and maxillofacial injuries were found. Six males and two women were involved in the ten Cervical-spine injuries. The ratio of men to women was 4:1. Despite the low frequency of cervical injuries related with maxillofacial fractures, suitable and precise recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of these cervical injuries must be adopted to avoid permanent disability and even death. Keywords: Frequency, Maxillofacial trauma, Cervical spine injury

Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries.

Objective Pediatric cervical spine injuries are rare and account for 1 to 2% of all pediatric spine injuries. There is a paucity of data on pediatric cervical spine injuries in developing countries like India. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze our 5 years of experience with pediatric cervical spine injuries. Methods All the available medical records over the 5 years were reviewed retrospectively. The data was analyzed to know the epidemiology, mechanism of injury, injury patterns, management, and outcome. The patients were divided into two groups: 0 to 9 years and 10 to 18 years. Results Seventy-five eligible records were included in our study. The incidence of cervical spine injuries was significantly lower in younger children than the older ones ( p < 0.042). The most common mechanism of injury was fall from height: 33 (44%) patients followed by road traffic accidents: 27 (36%) patients. The involvement of the upper cervical spine was significantly higher in younger children ( p < 0.001). Fractures with subluxation were the most common pattern of injury, observed in 35 (47%) patients. However, fractures with subluxation were uncommon in younger children compared with older children ( p < 0.04). Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) was observed in 42% of younger children compared with 8% of older children ( p < 0.02). Thirty (40%) patients were managed surgically; anterior cervical corpectomy with fusion was the most commonly performed procedure in 19 (63%) patients. The overall mortality was 20%. Conclusion The results of our study revealed predominant involvement of the upper cervical spine in children younger than 10 years of age. SCIWORA was documented in both the age groups with a significantly higher incidence in younger children. The instrumentation and fusion techniques in children are safe; however, developing pediatric spine needs special considerations.

Epidemiology of cervical spine injury in Northern India: A retrospective study

Background: The epidemiology of cervical spine injuries in trauma patients of Northern India is largely unknown. Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: To find out the epidemiology and demographic factors associated with patients of traumatic cervical spinal injury presented to a level 1 trauma center. Patients and Methods: The study sample includes patients with cervical spine injury admitted to our level one trauma centre from the period of July 2018 to June 2019. Those patients who succumbed to their injuries due to various reasons before imaging or brought dead having suspected cervical spine injury were excluded from the study. Results: During the study period, 83 patients having cervical spine injury were admitted and treated. Out of 83, 75.9% (63) were male and the remaining 24.1% (20) were female. The most common mode of injury was fall from height (66.3%) followed by road traffic accidents (24%). About 64% of the patient population belonged to rural areas. The most affected age group in this study was 20–39 years. The most common associated injury is Extremities fracture (9.6%) followed by head injury (8.4%). C5C6 was the most common level and 69.9% underwent surgery. Pressure sore was presented in 12% of cases. Conclusion: The epidemiology of cervical spine injury in Northern India is different from developed countries. In the present study, the most common cause of cervical spine injury was fall from height followed by motor vehicle accidents. Proper awareness program, educating people, national policymaking, and involvement of NGOs and training primary health care workers will help in reducing the incidence of cervical spine injuries in this region

Increased and unjustified CT usage in paediatric C-spine clearance in a level 2 trauma centre

PurposeCervical spine injury after blunt trauma in children is rare but can have severe consequences. Clear protocols for diagnostic workup are, therefore, needed, but currently not available. As a step in developing such a protocol, we determined the incidence of cervical spine injury and the degree of protocol adherence at our level 2 trauma centre.MethodsWe analysed data from all patients aged < 16 years suspected of cervical spine injury after blunt trauma who had presented to our hospital during two periods: January 2010 to June 2012, and January 2017 to June 2019. In the intervening period, the imaging protocol for diagnostic workup was updated. Outcomes were the incidence of cervical spine injury and protocol adherence in terms of the indication for imaging and the type of imaging.ResultsWe included 170 children in the first study period and 83 in the second. One patient was diagnosed with cervical spine injury. Protocol adherence regarding the indication for imaging was > 80% in both periods. Adherence regarding the imaging type decreased over time, with 45.8% of the patients receiving a primary CT scan in the second study period versus 2.9% in the first.ConclusionRadiographic imaging is frequently performed when clearing the paediatric cervical spine, although cervical spine injury is rare. Particularly CT scan usage has wrongly been emerging over time. Stricter adherence to current protocols could limit overuse of radiographic imaging, but ultimately there is a need for an accurate rule predicting which children really are at risk of injury.

C-spine clearance in poly-trauma patients: A narrative review

The incidence of cervical spine injury in patients with polytrauma is 3.7%. Early identification and management of cervical spine injuries in these patients play a crucial role in preventing secondary cervical spine and cord injuries. C-spine clearance assumes a pivotal role in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with cervical spine injury. Despite the availability of various validated management algorithms and protocols for C-spine clearance, there are several controversies regarding C-spine clearance, such as the ideal protocol and imaging modality, clearance of obtunded patients and management of patients that lie out of the described protocols and rules. The current article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and address the prevalent controversies.

A profile of traumatic brain injuries and associated cervical spine injuries at a regional hospital in the KwaZulu-Natal Province.

BackgroundClearing the cervical spine in an unconscious blunt trauma patient is an elusive concept. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of cervical spine injury (CSI) in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study was conducted on patients who underwent imaging of both the cervical spine and the brain in one sitting at a busy government healthcare facility in Pietermaritzburg.MethodsThis was a retrospective, cross sectional study of all the trauma patients presenting to a regional hospital emergency department (ED) in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Province, who underwent computed tomography (CT) imaging of the brain and the cervical spine in one sitting during the period January 2016 to June 2016.ResultsAdult males formed the majority (78.9%) of the study population and had the highest incidence of TBI, the most common identified pathology in CT being parenchymal injuries (41%). The mechanisms that resulted in the majority of injuries sustained were assault (38.7%) and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) (25%), while seven patients (4.76%) had a combined diagnosis of TBI and CSI. The average Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 12.ConclusionYoung adult males are at the greatest risk of sustaining TBI, with assault being the most common mechanism of injury. Combined diagnoses of TBI and CSI are rare and were mostly noted in patients involved in MVCs and pedestrian vehicle collisions. While the chance of an abnormal CT scan increased with a decreasing GCS score, 33% of patients with a mild TBI did not have abnormal CT findings, and 25% patients with severe TBI had no abnormal CT findings.

Profile of Traumatic Cervical Spine Injuries in Assiut University Hospital

Abstract Background Data: Cervical spine fractures and dislocations are potentially devastating injuries that must be quickly identified and properly managed to optimize patients’ outcomes; however, the incidence of cervical spine injuries (CSI) in Egypt is largely unknown. Purpose: To evaluate the demographics, mechanisms of injury, neurological status, and management of CSI in the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital. Study Design: A retrospective descriptive analytic cross-sectional study. Patient and Methods: During the period from January 2015 to December 2016, data of all CSI patients who presented to and managed in the Assiut University Hospital Trauma Unit were retrospectively recorded. Initial management was made according to ATLS guidelines. Classification of CSI and neurological examination were conducted according to the AO classification and Frankel classification, respectively. The study was approved by our Institutional Ethical Committee. Results: During the study period, 267 patients presented with CSI and managed in Assiut University Hospital Trauma Unit. CSI occurred in approximately 1% of all admitted patients (28548 patients) during the same period, 1.3% of admitted orthopedic patients (20556 patients), and 15.5% of patients with all spinal injuries (1717 patients). Most of the patients were males (85.8%), and the most common age group was from 20 to < 40 years (39.0%). The most common causes of CSI were road traffic accidents (62.2%), falling injuries (32.6%), and heavy object trauma (5.2%). Out of 267 patients with CSI, 159 (59.5%) had neurological insults and 77 (28.8%) complete quadriplegia. Traumatic cervical disc prolapse occurred in 63 patients (23.6%), upper CSI in 23 patients (16.1%), and subaxial cervical fracture type A in 24 patients (15.7%), type B in 32 patients (12%), and type C in 87 patients (32.6%). The preoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 14.6% (39 patients). Conclusion: In our locality, the most common cause of CSI was road traffic accidents, which mainly involved young people in the most productive age group, leading to a high rate of disability and mortality. Preventive measures in roads and proper use of protective equipment in vehicles must be practiced avoiding such major consequences for individuals, families, societies, and economic resources. (2020ESJ210) Background: Cervical spine fractures and dislocations are potentially devastating injuries that must be quickly identified and properly managed in order to optimize patients’ outcomes, although its incidence is largely unknown. Purpose: To evaluate the demographics, mechanisms of injury, neurological status and management of cervical spine injuries (CSI) in the trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospital. Study Design: A descriptive analytic cross section study. Patient and Methods: During the period from January 2015 to December 2016, data of all CSI patients who presented to and managed in Assiut University Hospital Trauma Unit were prospectively recorded. Initial management was made according to ATLS guidelines. Classification of cervical spine injuries was made according to the AO classification and neurological examination was made according to Frankel classification. The study was approved by our Institution Ethical Committee. Results: During the study period, 267 patients presented with CSI and managed in Assiut University Hospital Trauma Unit. CSI represented about 1% of all admitted patients (28548 patients) during the same period, 1.3% of admitted orthopedic patients (20556 patients) and 15.5% of all spine injuries (1717patients). Most of the patients were males (85.8%), and the most common age group was from 20 to < 40 years (39.0%). Road traffic accidents was the most common cause of CSI (62.2%), followed by falling injuries (32.6%) and lastly heavy object trauma (5.2%). Out of 267 CSI patients, 159 (59.5%) patients had neurological insult, and 77 (28.8%) of them were complete quadriplegics. Traumatic cervical disc prolapse occurred in 63 patients (23.6%), upper cervical spine injuries occurred in 23 patients (16.1%), sub axial cervical fracture type A in 24 patients (15.7%), type B in 32 patients (12%) and type C in 87 patients (32.6%). Preoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 39 patients (14.6%). Conclusion: Although CSI represent only 1% of all traumatic injuries, the consequences are grave; high mortality rates; irrecoverable neurological deficits; and long-term infirmity and enormous economic burden to the society. Every effort should be made to prevent CSI, early and properly manage CSI patients and rehabilitate them to resume their function.

Cervical Spine Injury is Rare in Self-Inflicted Craniofacial Gunshot Wounds: An Institutional Review and Comparison to the US National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).

Cadaveric and older radiographic studies suggest that concurrent cervical spine fractures are rare in gunshot wounds (GSWs) to the head. Despite this knowledge, patients with craniofacial GSWs often arrive with spinal motion restriction (SMR) in place. This study quantifies the incidence of cervical spine injuries in GSWs to the head, identified using computerized tomography (CT). Fracture frequency is hypothesized to be lower in self-inflicted (SI) injuries. Isolated craniofacial GSWs were queried from this Level I trauma center registry from 2013-2017 and the US National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2012-2016 (head or face abbreviated injury scale [AIS] >2). Datasets included age, gender, SI versus not, cervical spine injury, spinal surgery, and mortality. For this hospital's data, prehospital factors, SMR, and CTs performed were assessed. Statistical evaluation was done with Stata software, with P <.05 significant. Two-hundred forty-one patients from this hospital (mean age 39; 85% male; 66% SI) and 5,849 from the NTDB (mean age 38; 84% male; 53% SI) were included. For both cohorts, SI patients were older (P < .01) and had increased mortality (P < .01). Overall, cervical spine fractures occurred in 3.7%, with 5.4% requiring spinal surgery (0.2% of all patients). The frequency of fracture was five-fold greater in non-SI (P < .05). Locally, SMR was present in 121 (50.2%) prior to arrival with six collars (2.5%) placed in the trauma bay. Frequency of SMR was similar regardless of SI status (49.0% versus 51.0%; P = not significant) but less frequent in hypotensive patients and those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The presence of SMR was associated with an increased use of CT of the cervical spine (80.0% versus 33.0%; P < .01). Cervical spine fractures were identified in less than four percent of isolated GSWs to the head and face, more frequently in non-SI cases. Prehospital SMR should be avoided in cases consistent with SI injury, and for all others, SMR should be discontinued once CT imaging is completed with negative results.

Incidence of Pediatric Cervical Spine Injuries in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Military providers frequently treat civilians, including pediatric patients. Cervical spine injuries in pediatric trauma patients occur infrequently, with limited data on the incidence. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of cervical spine injuries in pediatric patients in Iraq and Afghanistan. We queried the Department of Defense Trauma Registry for all pediatric encounters from January 2007 to January 2016. We searched within that dataset for all cervical spine fractures. From January 2007 through January 2016 there were 3439 pediatric encounters. There were 36 subjects identified (1.0%) with a cervical spine fracture. Of those with a cervical spine fracture, 6 (17%) had a prehospital cervical collar placed, which did not improve survival to hospital discharge (collar, 66.7% vs no collar, 83.3%, P = 0.573). Of those with a cervical spine fracture, 6 (17%) had a documented spinal cord injury. The median age of subjects with a cervical spine fracture was 9.5 years and the majority (63.9%) were male. Most were injured by explosion (41.7%). The median composite injury score was higher in subjects with a cervical spine fracture compared with those without one (16.5 vs 10, P < 0.001). Subjects with a cervical spine fracture had longer lengths of stay in the intensive care unit (median 3 days vs 1, P = 0.012) and a trend toward worse survival to hospital discharge (80.6%, n = 29, vs 90.3%, n = 3074, P = 0.079). Cervical spine injuries occurred infrequently in pediatric patients in Iraq and Afghanistan. When a fracture was present, almost one in five patients had spinal cord involvement. The pediatric prehospital literature would benefit from the development of a clinical decision tool to guide prehospital personnel as to when a cervical collar is indicated. Moreover, appropriate size equipment should be available when caring for host national civilians.

Examination of Pediatric Radiation Dose Delivered After Cervical Spine Trauma.

Pediatric cervical spine injuries (CSIs) are rare but potentially fatal injuries. Plain radiographs (x-rays) and computed tomography (CT) are used to diagnose CSIs. Given concerns related to radiation exposure, the utility of x-rays in diagnosing CSIs compared with other forms of imaging must be examined. Patients younger than 19 years presenting with possible CSI to an urban tertiary care hospital who received imaging for possible CSI between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013, were included. The dose-length product was abstracted from the PACS system. Test performance for x-ray, CT, and MRI were calculated and effective radiation dose by age group was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. A total of 671 patient charts were reviewed, 574 children were included in the study cohort. Median age of enrolled children was 9.70 (interquartile range, 4.78-13.83) years; 42.5% were female. Test performance of x-ray, CT, and MRI to detect CSI were calculated. Cervical x-rays performed only slightly inferior to CT. Sensitivity was 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36-99%), and specificity was 97% (95% CI, 96%-99%) versus 100% (95% CI, 96%-100%) for CT. Median effective dose of radiation for cervical CTs was 4.51 mSv (interquartile range, 3.84-5.59 mSv). Median dose significantly increased with age (2.94-5.10 mSv, P < 0.001). Plain radiographs were largely sufficient to screen for CSIs, indicating their utility as a screening tool for CSIs. The incidence of CSIs in our sample was similar to prior reports. The effective radiation dose delivered during pediatric head and cervical CTs were lower than previously published estimates.

Is elevated body mass index protective against cervical spine injury in adults?

Correlate body mass index (BMI) with incidence and type of cervical spine injury seen on CT in adult patients presenting with blunt trauma. Retrospective chart review of all adult blunt trauma patients who had a cervical spine CT performed at our level 1 trauma center during an approximately 3-year period. A statistically significant (p = 0.01) difference in cervical spine injury incidence was present between different BMI groups. Cervical spine injury incidence was 7.7% for underweight (BMI ≤ 18) patients, 7.1% for normal weight (BMI 18-25) patients, 6.2% for overweight/obese (BMI 25-35) patients, and 4.7% for morbidly obese (BMI > 35) patients. Using BMI > 18-25 as a reference group, females with BMI > 25-35 had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.56 (CI 0.41-0.75) and females with BMI > 35 had an aOR of 0.42 (CI 0.26-0.70). Males with a BMI ≤ 18 had an aOR of 2.20 (CI 1.12-4.32) and males with BMI > 35 had an aOR of 0.66 (CI 0.46-0.95). A particularly low incidence of cervical spine injury was observed in patients older than 65 in the obese group with a cervical spine injury rate of only 1.4% in this patient population. No statistical significant difference was seen in injury morphology across the BMI groups. An inverse relationship exists between BMI and the overall incidence of cervical spine injury. This protective effect appears to be influenced by gender with elevated BMI having lower relative odds of cervical spine injury in women than in men. A particularly low rate of cervical spine injury was identified in obese patients over the age of 65. Routine imaging of all elderly, obese trauma patients with low energy mechanism of injury may not be warranted.

Epidemiology and Characteristics of Cervical Spine Injury in Patients Presenting to a Regional Emergency Department.

PurposeThis study aims to establish the demographics and characteristics of patients with cervical spine injury (CSI) in an Irish cohort presenting to a regional emergency department.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records of patients who underwent cervical spine computed tomography (CT) scans following trauma from January 2013 to July 2016. We looked at the mechanism of injury, mode of arrival to the emergency department, triage category, correlation between examination, and site of CSI and neurological status.ResultsOver the study period, 808 patients underwent CT scans of the cervical spine for potential CSI. The incidence of CSI in our cohort was 9.4% (n = 76). Approximately 70% (n = 53) were men. Falls (53%) and motor vehicle accidents (29%) were noted to be the more common mechanisms of injury in this cohort. The C2 region was the most common location for CSI. Only 7% (n = 5) of patients had documented neurology.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the epidemiology and characteristics of CSI presenting in an Irish cohort. The incidence of CSI was found to be 9.4% with a male preponderance and falls being the most common cause of trauma.

Refusal of cervical spine immobilization after blunt trauma: Implications for initial evaluation and management: A retrospective cohort study

IntroductionRigid cervical collars are routinely placed in the pre-hospital setting after significant blunt trauma. Patients who are deemed competent by field personnel (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥13, no major distracting injury and not grossly intoxicated) may refuse cervical collar placement. Material and methodsA retrospective review was conducted of all adult trauma patients presenting to a Level 1 trauma center after blunt trauma with a GCS≥13 and no distracting injury or gross intoxication from January 2014 to December 2014. Pre-hospital data was collected from emergency medical service reports and hospital data from patient charts. Cervical spine injury was identified by International Classification of Disease-9th Revision codes. Patients refusing cervical spine immobilization prior to arrival are compared to those who were compliant. ResultsA total of 629 patients met inclusion criteria. Cervical spine immobilization was refused by 28 patients, while 601 complied. There were 16 cervical spine injuries (2.5%), with 3 (10.7%) in noncompliant patients and 13 (2.2%) among those who were complaint (p = 0.03). ConclusionThe incidence of cervical spine injuries in patients refusing cervical collar immobilization is higher than in compliant patients. Patients arriving for initial evaluation having refused cervical collar immobilization should be treated with caution.

Incidence of Cervical Spine Injury observed in Polytrauma Patients at Autopsy

Incidence of Cervical Spine Injury observed in Polytrauma Patients at Autopsy

MR Imaging of the Cervical Spine in Nonaccidental Trauma: A Tertiary Institution Experience.

Cervical MR imaging has demonstrated a utility for detecting soft tissue injury in nonaccidental trauma. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and types of cervical spine injury on MR imaging in nonaccidental trauma and to correlate cervical spine injury with parenchymal injury on brain MR imaging and findings on head CT. A retrospective review of children diagnosed with nonaccidental trauma in a tertiary referral pediatric hospital over 8 years was performed. Inclusion criteria were children younger than 5 years of age, a confirmed diagnosis of nonaccidental trauma, and cervical spine MR imaging within 1 week of presentation. Brain and cervical spine MR imaging, head CT, cervical radiographs, and skeletal surveys were reviewed. There were 89 patients included in this study (48 males; mean age, 9.1 months [range, 1-59 months]). Cervical spine injury on MR imaging was found in 61 patients (69%). Ligamentous injury was seen in 60 patients (67%), with interspinous ligaments being most commonly involved. Abnormal capsular fluid (atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial) was present in 28 patients (32%). Cervical spine injury on MR imaging was significantly associated with parenchymal restricted diffusion on brain MR imaging and parenchymal injury on head CT (P = .0004 and P = .0104, respectively). Children with restricted diffusion on brain MR imaging were 6.22 (point estimate) times more likely to have cervical spine injury on MR imaging. There is a high incidence of cervical spine injury in pediatric nonaccidental trauma. Positive findings may affect management and suggest a traumatic etiology.