Inadequate Answers Research Articles

Assessing the performance of large language models (LLMs) in answering medical questions regarding breast cancer in the Chinese context.

Large language models (LLMs) are deep learning models designed to comprehend and generate meaningful responses, which have gained public attention in recent years. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of LLMs in answering questions regarding breast cancer in the Chinese context. ChatGPT, ERNIE Bot, and ChatGLM were chosen to answer 60 questions related to breast cancer posed by two oncologists. Responses were scored as comprehensive, correct but inadequate, mixed with correct and incorrect data, completely incorrect, or unanswered. The accuracy, length, and readability among answers from different models were evaluated using statistical software. ChatGPT answered 60 questions, with 40 (66.7%) comprehensive answers and six (10.0%) correct but inadequate answers. ERNIE Bot answered 60 questions, with 34 (56.7%) comprehensive answers and seven (11.7%) correct but inadequate answers. ChatGLM generated 60 answers, with 35 (58.3%) comprehensive answers and six (10.0%) correct but inadequate answers. The differences for chosen accuracy metrics among the three LLMs did not reach statistical significance, but only ChatGPT demonstrated a sense of human compassion. The accuracy of the three models in answering questions regarding breast cancer treatment was the lowest, with an average of 44.4%. ERNIE Bot's responses were significantly shorter compared to ChatGPT and ChatGLM (p < .001 for both). The readability scores of the three models showed no statistical significance. In the Chinese context, the capabilities of ChatGPT, ERNIE Bot, and ChatGLM are similar in answering breast cancer-related questions at present. These three LLMs may serve as adjunct informational tools for breast cancer patients in the Chinese context, offering guidance for general inquiries. However, for highly specialized issues, particularly in the realm of breast cancer treatment, LLMs cannot deliver reliable performance. It is necessary to utilize them under the supervision of healthcare professionals.

What are the perceived needs of people living with chronic pain regarding physiotherapy services? A scoping review protocol.

Chronic pain represents a major health issue, affecting the physical and mental health of approximately one in five people worldwide. It is now widely recognized that health professionals should use interventions that meet the needs of people living with chronic pain. Therefore, physiotherapists should attend to patients' perceived needs regarding physiotherapy services, i.e. the needs that are perceived by patients themselves based on their beliefs, values, preferences and expectations. However, previous reviews have mainly focused on health professionals' and experts' evaluations of patients' needs, which may result in inadequate answers to these needs. Therefore, a better understanding of patients' perceived needs could lead to more ethical and higher quality physiotherapy services. The aim of this scoping review is thus to explore what is known from the existing literature about the perceived needs of people living with chronic pain regarding physiotherapy services. This scoping review will follow Arksey and O'Malley's six-step framework. Medline, Embase, CINHAL, and APA PsycINFO will be used to search the scientific literature. The grey literature will also be searched using Google Scholar, OpenGrey and ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Global (PQDTGlobal). Studies published in English and French will only be considered. Two independent reviewers will perform the selection and extraction processes. Descriptive statistics will be performed to characterize the included studies. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies will be analyzed and synthetized using convergent qualitative meta-integration. Thereby, we will use the seven steps for convergent qualitative meta-integration proposed by Frantzen and Fetters to transform, analyze and integrate the quantitative and qualitative data. Included studies will describe the perceived needs of adults living with chronic pain regarding physiotherapy services. Studies focusing on the perspectives of health professionals and rehabilitation services other than physiotherapy will be excluded.

Transient Menstrual Cycle changes Post Precautionary Dose Covid Vaccine in Indian Population

Introduction: Increased reporting of menstrual disturbances Post Precautionary dose Covid Vaccine among peergroup and inadequate answers to questions pertaining to changes in menstruation after precautionary dose vaccinewas the rationale for conducting this study. The aim was to assess the influence of COVID-19 precautionary vaccineon menstruation. Methodology: Study was performed using Menstruation -vac Questionnare. 198 participantsof which 114 were included in the age group of 19-45 years. Participants with prior menstrual irregularitieswere excluded from the study. Results: The prevalence of changes in menstrual cycles post precautionary dosevaccination was in 30.70%. In our study the prevalence of changes in menstrual cycles post- precautionary dosevaccination was found to be 15.8%, 15.8%, 10.5%, 7.9%, 7% &amp; 5.3% in 1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th cycle respectively.Conclusion: Menstrual changes post-vaccination were insignificant; however a trend towards transient changeswas observed returning to near normalcy after the 4th cycle post precautionary dose.

Digital Form for Assessing Dentists' Knowledge about Oral Care of People Living with HIV.

Oral lesions are usually the first sign of HIV infection. The present study aimed to determine the level of the knowledge of dentists on the dental care needs of People Living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study was conducted between February and May 2021, in the Brazilian state of Pará, during which a total of 51 dentists received an anonymous digital form (Google® Forms Platform) composed of four blocks of discursive, dichotomous, and multiple-choice questions. The questions referred to various aspects of the dental care needs of PLWH, together with data on the professional activities of the dentists. After signing the term of informed consent, the dentists were divided into six subgroups according to the time (in years) since completing their bachelor’s degree in dentistry. The data were presented as descriptive statistics and percentages, and then analyzed using the Kappa test. Most (70.6%; 36 of 51) of the dentists were female, the mean age of the dentists was 32.5 years, and a majority (80.2%) were based in the city of Belem; the mean time since graduation was 8.5 years, with 22 (43.1%) having more than 5 years of professional experience, and 31 (60.8%) having graduated from a private dental college. Just over half (51%) of the 51 dentists had completed graduate courses, and the most common dental specialty was orthodontics (19.6%). Most (74.5%) of the dentists work in the private sector, 38 (74.5%) claimed to have already provided oral care to PLWH, and 43 (84.3%) had access to specialist content on the oral care needs of PLWH. In terms of the knowledge of the dentists with regard to the oral care needs of PLWH, four of the ten diagnostic questions obtained more inadequate answers than expected, whereas the final two questions (11–45.1% and 12–31.4%) demonstrated that many of the dentists adopt unnecessary modifications in their oral care protocol for PLWH, due to a fear of contamination. Overall, our results demonstrate a frequent lack of knowledge, especially with regard to the oral healthcare needs of PLWH, which may account for many of the stigmas that persist in the dental care of this vulnerable group.

Assessing Recent Agent-Based Accounts of Right Action (and More)

Agent-based virtue ethical theories must deal with the problem of right action: if an action is right just in case it expresses a virtuous motive, then how can an agent perform the right action but for the wrong reason, or from a vicious motive? Some recent agent-based accounts purport to answer this challenge and two other related problems. Here I assess these accounts and show them to be inadequate answers to the problem of right action (and one of the other problems for agent-basing). Overall, it is shown that the most recent and promising attempts at squaring agent-based virtue ethics with commonsense morality are flawed, and so, the case for agent-basing in general that much dimmer.

Sanctuary Cities and Republican Liberty

What are sanctuary cities? What are the political stakes? The literature provides inadequate answers. Liberal migration theorists offer few insights into sanctuary city politics. Critical migration scholars primarily address the relationship between sanctuary cities and political activism, a small part of the phenomenon. The historical literature examines continuities between 1970s sanctuary church activism and contemporary sanctuary cities, confusing what is essential to sanctuary churches and what is only sometimes associated with sanctuary cities. Together these approaches obscure more than they reveal. This article suggests a republican account of sanctuary cities. Reconstructing American migration politics from the colonial era onward shows that sanctuary cities have roots in both the colonial republican revolt and the republican principle of freedom as nondomination. That reconstruction reveals much about both sanctuary cities and the federal government’s long-running assault on them. The resulting robust analytical framework clarifies what is at stake in the politics of sanctuary cities: federal sovereignty in migration politics specifically and republican liberty in migration politics generally.

Analysis of Environmental Productivity on Fossil Fuel Power Plants in the U.S.

In 2007, the Clean Air Act officially included greenhouse gases, making fossil fuel power plants the first of key industries regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. How do we measure the impact of the regulations on these power plants’ productivity? Previous studies that attempt to answer this question have provided inadequate answers because their samples cover the periods only up to 2007, and they often use greenhouse gases as the only proxy for the undesirable output. This paper collects data from 133 fossil fuel power plants in the United States and covers 2004 to 2013. These power plants are divided into Sun Belt and Frost Belt based on their geographical locations. To measure the undesirable outputs, we used both carbon dioxide and toxic emissions as the proxies. The estimation model includes the construction of a generalized common stochastic frontier (metafrontier) and a Malmquist productivity index. We used the index to measure the change in productivity for the power plants before and after the implementation of the regulation. The results indicate that, since regulation in 2007, the overall production efficiency of the power plants has declined incessantly while productivity has seen a sustained downward trend despite two surges in growth.

Social media usage and commercialization performance: role of networking capability

PurposeThis paper aims to propose and test a research model that links social media usage with networking capabilities on the commercialization performance.Design/methodology/approachThe target population of this study consisted of 530 managers and experts in knowledge-based firms in Science and Technology Parks of Isfahan (Iran), which were active in the electronics and electronic engineering, bio, renewable energy, nano and information and communication technologies. To determine the effects of the social media and networking capability on the commercialization performance in knowledge-based firms, this study collected the data through a questionnaire survey with knowledge-based firms and conducted statistical analysis. The unit of analysis is the entire firm. The random sampling method was applied in this study. This study mainly uses the validated existing scales of previous studies on Likert-type scales with response options ranging from 1 to 5. To increase the response rate and accuracy, the researchers in this study also conducted phone and e-mail survey. A total of 230 questionnaires were conducted to remove the questionnaires with inadequate or missing answers, and the final 220 cases were selected as valid samples.FindingsFirst, this research confirmed that social media usage can positively improve commercialization performance. Second, this research confirmed the mediating role of the networking capability on the relationship between social media usage and commercialization performance. In fact, social media tools represent a potential vehicle to help firms create better relationships with partners and increase commercialization performance via these mechanisms.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature by integrating the domains of social media usage and business networks perspective. Social media has revolutionized the way firms interact with business partners. A salient characteristic of today’s business setting is that partners use social media to nurture and sustain their network relationships with others (Kimet al., 2016). Moreover, based on the dynamic capability theory and business networks perspective, the authors introduce the impression management capability as a networking capability dimension that has been neglected and mentioned only briefly.

The possibility of fitting love: irreplaceability and selectivity

The question whether there are reasons for loving particular individuals (and not others), and what such reasons might be, has been subject to scrutiny in recent years. On one view, reasons for loving particular individuals (or, alternatively, what makes loving them fitting) are some of their qualities. A problem with crude versions of this view, however, is that they both construe individuals as replaceable in a problematic way and fail to do justice to the selectivity of love. On another view, by contrast, reasons for loving particular individuals have to do with our relationship with them. Even if it might accommodate the selectivity of love, the view—like crude quality views—ultimately faces worries stemming from replaceability. I argue for a view which combines the two views in a way that accommodates both the irreplaceable aspect under which individuals are loved and the fact that love is a selective response to them. On my view, reasons for loving particular individuals are some of their qualities as manifested in the context of a relationship with one. After spelling out the view, I discuss an important challenge facing it: what’s so special about actually being in touch—via a relationship—with certain qualities of an individual that would explain why we have special reasons to love them in particular? I consider inadequate answers to this question before putting forward my own.

청소년 골프선수의 자기조절 및 주도적 관여, 정신력과 인지된 경기력의 관계

The purpose of this study is to identify the associations of self-regulation, agentic engagement, mental toughness and perceived performance for the Korean juvenile golfers. The population of students was selected by the Korean Middle & High School Golf Federation and Korea Golf Association. 322 juvenile golfers were sampled by using the convenience sampling method in the golf academy located in Seoul metropolitan area and Gyeonggi-do area. The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) and all study participants were asked to write their own self-assessment instrument. The research instruments in the study were self-regulation and agents engagement (Bong et al., 2012), mental toughness (Clough et al., 2002; Gang & Ahn, 2016) and perceived performance (Yang, 2012; Woo, 2015). Of the 322 questionnaires, 305 were used except for 17 inadequate answers. The SPSS statistical programs Win 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 were used in this study. To analyze the causal relations among variables, a path analysis was carried out on the basis of Structural Equation Model. The Results are as follows: First, self-regulation had a positive effect on mental toughness (p.05). Second, agentic engagement had a positive effect on mental toughness (p.05). Third, mental toughness had a positive effect on perceived performance (p.05). However, self-regulation and agentic engagement had no relationship with perceived performance but mental toughness completely mediated those relationships (p.05)

A Study on Unfairness of Customers according to New Management Strategy at Polarization of Retail Business

The study examined effects of psychological change of distribution environment upon commercial areas to investigate consumers' experience and theory and to suggest power of new management strategy for growth of retailers A The study investigated actual conditions of business transaction of hyper market by blind interview. In April, 2016, the author visited 6 manufacturers to do depth interview. The questionnaire between food manufacturers and hyper market investigated the Association of Food Industries in Korea, NH Nonghyup and large manufacturers in July 2012. Questionnaires of 25 companies were used after excluding questionnaire having poor and inadequate answers. The sales commission with large scaled distribution business decreased (0.3 ~ 0.7) to increase additional expenses such as number of salesmen, interior expenses and economic costs (0.7 ~ 40%). (source: Fair Trade Commission). Fair Trade Commission released types and notice of unfair trade of large scaled retail business based on monopoly regulation and fair trade (hereinafter called 'notice of large scaled retail) to prevent large scaled distribution business from doing unfair trade. The notice controled unfair trade at different position between large scaled distribution business and small vendors.

Knowledge, attitude and practice on childhood immunization personnel in Teresina-PI, Brazil, 2015

to describe the knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccinators toward childhood vaccination. this is a descriptive census study, conducted in 2015 with vaccinators from vaccination rooms of the urban area of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; data were collected through a questionnaire. 70 vaccinators were interviewed; most answers related to knowledge and attitude of the vaccinators toward childhood vaccination were considered inadequate (n=58 and n=39, respectively); with regard to practice, there were 43 adequate answers; there was no statistically significant association between the variable knowledge and the variables attitude and practice. a high number of inadequate answers related to knowledge and attitude and of adequate answers concerning practice were observed.

Thomas Piketty's Global Tax on Wealth

ABSTRACTThomas Piketty's concern with growing economic inequality leads him to propose a global tax on wealth. While he recognizes that the efforts of individual nations to tax wealth will prove ineffective since wealth is mobile, he does not seriously confront the collective action problems that will impede national efforts to cooperate in more effectively taxing global wealth. To what degree are more radical forms of political integration required to overcome these collective action dilemmas? Piketty provides partial and inadequate answers for these questions with regard to European integration. To be persuasive the economic analysis of Capital in the Twenty-First Century would have to be supplemented with a political economy comparable in depth and sophistication to that provided by The Federalist Papers regarding the political and economic integration of American states at the time of the American Founding. Piketty's failure to address questions of political economy makes his project vulnerable to the charge that nothing less than a world state would suffice to impose a global tax on wealth, and thus that his project is hopelessly visionary and susceptible to misappropriation for tyrannical purposes.

Selling with technology: understanding the resistance to mobile sales assistant use in retailing

The rise of online competitors and increasingly well-informed customers have spurred stationary retailers to take measures to increase the quality of face-to-face selling as a key differentiator. Mobile sales assistants (MSAs) represent an intensively discussed technological approach to address these challenges in the salesperson–customer dyad. However, in many cases, salespeople do not or only sporadically use MSAs. Prior research provides inadequate answers as to why this is the case, as extant technology acceptance and resistance theories have limited applicability to MSAs. To address these research gaps, the authors conduct a qualitative, theory-building approach and identify 21 factors associated with resistance. In a subsequent quantitative survey study, they validate these factors and refine their conceptual structure. The results show that several largely unknown factors are associated with salespeople’s resistance to MSA use: The three higher-order constructs, ‘incongruence’, ‘relationship deterioration’, and ‘operational imperfection’, are newly introduced to the literature on technology resistance. The findings extend prior technology acceptance and resistance theories and provide comprehensive insights for retail managers.

Diuretics or ultrafiltration in acute heart failure syndrome? Or two inadequate answers to the main question?

Diuretics or ultrafiltration in acute heart failure syndrome? Or two inadequate answers to the main question?

Discursive strategies for evading answers in confrontational news interviews

Television interview has been the basic journalists' medium for both collecting information and informing the public for decades. The key element of the interview is information, and the basic underlying idea is that the information should be true. However, this is not always the case. In this paper we have researched the discursive strategies the interviewees occasionally use to avoid answering a question, partially or completely, i.e. to avoid providing the public with the truth about a current issue. This problem falls into the domain of Critical Discourse Analysis and Conversation Analysis. By applying those two methods we have tried to identify different strategies used for truth evasion in the corpus of confrontational television interviews. There are two general ways of evading the truth: (1) overt evasiveness and (2) covert evasiveness. Overt evasiveness ranges from explicit refusal to answer a question, which is rare, to different strategies of providing partial or inadequate answers. Covert evasiveness, which is more difficult to be observed, covers various strategies such as answering the introductory part of the question, changing the focus of the question, or even answering with a question. We can conclude that even in a Hardtalk interview which assumes direct, provocative and even hostile questions to which the public expects direct answers, the truth is not necessarily revealed. The results of a critical discourse analysis or/and conversation analysis may be of great help to both interviewees in their attempts to avoid answering sensitive questions and to interviewers and discourse analysts to be able to identify them.

An Exegesis of Psychopathology a Clinical Psychologist Perspective

In this paper I wish to address the question of the nature of psychopathology. It might naturally be felt that we already know a great deal about psychopathology, and thus that such a paper would be primarily a review and discussion of the literature; I will argue, however, that the most fundamental form of the question concerning the nature of psychopa- thology is rarely posed in the literature, that it is prevented from being posed by presuppositions inherent in standard theo- retical approaches, and that, on those rare occasions when it does get addressed, it has received inadequate answers. Therefore, the paper will have more of the character of a conceptual explication and theoretical exegesis than it will of a review of the literature.

Ramsay MacMullen’s Portrait of Rome Begs the Question: Does the Ninety-Nine Percent have Parallels in History?

The social, economic, and political parallels with Ancient Rome are perhaps too numerous to include them all in this brief study. However, several characteristics identified by MacMullen seemed to accurately describe present conditions throughout the United States of America especially the populous movement called Occupy Wall Street. This study has described Rome’s political environment as having two distinct social groups that were aware of the other. MacMullen identified these two groups as urban and rural, and additionally provided their etymological connections. The term rural he argued, was geographically acquainted with resident peasants, and was believed to be akin to the word idiot. Moreover, this group was looked at by social elites (those higher on Rome’s social ladder) as outsiders. On page 5 of this study, the discussion intimates that farmers and shepherds alike were employed by rich landowners to oversee their affairs in lands significantly far from any of Rome’s urban centers. This picture is understandable since many of the roads leading to Rome’s rural areas and back to their neighboring cities abounded in abundant crime. Therefore, the task of tending these rural landholdings could only attract poor peasants destined to remain in poverty. As MacMullen pointed out, proximity from the city determined one’s lot and people of the day were content with a perfunctory existence, disinterest in challenging the status quo. Urbanites however, embraced a different set of values that were quite admirable even in today’s mores. They were thought of as favorable to society; and the term urban implied the idea of goodness and dignity. A reading of my introductory essay to this study titled “The Historical Model: The 99 Percent” may engender a more lucid understanding of the terms rural and urban. I liken them to what I call privilege and marginalized. They are akin to former presidential candidate John Edwards description of two Americas, and today’s idea which argues that there is a widening gulf between the haves and have not’s. Attention to this very real social condition is often classified by some in the “Haves” group, as class warfare. Nevertheless, as MacMullen has pointed out, rural and urban was just another name for “Haves and Have not’s”. He seems to tie the class of Have’s directly to the Empire’s ultimate demise by pointing to the relationship between patron and client. MacMullen suggests that greed and bribery eventually permeated, like an infection, all of the Roman Empire. We might understand his conclusions as somewhat identical to Crony-Capitalism along with a number of unscrupulous practices performed first by the ruling elite but which seemed to trickle down, eroding values of their constituents. However, as does many of the conclusion offered by historians since the decline of the Roman Empire, something is missing. MacMullen knew it; others have struggled with their own inadequate answers: “What was the primary cause for the downfall of the Roman Empire?” I believe the answer is quite simple, however, it could not have been understood until the emergence of the occupied movement; a movement that I will argue in Chapter Two, has its parallels with the period in Ancient Rome that began in 133 B.C. and ended around 31 B.C... I will argue in the second chapter of this study that the Empire served as the solution to the problem of mobs in the street as historians will arguably agree occurred during the Gracchi period. This period of Rome’s history is uniquely characterized by the assassinations of two leading political figures; two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus and has its parallels in the Kennedy Assassinations.

Children between the age of 5 and 11: what “don’t know” answers tell us

Children are increasingly seen as competent informants on their activities, views and needs. Different abilities of children can lead to inadequate (formally or regarding the content) answers or to the misunderstanding of proceedings during an interview process. One inadequate or at least unintended (on the part of the researcher) response is a “don’t know” answer (DK). To study when and why DK answers occur, a possible cause for them in the cognitive process and their relation to age, we analysed the DK answers given in qualitative semi-structured interviews with children aged 5–11, conducted face-to-face and on the telephone. Each of 56 children was interviewed twice, once face-to-face and once via telephone. The results show that age had an effect on DK responses due to the cognitive state of the respondent and their communicative intent, but there was no difference in the number of DKs due to problems with the research instrument or due to an adequacy judgement in respect of respondent age.

Responsiveness of children with specific language impairment and maternal repairs during shared book reading

Previous studies indicate that (1) children with specific language impairment (SLI) produce a high number of problematic answers during shared book reading, and that (2) adult communicative input has a key role in supporting child responsiveness. However, little is known about the strategies used by parents to repair children's inadequate answers and their effectiveness in supporting appropriate responses. Repairs (any utterance aimed to correct a child's problematic answer) produced by mothers of children with SLI and mothers of typically developing children during shared reading conversation were compared: (1) to examine whether there are significant differences in their features, and to what extent these differences (if any) are accounted for by limitations in child responsiveness and language abilities; and (2) to assess whether-and in which cases-maternal repairs are effective in eliciting appropriate answers from children with SLI. Ten preschool-aged children with SLI, ten age-matched typically developing children, and ten mean length of utterance-matched typically developing children with their mothers participated in the study. Each mother-child dyad was videotaped during four sessions of shared book reading at home. Each maternal repair was coded according to the level of support (i.e., presence of crucial information and familiar topic) provided to elicit the child's correct answer. Each child's answer following a maternal repair was coded on the basis of both linguistic production and content appropriateness. Mothers of children with SLI produced significantly more high-supportive repairs than mothers of age-matched children, but not more than mothers of mean length of utterance-matched younger children. Sequential analysis applied to maternal repairs and children's answers showed that supportive repairs significantly affected the occurrence of minimally acceptable answers produced by children with SLI, while non-supportive repairs affected significantly the occurrence of inadequate answers. Children with SLI behaved in a similar way to mean length of utterance-matched younger children, showing spontaneous motivation to imitate crucial information included in high-supportive repairs. The findings suggest that mothers of children with SLI adjust their repairs to their children's linguistic limitations. The use of supportive repairs is functional to model the children's answers, enables them to practise new words, and contributes to the children's experience of being an active interlocutor. These findings have a potential clinical value that can be used in language intervention programmes based on shared book reading.