Incidence Of Bacterial Disease Research Articles

Evaluation of the Behavior of Cashew Genotypes with Regard to Bacterial Disease in Agroforestry Farms in Northern Côte d'Ivoire

Notwithstanding the inflows of currency for the populations who practice it, the cultivation of the cashew tree contributes to strengthening the forestry agrosystem in Côte d'Ivoire. However, this culture, with multiple interests, is confronted with attacks from parasites including bacterial disease. Bacterial disease causes extensive damage to vegetative organs as well as fruits and causes yield losses. The objective of this study is to assess the behavior of cashew genotypes in relation to the severity and incidence of bacterial disease in the context of agroforestry production in Côte d'Ivoire.
 To achieve this objective, 1.200 branches were observed to assess the tolerance or sensitivity of 30 cashew trees in agroforestry orchards of cashew trees in the localities of Korhogo, Sinématiali and Boundiali. These cashew genotypes were selected and geolocated. The factor studied is the cashew genotype, composed of 30 cashew genotypes, with 6 modalities which are the severity index of bacterial disease on leaves, twigs and nuts, the incidence of bacterial disease. bacterial disease on leaves, twigs and nuts. The data collected that are the index of severity of bacterial disease on leaves, twigs and nuts, the incidence of bacterial disease on leaves, twigs and nuts have made the subject to descriptive analysis and PCA. The ascending hierarchical classification (HAC) and multivariate analysis completed the data analysis. The results obtained revealed three groups of cashew trees. Those of group 3 made up of twelve (12) genotypes, namely SYDN, SDYY, SDYN and KBSD coming from the localities of Sinématiali and Korhogo, differ from the others by a weak infection of the nuts (8.67 ± 2.74). The genotypes in this group are more resilient and their development in an agroforestry system could help promote agroecological management of bacterial disease, improve and intensify agroforestry practices in C. d'Ivoire.

MODELOS MULTIVARIADOS EN LA BÚSQUEDA DE REGIONES GENÓMICAS PARA RESISTENCIA A MAL DE RÍO CUARTO Y BACTERIOSIS EN MAÍZ

Maize (Zea Mays L.) production has been greatly benefited from the improvement of inbred lines in regard to the resistance to diseases. However, the absence of resistant genotypes to bacteriosis is remarkable. The aim of the study was to identify genomic regions for resistance to Mal de Río Cuarto (MRC) and to bacterial disease (BD) in a diverse maize germplasm evaluated in the Argentinian region where MRC virus is endemic. A maize diverse population was assessed for both diseases during the 2019-2020 crop season. Incidence and severity of MRC and BD were estimated for each line and a genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 78,376 SNP markers. A multi-trait mixed linear model was used for simultaneous evaluation of resistance to MRC and BD in the scored lines. The germplasm showed high genetic variability for both MRC and BD resistance. No significant genetic correlation was observed between the response to both diseases. Promising genomic regions for resistance to MRC and BD were identified and will be confirmed in further trials. Key words: maize disease; genome wide association study; SNP; multi-trait model

MODELOS MULTIVARIADOS EN LA BÚSQUEDA DE REGIONES GENÓMICAS PARA RESISTENCIA A MAL DE RÍO CUARTO Y BACTERIOSIS EN MAÍZ

Maize (Zea Mays L.) production has been greatly benefited from the improvement of inbred lines in regard to the resistance to diseases. However, the absence of resistant genotypes to bacteriosis is remarkable. The aim of the study was to identify genomic regions for resistance to Mal de Río Cuarto (MRC) and to bacterial disease (BD) in a diverse maize germplasm evaluated in the Argentinian region where MRC virus is endemic. A maize diverse population was assessed for both diseases during the 2019-2020 crop season. Incidence and severity of MRC and BD were estimated for each line and a genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 78,376 SNP markers. A multi-trait mixed linear model was used for simultaneous evaluation of resistance to MRC and BD in the scored lines. The germplasm showed high genetic variability for both MRC and BD resistance. No significant genetic correlation was observed between the response to both diseases. Promising genomic regions for resistance to MRC and BD were identified and will be confirmed in further trials. Key words: maize disease; genome wide association study; SNP; multi-trait model

Farmer Perceptions on Vegetable Diseases and Their Control in Sub-Humid Areas in Zimbabwe

Abstract The monoculture vegetable production systems practiced by Zimbabwean farmers has resulted in major disease outbreaks, causing major production constraints. There is need to determine the intensity of pesticides usage and methods of alternative disease management strategies. This study was carried out using 250 randomly selected vegetable farmers by administering questionnaires. The study objectives were to determine farmers’ perceptions on vegetable disease incidence and severity in relation to prevailing weather conditions, and determine common control methods practiced to manage fungal and bacterial disease outbreaks. The results indicated significant increases in fungal and bacterial disease incidence of 84.6% (within community cropping fields) and severity of 73.1% (within individual farmer fields) over the past 5-10 years (P £ 0.05). It also revealed disease incidence being highest [30.8%] during winter (May – July) and rainy months [23.1%] (November – February). Results further indicated 96.2% of the respondents relied on chemical methods, 53.8% used cultural control, and 11.5% used natural control methods. However, none of the farmers used bio-pesticide/biological control methods. In conclusion: farmers are aware of the disease shifts in response to different climate variability but seem unaware of the negative effects of extensive chemical use, nor existence of alternative bio-pesticide/biological disease management strategies.

HEALTH CONTROL OF PIG HERDS ON COMMERCIAL FARMS

The concept of modern industrial production of pigs on commercial farms is based, among other things, on the implementation of biosecurity measures as well as solving problems of environmental protection, which greatly burden the production. It is well known that good health is a prerequisite for good pig reproduction, that is, a successful and profi table production. The health status of the herd depends on many factors such as the maintenance technology, nursing, nutrition, organization, level of staff training and systematic implementation of good health care policies. Today, we are witnessing high incidence of bacterial diseases, viral etiology and certain parasites that seriously aff ect the pig production in intensive farming conditions. Keeping such diseases under control is possible only by applying appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic measures, as well as by increased monitoring by professional services.

Preclinical evaluation and molecular docking of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DTBBQ) from Streptomyces sp. VITVSK1 as a potent antibacterial agent.

The incidence of bacterial disease has increased tremendously in the last decade, because of the emergence of drug resistance strains within the bacterial pathogens. The present study was to investigate the antibacterial compound 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DTBBQ) isolated from marine Streptomyces sp. VITVSK1 as a potent antibacterial agent. The antibacterial potential of DTBBQ was investigated against RNA Polymerase (PDB ID-1I6V) by in silico molecular docking tools. Results of our study showed the high affinity interaction between DTBBQ and RNA polymerase and also confirmed the drug likeliness of DTBBQ using ADMET in silico pharmacology tools. Our findings suggest that DTBBQ could be used as antibacterial drug to defend the emerging antibacterial resistance.

Incidence of Bacterial Disease and Yield of Broccoli as Influenced by Different Rain Protectors and Varieties during the Rainy Season in Southern Thailand

This study is mainly focused on evaluating the effects of different rain protectors and broccoli varieties to find out whether rain protector and variety is suitable or not for broccoli production during rainy season. Broccoli was experimented at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, southern Thailand. Study revealed that broccoli growing under plastic sheet and green shade net had lower incidence of soft rot disease (1.62 and 3.75%, respectively) than those grown in open field (13.33%) while their growing under plastic sheet (1.50%) had lower incidence of black rot disease than those grown under green shade net and open field (18.75 and 32.88%, respectively). All broccoli varieties were found to be statistically different in their response towards soft rot and black rot diseases. However, the Top Green had the highest diseases incidence (8.33 and 21.08%, respectively) while the Yok Kheo had the lowest diseases incidence (4.62 and 0.00%, respectively). The highest total yield was obtained from the Yok Kheo when those grown under plastic sheet (13.48 t/ha) while the Top Green had lowest yield when those grown in open field (3.94 t/ha). Therefore, the most suitable method for broccoli production during rainy season in southern Thailand was to grow under plastic sheet and green shade net by using the three varieties of broccoli.

Planting Times and Varieties on Incidence of Bacterial Disease and Yield Quality of Broccoli during Rainy Season in Southern Thailand

The aims of this study were to determine the effect of planting times and varieties on incidence of bacterial disease and yield quality of broccoli grown during rainy season in southern Thailand. The research was carried out at Prince of Songkla University from July, 2011 to January, 2012. The design was a split-plot in a randomized complete block with four replications. The result showed that the Yok Kheo grown in July was observed with the lowest incidence of soft rot disease of 27.68% while the highest incidence of 80.11% was found in the Top Green when planting in November. In July, all varieties of broccoli had not been affected by black rot disease. After that, their incidences increased when planting between August and December. The four broccoli varieties had the highest disease incidence of 87.42-97.57% when planting in October, followed by September, November and December of 74.72-94.97%. The Yok Kheo had the highest yield quality when planting in July and December with total yield of 4.70-5.29 t/ha. It is an interesting new hybrid variety. It gave higher yield quality than Top Green which is popular variety grown in southern Thailand.

Effect of Planting Time on Incidence of Bacterial Disease and Yield of Broccoli during Dry Season in Southern Thailand

The trial was aimed to select suitable planting times when broccoli varieties could resist well to soft rot and black rot diseases during dry season was studies at Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, from January to June, 2011. Split-plot in randomized complete block design was used in this experiment with four replications. The results showed that the lowest incidence of soft rot disease was observed in all broccoli varieties when they were planted in January (4.19-7.18%). After that, it would increase (22.59-45.58%) but the incidence of black rot disease was not increased when planting was done in January, February, March and June. The incidence of black rot disease was highest in April (84.24-92.64%). The Yok Kheo was produced the highest total yield when the planting took place in January and March (12.31 and 10.65 t/ha, respectively). The Yok Kheo is an interesting new hybrid variety. Its higher yield was than Top Green which is popular variety grown in southern Thailand. The yield of Green Queen was not significantly different from Top Green. It can be harvested at 11.67 and 9.38 days earlier than Top Green and Yok Kheo, respectively.

A dead-end filtration method to remove particle-associated pathogens in aquaculture systems

To reduce the incidence of bacterial diseases in recirculating aquaculture systems, 27 marine bacterial species were introduced into Instant Ocean maintained at 25A degrees C. Those species were enumerated before and after filtration to evaluate the efficiency of the filtration procedure. The effects of sari filter and nylon filter on the survival of sea bass challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus were also determined. The results of laboratory studies indicated that the ability to remove pathogens was typically 1-3 log orders. Above 90% Vibrio sp., i.e., which were attached to particles, were removed by either 20-mu m nylon net or four layers of sari. A 9.53% mortality of sea bass was reported in pilot filtration test using sari material as an end filter, while this percentage increased to 33.35% in control groups. It is concluded that a simple filtration procedure that involves the use of four-layer sari material can reduce the numbers of pathogens attached to particles in aquaculture system. The results of this study provide the basis for pathogen reductions in full-scale facilities.

Distribution and Severity of Bacterial Diseases on Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in South Africa

AbstractDisease surveys were conducted during 1995/96 in seed production fields, and 1996/97 and 1997/98 in commercial dry bean‐producing areas to determine incidence, severity and spread of bacterial diseases in South Africa. A total of 682 seed production fields at 31 localities and 81 commercial fields at 24 localities were surveyed. Common bacterial blight occurred in 83 and 85% of localities in seed and commercial production areas, respectively. Halo blight was restricted to cooler production areas and occurred in only 10% of seed production fields and 37% of commercial fields surveyed. Bacterial brown spot was the most widespread bacterial disease occurring in 93% of seed production fields and 100% commercial fields. Although incidences of bacterial diseases were high, severity was generally low. The widespread distribution of bacterial diseases in both seed and commercial production areas questions the effectiveness of disease‐free seed as a primary control method.

Fever in Full-Term Newborns in the First Four Days of Life

Over a period of 18 months, 100 full-term newborns developed an axillary or a rectal temperature greater than or equal to 37.8 C during the first four days of postnatal life. These febrile term newborns represented 1% of all full-term newborns in the normal nursery. Of the febrile newborns, 10% had culture-proven bacterial disease (BD). Fever developed in 54%, 27%, 13%, and 6% on the first, second, third, and fourth days, respectively. In 17 newborns fever developed within the first hour of life; 13 of these had mothers with fever and two others were under a radiant warmer in the birth room. Fever occurring on the third day of postnatal life had a significantly higher chance of being associated with BD than fever occurring at any other time in the first four days of postnatal life. Newborns with temperature greater than or equal to 39 C had a significantly higher incidence of BD than newborns with temperature less than 39 C. The incidence of fever among breast-fed newborns (0.98%) was similar to that of formula-fed newborns (1.01%). Of the 100 febrile newborns, 45 had other symptoms compatible with BD, and eight of these had proven BD (group B Streptococcus in five, group D Streptococcus in one, Shigella D in one, and Propionibacterium species in one). The two other febrile newborns with proven BD had no other symptoms of infection (group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli). Mean WBC count of febrile newborns with BD was significantly lower than that of febrile newborns without BD. Only three febrile newborns had WBC count less than 5,000/cu mm and two of them had proven BD. Febrile newborns should be evaluated and treated with antibiotics when they have symptoms of infection other than fever or when the fever persists or recurs.