Inappropriate Drug Prescribing Research Articles

Adopting a model of antimicrobial stewardship program to anti-tubercular treatment stewardship: A single-centre experience from a private tertiary care hospital in South India.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health challenge in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Inappropriate use of Anti-Tubercular Treatment (ATT) undermines treatment efficacy and could contribute to drug resistance. While antimicrobial stewardship programs (AMSP) are well established, anti-tubercular treatment stewardship programs (ATTSP) in private hospitals do not have an established model. An AMSP model in a private tertiary care hospital in South India was repurposed to monitor the prescription appropriateness of ATT. A multidisciplinary team evaluated the ATT prescription appropriateness among inpatients over a one-year period with the 4R's criteria: Right Indication, Right Drug, Right Dose, and Right Frequency. The ATTSP team filed recommendations for inappropriate prescriptions to the primary clinical care team, and compliance to the recommendations was documented within 48 hours. During the study period, 172 ATT prescriptions were evaluated. Inappropriate dose and drug prescriptions were found in 16% and 7%, respectively. The primary clinical care teams complied with 83% of the recommendations within 48 hours. The potential impact of implementing the ATTSP model nationwide was assessed using published data, suggesting that the opportunities to correct inappropriate prescriptions could reach a quarter million. The study provides a proof of concept that an ATTSP can be successfully implemented in a TB endemic, resource-constrained setting. Extrapolation for implementing ATTSP across the country has the potential for huge public health benefits.

Integrative Care for Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual Disabilities to Reduce Challenging Behaviors and Inappropriate Psychotropic Drug Prescribing Compared with Care as Usual: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.

People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) often present with challenging behaviors (CBs) mostly due to inappropriate environments and mental and physical disorders. Integrative care is recommended to address CBs. However, in clinical practice, psychotropic drugs are often prescribed off-label for CBs, although the effectiveness is unclear, and side effects frequently occur. We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of integrative care provided by a collaboration of an ID specialized mental healthcare team and participants' own ID service providers' care team on reducing CBs and inappropriate off-label psychotropic drug prescriptions compared with care as usual. Participants (N = 33, aged 19-81 years) had a moderate, severe, or profound intellectual disability and used off-label psychotropic drugs. The primary outcome measures were the Aberrant Behavior Checklist and the total dose of psychotropic drug prescriptions. At the study endpoint of 40 weeks, we found no effect of the intervention on the total ABC score and on the total dose of psychotropic drug prescriptions. In the intervention group, however, the psychotropic drug dose decreased significantly, while CBs did not change. The small sample size and not-completed interventions due to organizational problems may have affected our findings. This study illustrates the difficulties in the implementation of integrative care.

Exploiting relationship directionality to enhance statistical modeling of peer-influence across social networks.

Risky-prescribing is the excessive or inappropriate prescription of drugs that singly or in combination pose significant risks of adverse health outcomes. In the United States, prescribing of opioids and other "risky" drugs is a national public health concern. We use a novel data framework-a directed network connecting physicians who encounter the same patients in a sequence of visits-to investigate if risky-prescribing diffuses across physicians through a process of peer-influence. Using a shared-patient network of 10661 Ohio-based physicians constructed from Medicare claims data over 2014-2015, we extract information on the order in which patients encountered physicians to derive a directed patient-sharing network. This enables the novel decomposition of peer-effects of a medical practice such as risky-prescribing into directional (outbound and inbound) and bidirectional (mutual) relationship components. Using this framework, we develop models of peer-effects for contagion in risky-prescribing behavior as well as spillover effects. The latter is measured in terms of adverse health events suspected to be related to risky-prescribing in patients of peer-physicians. Estimated peer-effects were strongest when the patient-sharing relationship was mutual as opposed to directional. Using simulations we confirmed that our modeling and estimation strategies allows simultaneous estimation of each type of peer-effect (mutual and directional) with accuracy and precision. We also show that failing to account for these distinct mechanisms (a form of model mis-specification) produces misleading results, demonstrating the importance of retaining directional information in the construction of physician shared-patient networks. These findings suggest network-based interventions for reducing risky-prescribing.

Multidisciplinary medication review during older patient hospitalization according to STOPP/START criteria reduces potentially inappropriate prescriptions: MoPIM cohort study

PurposeMultimorbidity and polypharmacy in older adults converts the detection and adequacy of potentially inappropriate drug prescriptions (PIDP) in a healthcare priority. The objectives of this study are to describe the clinical decisions taken after the identification of PIDP by clinical pharmacists, using STOPP/START criteria, and to evaluate the degree of accomplishment of these decisions.MethodsMulticenter, prospective, non-comparative cohort study in patients aged 65 and older, hospitalized because of an exacerbation of their chronic conditions. Each possible PIDP was manually identified by the clinical pharmacist at admission and an initial decision was taken by a multidisciplinary clinical committee. At discharge, criteria were re-applied and final decisions recorded.ResultsFrom all patients (n = 674), 493 (73.1%) presented at least one STOPP criteria at admission, significantly reduced up to 258 (38.3%) at discharge. A similar trend was observed for START criteria (36.7% vs. 15.7%). Regarding the top 10 most prevalent STOPP criteria, the clinical committee initially agreed to withdraw 257 (34.2%) prescriptions and to modify 93 (12.4%) prescriptions. However, the evaluation of final clinical decisions revealed that 503 (67.0%) of those STOPP criteria were ultimately amended. For the top 10 START criteria associated PIDP, the committee decided to initiate 149 (51.7%) prescriptions, while a total of 198 (68.8%) were finally introduced at discharge.ConclusionsThe clinical committee, through a pharmacotherapy review, succeeded in identifying and reducing the degree of prescription inadequacy, for both STOPP and START criteria, in older patients with high degree of multimorbidity and polypharmacy.Trial RegistrationNCT02830425.

Management of potentially inappropriate medication use among older adult’s patients in primary care settings: description of an interventional prospective non-randomized study

BackgroundThe management of inappropriate medication use in older patients suffering from multimorbidity and polymedication is a major healthcare challenge. In a primary care setting, a medication review is an effective tool through which a pharmacist can collaborate with a practitioner to detect inappropriate drug use.AimThis project described the implementation of a systematic process for the management of potentially inappropriate medication use among Lebanese older adults. Its aim was to involve pharmacists in geriatric care and to suggest treatment optimization through the analysis of prescriptions using explicit and implicit criteria.MethodThis study evaluated the medications of patients over 65 years taking a minimum of five chronic medications a day in different regions of Lebanon. Descriptive statistics for all the included variables using mean and standard deviation (Mean (SD)) for continuous variables and frequency and percentage (n, (%)) for multinomial variables were then performed.ResultsA total of 850 patients (50.7% women, 28.6% frail, 75.7 (8.01) mean age (SD)) were included in this study. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 7.10 (2.45). Roughly 88% of patients (n = 748) had at least one potentially inappropriate drug prescription: 66.4% and 64.4% of the patients had at least 1 drug with an unfavorable benefit-to-risk ratio according to Beers and EU(7)-PIM respectively. Nearly 50.4% of patients took at least one medication with no indication. The pharmacists recommended discontinuing medication for 76.5% of the cases of drug related problems. 26.6% of the overall proposed interventions were implemented.DiscussionThe rate of potentially inappropriate drug prescribing (PIDP) (88%) was higher than the rates previously reported in Europe, US, and Canada. It was also higher than studies conducted in Lebanon where it varied from 22.4 to 80% depending on the explicit criteria used, the settings, and the medical conditions of the patients. We used both implicit and explicit criteria with five different lists to improve the detection of all types of inappropriate medication use since Lebanon obtains drugs from many different sources. Another potential source for variation is the lack of a standardized process for the assessment of outpatient medication use in the elderly.ConclusionThe prevalence PIDP detected in the sample was higher than the percentages reported in previous literature. Systematic review of prescriptions has the capacity to identify and resolve pharmaceutical care issues thus improving geriatric care.

Tuberculosis care provided by private practitioners in an urban setting in Indonesia: Findings from a standardized patient study.

In Indonesia, government-owned Community Health Centers (CHCs) spearhead tuberculosis (TB) care at the primary level, but a substantial proportion of individuals with pulmonary TB also seek care from Private Practitioners (PPs). However, little is known about PPs' practice in managing patients with TB-associated symptoms. To avoid bias associated with self-administered surveys, we used standardized patients (SPs) to evaluate PPs' adherence to the national TB guidelines. Four clinical scenarios of individuals presenting complaints suggestive of TB, accompanied by different sputum smear results or TB treatment histories were developed. We assigned 12 trained SPs to PPs practicing in 30 CHC catchment areas in Bandung city, Indonesia. For comparison, two scenarios were also presented to the CHCs. A total of 341 successful SP visits were made to 225 private general practitioners (GPs), 29 private specialists, and 30 CHCs. When laboratory results were not available, adherence to the recommended course of action, i.e., sputum examination, was low among private GPs (31%) and private specialists (20%), while it was requested in 87% of visits to the CHCs. PPs preferred chest X-ray (CXR) in all scenarios, with requests made in 66% of visits to private GPs and 84% of visits to private specialists (vs. 8% CHCs). Prescriptions of incorrect TB drug regimens were reported from 7% and 13% of visits to private GPs and specialists, respectively, versus none of the CHCs. Indonesian PPs have a clear preference for CXR over microbiological testing for triaging presumptive TB patients, and inappropriate prescription of TB drugs is not uncommon. These findings warrant actions to increase awareness among PPs about the importance of microbiological testing and of administering appropriate TB drug regimens. SP studies can be used to assess the impact of these interventions on providers' adherence to guidelines.

Mise à jour par consensus de l’outil POPI

Medication errors are one of the causes of iatrogenic medication use in children. The POPI tool for detecting inappropriate drug prescriptions and prescription omissions in paediatrics was the first tool to be published in this field in 2014. Our aim was to update the POPI tool for French use based on current recommendations and practice. Criteria were removed, updated or added based on recommendations from learned societies and national bodies. The two-round Delphi method was used to reach a consensus of experts. The level of agreement of the healthcare professionals' proposals was rated on a 9-point Likert scale. In the first round, only proposals with a median agreement of 7 to 9 and an agreement of more than 65% were retained. In the second round, only those with a median agreement of 7 to 9 and over 75% agreement were retained. The POPI tool now includes eight categories (various, infectiology, gastroenterology, pneumonology, dermatology, neurology/pedopsychiatry, haematology and excipients). All the criteria were supported by bibliographical references. They were submitted to 20 French healthcare professionals: 9 pharmacists and 11 doctors (17 hospital-based and 3 self-employed). After two rounds of Delphi testing, 166 criteria were retained and validated (111 inappropriate prescriptions and 55 omissions). In conclusion, this study made it possible to update the POPI tool, which is still available for assessing paediatric prescriptions.

Digital Medication Management in Polypharmacy.

Inappropriate drug prescriptions for patients with polypharmacy can have avoidable adverse consequences. We studied the effects of a clinical decision-support system (CDSS) for medication management on hospitalizations and mortality. This stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, controlled trial involved an open cohort of adult patients with polypharmacy in primary care practices (=clusters) in Westphalia-Lippe, Germany. During the period of the intervention, their medication lists were checked annually using the CDSS. The CDSS warns against inappropriate prescriptions on the basis of patient-related health insurance data. The combined primary endpoint consisted of overall mortality and hospitalization for any reason. The secondary endpoints were mortality, hospitalizations, and high-risk prescription. We analyzed the quarterly health insurance data of the intention- to-treat population with a mixed logistic model taking account of clustering and repeated measurements. Sensitivity analyses addressed effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other effects. 688 primary care practices were randomized, and data were obtained on 42 700 patients over 391 994 quarter years. No significant reduction was found in either the primary endpoint (odds ratio [OR] 1.00; 95% confidence interval [0.95; 1.04]; p = 0.8716) or the secondary endpoints (hospitalizations: OR 1.00 [0.95; 1.05]; mortality: OR 1.04 [0.92; 1.17]; high-risk prescription: OR 0.98 [0.92; 1.04]). The planned analyses did not reveal any significant effect of the intervention. Pandemicadjusted analyses yielded evidence that the mortality of adult patients with polypharmacy might potentially be lowered by the CDSS. Controlled trials with appropriate follow-up are needed to prove that a CDSS has significant effects on mortality in patients with polypharmacy.

Drug Prescription Indicators in Outpatient Services in Social Security Organization Facilities in Iran.

The aim of this study was to estimate drug prescription indicators in outpatient services provided at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) healthcare facilities. Data on all prescribed drugs for outpatient visits from 2017 to 2018 were extracted from the SSO database. The data were categorized into 4 main subgroups: patient characteristics, provider characteristics, service characteristics, and type of healthcare facility. Logistic regression models were used to detect risk factors for inappropriate drug prescriptions. SPSS and IBM Modeler software were utilized for data analysis. In 2017, approximately 150 981 752 drug items were issued to outpatients referred to SSO healthcare facilities in Iran. The average number of drug items per outpatient prescription was estimated at 3.33. The proportion of prescriptions that included an injection was 17.5%, and the rate of prescriptions that included an antibiotic was 37.5%. Factors such as patient sex and age, provider specialty, type of facility, and time of outpatient visit were associated with the risk of inappropriate prescriptions. In this study, all drug prescription criteria exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. To improve the current prescription patterns throughout the country, it would be beneficial to provide providers with monthly and annual reports and to consider implementing some prescription policies for physicians.

An intervention to improve antibiotic prescription behavior in veterinary students: A protocol based on the multi-theory model to tackle antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat. Moreover, incorrect and inappropriate drug prescription behavior is considered a fundamental risk factor. Thus, the present study aims to develop, implement, and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program based on the multi-theoretical model (MTM) in improving antibiotic prescription behavior in veterinary students of Iran. The present study will include four phases including a qualitative phase, an instrument design and psychometric test phase, and a cross-sectional, and an interventional phase. In the first phase, the sampling will be purposive with a maximum variety. The interviews will be conducted with a sample of veterinarians. The data will be analyzed in MAXQDA 10. In the second phase, the face and content validity will be tested by a panel of experts as field specialists. A confirmatory factor analysis will be used to test construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intracluster correlation coefficient will be used to determine the internal consistency of the instrument. Then, at this stage, a number of veterinary students will be selected through a multi-stage sampling method. In the cross-sectional phase, another sample of veterinary students will complete a researcher-made questionnaire. Then, Spearman's correlation coefficient test will be used to test the relationship between the two stages of behavior initiation and behavior continuation. The data will be analyzed in SPSS 22. In the third phase, some veterinary students will be selected through a census and will be randomly divided into a control and an intervention group. To collect data in the final phase, the researcher-made questionnaire that was designed in the second phase of the study based on a multi-theory model will be used to extract data. To compare demographic characteristics, compare the correlation between the constructs of the multi-theory model with antibiotic prescribing behavior in the cross-sectional phase and compare the scores of the constructs of the MTM in two intervention and control groups paired-samples T test and independent-samples T test will be used. The present study will aim to improve antibiotic prescription behavior in veterinary students based on a MTM. The findings can be used as a model for training students in clinical fields such as veterinary medicine and general medicine at university at a national level. After verification and approval by experts and university professors, we can expect a change in the educational curriculum to include instructions on how to write out prescriptions for students. There are hopes that the present study if conducted accurately and widely to help prevent AMR in livestock, humans, and society.

Community Pharmacist's Awareness, Knowledge and Attitude Towards use of Vitamin Supplements in Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) Area of Pune, India: A Descriptive Cross Sectional Study.

US FDA defines: dietary supplements is a product that intended to supplement a person's diet, it's generally consist of at least one or more of the following dietary ingredients, vitamin, minerals, a herb or other botanical and amino acid by increasing the daily consumptions of an extract metabolite concentration, constitute or combinations of these medication. Excessive and inappropriate use of medicines has been recognised as a public health problem resulting in increased likelihood of adverse drug event, drug interaction, and inappropriate drug prescribing and increased cost. This was the cross-sectional study conducted in year 2022 at Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune). The total 250 questionaires are distributed and from that 226 response were received. Target population consist of community pharmacists working in the drug store in this area (n=226). Data was represented in three domains of study i. e. awareness, knowledge and attitude. Correlation coefficient using Pearson's method were determined to evaluate strength of correlation between awareness-knowledge, Knowledge-attitude and awareness-attitude. Correlation coefficient were calculated by comparing most relevant and equal number of questions. The study demonstrated positive attitude among surveyed community pharmacists in Pune, India. There is lacuna in accurate and adequate awareness, knowledge and attitude of vitamin deficiency, efficiency, recommended daily allowance (RDA), toxicity and interactions among pharmacist as one of the stakeholders of healthcare in India. Few of the remedies viz. framing of guidelines, inclusion in formal education syllabus, continuous education, updation exams etc. may be of use.

Prevalence of adverse drug events in emergency departments. FARM-URG multi-center project

ObjectiveAdverse drug events are a well-known cause of emergency department admissions. FARM-URG is a project promoted by the REDFASTER working group of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy. Its aim is to evaluate these adverse events through regular prevalence measurements. The present study shows the results of the first observations. The goal was to determine the prevalence of adverse drug events with respect to the total number of patients treated in emergency departments and carry out a description of the different events identified. MethodThis is a multicenter cross-sectional study carried out in the emergency room of 13 Spanish hospitals. The identification and registration of patients were obtained from the emergency department patient census at the time of the first prevalence measurement (16 June 2020). The REDCap® platform was used for patient registration. ResultsThe 2020 FARM-URG registry, which included 13 hospitals, evaluated 772 patients, of whom 57 (7.4%) consulted for adverse drug events. Antithrombotic drugs were responsible for most of these episodes, acenocoumarol being the main drug involved (22.8%). Nine (15.8%) adverse drug events were caused by inappropriate drug prescriptions according to the STOPP-START criteria. Nineteen (33.0%) patients returned to the emergency service within 30 days from discharge. ConclusionsAdverse drug events are a frequent cause of emergency department visits and are commonly associated with a significant percentage of re-visits. The FARM-URG project has been created with the purpose of obtaining dynamic and updated information on such events.

Evaluasi Peresepan Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Geriatri Hipertensi Berdasarkan Beers Criteria Poli Penyakit Dalam Di RSUD dr. Soekardjo Kota Tasikmalaya

Hypertension is a condition that experiences an abnormal increase in blood pressure, the elderly are said to be hypertensive if their blodd pressure reaches ≥130/80 mmHg and is a non-communicable disease. A study has been carried out regarding the Evaluation of Prescribing in Outpatient Geriatric Hypertension Based on the Beers Criteria for Internal Medicine at RSUD dr. Soekardjo City of Tasikmalaya using a descriptive method of retrospective medical record data of hypertensive geriatric patients. This study aims to determine the treatment profile and the percentage of drug use included in the 2019 beers criteria list. The results showed that the most commonly prescribed treatment combination in this study was the combination of the ACE Inhibitor drug class (Ramipril) and the CCB drug group (Amlodipine), and Inappropriate drug prescribing in geriatric patients with hypertension in the outpatient installation of RSUD dr. Soekardjo City of Tasikmalaya in the 2020 period is still high with the number of inappropriate prescriptions as many as 47 (67,1%) prescriptions classified as PIMs (Potentially Inappropriate Medication). So it can be concluded that the high mismatch of therapy can be caused becaused because patients receive more than one drug that is not suitable for geriatric when getting drug prescriptions and to reduce these incidents it can be done by increasing the selection os safe drugs in geriatric using the 2019 beers criteria

Investigating physicians' views on non-formulary prescribing: a qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework.

Well-designed and well-maintained drug formularies serve as a reliable resource to guide prescribing decisions; they are associated with improved medicine safety and increased efficiency, while also serving as a cost-effective tool to help manage and predict medicine expenditure. Multiple studies have investigated the inappropriate prescribing of non-formulary drugs (NFDs) with statistics indicating that up to 70% of NFD usage being inappropriate or not following the ascribed NFD policies. To explore physicians' views and influences on their prescribing of non-formulary drugs. Data collection and analysis were underpinned using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted within Hamad Medical Corporation, the main provider of secondary and tertiary healthcare in Qatar, with physicians who had submitted a NFD request in thepreceding 12months. Three overarching themes were identified: providing evidence-based care for individual patients; influences of others; and formulary management issues. Subthemes were mapped to specific TDF domains: environmental context and resources; social influences; professional role and identity; beliefs about consequences; goals; intentions. The behavioral influences identified in this study can be mapped to behavior change strategies facilitating the development of an intervention to promote appropriate prescribing of NFDs with implications for medicine safety and healthcare efficiency.

Community pharmacists' perspectives on assessing kidney function and medication dosing for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework.

The kidneys are responsible for the elimination of many drugs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, and medications may require adjustment to avoid adverse outcomes. Despite the availability of kidney drug dosing resources, people with CKD are at risk of inappropriate drug prescribing. Community pharmacists are in the ideal position to mitigate harm from inappropriate prescribing in this population. In this qualitative study, community pharmacists were interviewed on their perspective on kidney function assessment and dose adjustment in people with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2). The theoretical domains framework for targeting behavioural change was used to inform the interview guide and analysis. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation. Semistructured virtual interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and uploaded into NVIVO 12 Pro to facilitate thematic analysis. Deductive and inductive iterative coding approaches were employed to determine categories and themes. Twelve pharmacists were interviewed, with a mean age of 42 years and 16 years of experience. Four themes comprising 10 categories were identified to influence kidney function assessment and dosing, including resources (information access, technology, references), environment (pharmacy infrastructure, practice setting), reflection (triggers, experience and training, collaboration) and leadership and governance (pharmacist role, advocacy). Feedback on an optimal CKD tool was collected, and enabling themes (categories) for implementation included knowledge and skills (education, training) and reflection (role, support, integration). Findings will inform the interventions needed to improve implementation of kidney assessment and dosing of high-risk medications in people with kidney impairment into community pharmacy practice. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2023;156:xx-xx.

Study of cardiovascular drugs usage, among elderly subjects admitted to the emergency department for syncopal falls in Rhône-Alpes region

Study of cardiovascular drugs usage, among elderly subjects admitted to the emergency department for syncopal falls in Rhône-Alpes region. Polypharmacy and cardiovascular medication usage are risk factors for falls in the elderly. This study included subjects aged 75 and over, admitted in the emergency department for falls, based on evaluation data of professional practices carried out in the Nord Alpine region by the French Network of North-Alps Emergency Departments (Réseau Nord Alpin des Urgences, RENAU). The patients included were divided into 4 groups: "syncope", "accidental falls", "repeated falls" and "other types of fall". From the emergency room admission prescriptions, we studied the consumption of cardiovascular drugs in number and quality in the "syncope" group compared to other types of falls. The main objective in this study was to highlight higher cardiovascular drug usage among the elderly patients admitted to the emergency department for syncopal falls, in comparison with other types of falls. We included 1,476patients among whom 262 patients came for "syncopal falls". We found superior usage of cardiovascular medication among syncopal falls compared to other type of falls (p <0,01). However, there is no statistically significant association between inappropriate cardiovascular drug prescriptions, and the type of falls. The "standardized" fall assessment whose orthostatic hypotension investigation, is not always exhaustive in the emergency room. Orthostatic hypotension diagnostic is insufficiently sought in the emergency room. This study highlights a significantly higher usage of diuretic medication within the syncope group, in comparison to the other groups, and especially loop diuretic. Antihypertensive drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensinII receptor blockers, calcium inhibitor) are also recurrent within the syncope group compared to the others. A careful supervising of these prescriptions among elderly patients seems required. These data prompt to revise prescriptions during fall related hospitalizations, and then with the primary-care physician, or with the cardiologist.

A System Dynamics Model to Enhance the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority's Approach to Reduce Unauthorized Drug Sales in West Sumatra Province

Indonesia has a high rate of violation of prescription drug sales by unauthorized facilities such as drug stores, retail stores, as well as by doctors and other health professionals. Based on Government Regulation No. 51 of 2009 on Pharmacy Profession, prescription drugs, psychotropics, and narcotics cannot be obtained freely. These drugs can only be obtained with a doctor's prescription and are administered by a pharmacist. Inappropriate prescription drug sales result in drug misuse and irrational use, reducing the quality of drug therapy, increasing morbidity and mortality, wasting resources, reducing drug availability, increasing costs, increasing the risk of side effects, and accelerating the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Between 2018 and 2020, the number of criminal cases handled by the Indonesian FDA (BPOM) related to this issue increased from 8.94% to 14.48%, and the number of violations increased from 39.85% to 68.35% in the Province of West Sumatra. Prescription drug sales violations are complicated, as it involves many factors/variables and parties. This study intends to produce recommendations for reducing violations associated with the sale of prescription drug in West Sumatra Province. This study applied a system dynamic approach to analyze and simulate the variables affecting the sale of prescription drugs at unauthorized facilities. As a result, 31 factors were discovered and 10 scenarios were simulated, showing that the pharmacist's role has a significant impact on the system. Increased public perception and understanding, pharmacists’ and other health workers' responsibilities, and legal enforcement are variables that must be intervened to reduce these violations.

The MGPIDP-L project: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing and its associated factors

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of potentially inappropriate drug prescribing11PIDP: Potentially inappropriate Drug Prescribing (PIDP) using a combination of explicit and implicit criteria in a sample of Lebanese older adults taking 5 or more chronic medications per day in ambulatory care settings and to identify which factors were associated with PIDP. The explicit criteria included five different lists: Beers, Laroche, European Union (EU(7)-PIM list), STOPP/ START, STOPP Frail, and Alert and Mastering of Iatrogenesis issued by the French High Authority of Health. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to compare the potentially inappropriate medications according to each criterion. MethodsData were collected from each patient via a face-to-face interview. Logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate both objectives. ResultsMany factors were positively associated with PIDP. The risk of PIDP was positively associated with age (OR =4.692, 95% CI [1.889–11.655]). Treatment for insomnia doubled the odds of PIDP (P<0.05). Participants who picked their medications from the pharmacy and had excess stock of drugs were at higher risk of having PIDP by 2.042 (95% CI [1.199–3.478]) and 2.965(95% CI [1.133–7.762]) respectively. However, patients with a perception of being heavily medicated and patients with a missed dose in the last two weeks had lower odds of PIDP. ConclusionOur study showed a high prevalence of PIDP in Lebanon, which is associated with various correlates. Selecting the appropriate tools to assess PIDP and providing patient education regarding the risks associated with potentially inappropriate medications are issues to be addressed among older adults.

Prevalence of inappropriate drug dose adjustment and associated factors among inpatients with renal impairment in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a high prevalence of inadequate dose adjustment among inpatients with renal insufficiency worldwide. There is, however, a paucity of studies that summarizes the topic in the African context. Therefore, this study aims to summarize the prevalence of inappropriate drug dose adjustment (IDDA) and associated factors among inpatients with renal impairment in Africa. A literature search for English-language articles was conducted using reputable databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The search was carried out between 3 February and 3 March of 2022. All published articles that were online at the time of data collection were considered. Observational studies that examined the prevalence of IDDA for any type of drug in renal impairment as a primary or secondary outcome were included in our analysis. Statistical software such as Open Meta Analyst and Review Manager were used to examine outcome measures. I2 statistics, Logit event rate, and Der Simonian and Laird's random effect models were also used. Seven articles were qualified for the systematic review and meta-analysis. All included studies comprised a total of 1918 patients. A total of 5072 prescriptions were assessed, and 1879 (37%) of them had at least one drug that required a dose adjustment. The pooled prevalence of IDDA among adult patients with renal impairment was 13.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.9%-19.5%) in Africa. Based on the number of prescriptions containing medications that required dose adjustment, the pooled prevalence accounts for 39.3% (95% CI = 24.1%-54.4%) (932/1879). Factors associated with inappropriate drug prescribing and usage concerning renal function were the number/types of prescribed medicines (most common), age, stage of renal impairment, comorbidity, and unemployment. In this study, IDDA practice appears to be a common challenge among inpatients with renal insufficiency in Africa. The number and type of medications prescribed, age, stage of renal impairment, comorbidity, and unemployment were factors associated with inappropriate drug prescribing and use. In addition to expanding such studies, hospitals across Africa must conduct research on the clinical outcomes of IDDA practices in patients with renal impairment.

Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing of Drugs

Background: The potentially inappropriate prescribing relates to cases of patients who were prescribed a treatment(s) that would bring them more harm than benefit. Objective: The aim of this paper was to give brief introduction to phenomenon of potentially inappropropriate prescribing. Methods: Narrative review. Results: Whether a prescribed therapy could be designated to be inappropriate or not depends on specific criteria, that could be classified as explicit and impicit. The explicit criteria could be applied directly and do not require expertise of an investigator. The implicit criteria require interpretation of a prescription case by an experienced clinical pharmacologist, being more subjective, but also more sensitive and specific. Conclusion: Analysis of cases of potentially inappropriate prescribing is necessary prerequisite for success of corrective measures aimed to improve quality of healthcare.